Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Calgary, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision] Remove			48062624More information: Alberta [Dissemination area] Remove
	Counts			Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,306,784	...	...	7,975	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,239,220	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.5	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	531,062	...	...	3,137	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	502,301	...	...	3,062	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,592.4	...	...	1,355.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	820.62	...	...	5.88	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,306,780	648,835	657,950	7,975	3,860	4,115
0 to 14 years	235,855	121,145	114,710	1,765	865	905
0 to 4 years	73,840	37,865	35,980	795	385	410
5 to 9 years	80,585	41,225	39,365	570	280	290
10 to 14 years	81,425	42,055	39,370	405	205	200
15 to 64 years	893,525	445,660	447,865	5,710	2,775	2,930
15 to 19 years	73,490	37,720	35,770	400	195	205
20 to 24 years	78,365	40,280	38,085	505	250	255
25 to 29 years	88,385	43,930	44,460	765	355	410
30 to 34 years	105,960	52,030	53,930	915	425	490
35 to 39 years	110,765	54,785	55,985	880	430	445
40 to 44 years	100,080	49,490	50,595	685	355	330
45 to 49 years	91,385	45,430	45,945	510	260	250
50 to 54 years	84,725	42,550	42,175	430	230	205
55 to 59 years	82,570	41,000	41,570	340	140	200
60 to 64 years	77,790	38,450	39,345	275	140	140
65 years and over	177,405	82,035	95,375	500	215	285
65 to 69 years	62,120	30,410	31,710	230	100	135
70 to 74 years	46,495	22,225	24,270	145	55	90
75 to 79 years	28,965	13,485	15,485	80	40	45
80 to 84 years	19,405	8,370	11,035	35	20	15
85 years and over	20,420	7,540	12,875	5	5	0
85 to 89 years	12,620	4,995	7,625	5	5	0
90 to 94 years	6,225	2,115	4,110	0	0	0
95 to 99 years	1,375	390	990	0	0	0
100 years and over	195	45	155	0	0	0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.7	17.4	22.1	22.4	22.0
15 to 64 years	68.4	68.7	68.1	71.6	71.9	71.2
65 years and over	13.6	12.6	14.5	6.3	5.6	6.9
85 years and over	1.6	1.2	2.0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Average age of the population	38.8	38.2	39.5	32.8	32.6	33.0
Median age of the population	38.0	37.6	38.8	32.8	33.2	32.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	502,300	...	...	3,060	...	...
Single-detached house	276,050	...	...	1,360	...	...
Semi-detached house	31,660	...	...	355	...	...
Row house	48,860	...	...	255	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,165	...	...	5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	81,870	...	...	1,090	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	40,700	...	...	0	...	...
Other single-attached house	200	...	...	0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,790	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	502,305	...	...	3,060	...	...
1 person	132,695	...	...	720	...	...
2 persons	159,955	...	...	995	...	...
3 persons	80,020	...	...	530	...	...
4 persons	79,565	...	...	555	...	...
5 or more persons	50,070	...	...	265	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	7,970	3,855	4,115
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,070,930	527,695	543,240	6,210	2,990	3,215
Married or living common-law	624,845	312,690	312,150	3,980	1,990	1,985
Married	529,175	264,635	264,545	3,280	1,640	1,640
Living common-law	95,665	48,060	47,610	695	350	345
Living common law - Never married	73,555	37,065	36,490	580	290	285
Living common law - Separated	3,080	1,645	1,435	10	5	0
Living common law - Divorced	17,645	8,750	8,890	100	50	50
Living common law - Widowed	1,390	595	795	10	5	5
Not married and not living common-law	446,090	215,005	231,085	2,235	1,000	1,230
Not married and not living common law - Never married	313,900	170,360	143,540	1,630	810	820
Not married and not living common law - Separated	24,245	10,380	13,865	150	65	90
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	67,400	25,865	41,535	335	100	235
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	40,550	8,395	32,150	105	25	85
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	356,225	...	...	2,265	...	...
2 persons	164,970	...	...	995	...	...
3 persons	78,740	...	...	525	...	...
4 persons	79,565	...	...	560	...	...
5 or more persons	32,950	...	...	190	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	356,220	...	...	2,265	...	...
Total couple families	304,050	...	...	1,955	...	...
Married couples	256,225	...	...	1,610	...	...
With children⁶	155,795	...	...	1,060	...	...
Without children	100,430	...	...	545	...	...
Common-law couples	47,830	...	...	350	...	...
With children⁶	14,805	...	...	115	...	...
Without children	33,020	...	...	235	...	...
Total one-parent families	52,170	...	...	305	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	40,670	...	...	245	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	11,505	...	...	60	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	7,970	3,855	4,115
Total - Persons in census families	1,060,650	527,080	533,570	6,790	3,320	3,475
Married spouses or common-law partners	608,110	304,145	303,965	3,920	1,955	1,955
Parents in one-parent families	52,170	11,500	40,665	305	65	245
Children⁶	400,375	211,435	188,940	2,570	1,300	1,270
In a two-parent family	319,875	167,975	151,905	2,150	1,095	1,050
In a one-parent family	80,495	43,460	37,035	420	200	215
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	231,120	115,080	116,040	1,180	535	645
Living alone	132,690	62,770	69,920	715	320	395
Living with other relatives⁷	34,850	14,875	19,980	190	70	115
Living with non-relatives only	63,575	37,435	26,140	275	145	130
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	502,300	...	...	3,065	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	302,280	...	...	2,020	...	...
Couple-family households	262,950	...	...	1,765	...	...
With children⁶	147,735	...	...	1,065	...	...
Without children	115,220	...	...	705	...	...
One-parent-family households	39,325	...	...	250	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	17,040	...	...	85	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,035	...	...	10	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	18,975	...	...	85	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	27,275	...	...	140	...	...
One-person households	132,690	...	...	720	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,056,225	521,185	535,040	6,205	2,990	3,215
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,003,515	495,570	507,940	5,935	2,880	3,060
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,800	39,600	50,000	59,600	43,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,004,015	495,845	508,175	5,935	2,880	3,060
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,800	36,000	44,400	50,800	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	909,585	457,190	452,395	5,520	2,735	2,785
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,400	32,800	46,800	57,600	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	761,365	391,230	370,130	5,055	2,530	2,520
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	35,600	47,600	57,600	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	880,900	428,430	452,470	5,190	2,450	2,740
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	5,640	9,000	5,760	2,620	7,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,990	54,710	61,280	835	350	480
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880	6,200	5,960	6,280
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	326,795	158,290	168,500	2,000	930	1,070
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,056,230	521,175	535,050	6,280	3,055	3,220
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,003,175	495,345	507,830	6,020	2,945	3,075
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,600	76,500	53,050	59,600	70,500	49,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,003,685	495,595	508,095	6,020	2,945	3,075
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,500	60,400	44,760	49,880	57,800	42,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	909,780	457,395	452,390	5,630	2,855	2,775
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,600	74,500	48,520	55,500	66,400	44,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	761,230	391,465	369,765	5,170	2,650	2,520
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,450	71,900	48,320	55,450	65,500	44,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	879,935	427,945	451,995	5,255	2,480	2,775
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,010	8,920	11,050	8,820	7,190	10,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,600	54,695	60,905	855	325	530
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,060	6,620	7,460	8,180	6,380	9,280
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	325,765	158,290	167,480	2,115	1,010	1,105
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,260	9,440	8,830	8,640	9,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,056,230	521,175	535,055	6,285	3,060	3,220
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	356,230	200,300	155,925	2,635	1,435	1,200
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	79,000	65,500	69,500	79,000	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,600	105,800	77,800	77,300	86,300	66,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	309,535	144,060	165,475	1,965	1,000	960
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,400	23,000	18,600	26,000	31,400	20,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,600	39,360	28,560	34,760	42,200	27,050
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.4	90.0	81.4	87.0	91.4	81.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	74.2	66.4	80.0	83.6	75.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.6	10.1	18.6	12.9	8.6	18.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	2.0	1.0	3.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.2	6.6	5.7	4.5	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.9	5.9	5.2	4.2	6.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,056,220	521,185	535,035	6,200	2,990	3,215
Without total income	52,710	25,610	27,100	265	110	150
With total income	1,003,510	495,570	507,940	5,940	2,880	3,060
Under $10,000 (including loss)	88,650	37,295	51,350	460	170	285
$10,000 to $19,999	95,485	40,550	54,935	440	175	270
$20,000 to $29,999	150,395	67,505	82,885	675	280	400
$30,000 to $39,999	120,085	52,190	67,895	690	265	430
$40,000 to $49,999	102,800	47,405	55,400	710	305	400
$50,000 to $59,999	84,010	40,150	43,855	610	260	350
$60,000 to $69,999	69,945	34,995	34,950	545	270	275
$70,000 to $79,999	56,175	29,855	26,315	410	225	185
$80,000 to $89,999	43,630	24,315	19,315	315	190	125
$90,000 to $99,999	36,520	20,230	16,285	280	165	115
$100,000 and over	155,825	101,065	54,765	805	575	230
$100,000 to $149,999	90,875	54,255	36,615	580	405	180
$150,000 and over	64,950	46,810	18,145	220	175	50
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,056,220	521,185	535,035	6,200	2,990	3,215
Without after-tax income	52,205	25,340	26,860	265	110	150
With after-tax income	1,004,020	495,845	508,175	5,940	2,880	3,060
Under $10,000 (including loss)	92,205	38,635	53,565	475	175	300
$10,000 to $19,999	99,660	42,515	57,150	445	180	270
$20,000 to $29,999	170,545	76,940	93,605	815	335	485
$30,000 to $39,999	139,800	62,515	77,285	865	360	505
$40,000 to $49,999	119,345	56,570	62,770	855	365	495
$50,000 to $59,999	94,265	46,850	47,410	715	360	360
$60,000 to $69,999	71,155	37,840	33,320	530	290	235
$70,000 to $79,999	52,530	29,120	23,415	410	245	165
$80,000 to $89,999	41,555	22,700	18,850	265	170	100
$90,000 to $99,999	28,220	16,610	11,610	190	125	60
$100,000 and over	94,730	65,540	29,195	375	290	90
$100,000 to $124,999	39,250	25,260	13,985	195	140	50
$125,000 and over	55,485	40,285	15,205	180	145	40
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,056,220	521,185	535,035	6,200	2,990	3,215
Without employment income	294,855	129,955	164,905	1,155	460	695
With employment income	761,365	391,235	370,135	5,050	2,535	2,520
Under $5,000 (including loss)	93,565	43,905	49,665	470	175	295
$5,000 to $9,999	61,265	26,265	35,000	345	140	200
$10,000 to $19,999	84,600	37,635	46,965	495	200	295
$20,000 to $29,999	65,430	30,260	35,170	405	165	235
$30,000 to $39,999	62,020	29,540	32,480	425	180	240
$40,000 to $49,999	60,110	29,420	30,685	495	230	265
$50,000 to $59,999	56,160	27,655	28,505	480	220	260
$60,000 to $69,999	50,010	25,670	24,345	435	230	205
$70,000 to $79,999	40,770	22,575	18,195	300	165	130
$80,000 to $89,999	33,160	18,845	14,315	255	155	100
$90,000 to $99,999	29,855	16,295	13,560	240	140	105
$100,000 and over	124,415	83,170	41,245	705	515	190
$100,000 to $124,999	49,530	29,135	20,400	375	260	115
$125,000 and over	74,880	54,035	20,845	335	260	70
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,056,225	521,185	535,040	6,205	2,990	3,215
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	980,505	483,190	497,310	5,785	2,800	2,985
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	51,200	37,600	49,600	59,600	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	980,815	483,265	497,550	5,790	2,800	2,990
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	34,400	43,600	51,200	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	897,540	451,120	446,420	5,465	2,705	2,760
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	51,200	36,000	48,400	59,200	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	762,840	391,880	370,965	5,025	2,520	2,505
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	51,600	38,000	48,800	59,200	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	833,025	405,905	427,120	4,940	2,310	2,625
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,140	950	2,740	1,030	890	2,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	70,610	32,260	38,350	600	245	355
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,600	5,840	7,300	6,040	4,680	7,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,056,230	521,175	535,050	6,280	3,055	3,220
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	980,005	482,985	497,015	5,855	2,890	2,965
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,200	77,400	51,450	58,900	70,600	47,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	980,295	483,045	497,250	5,855	2,890	2,965
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,800	60,800	43,040	48,800	57,050	40,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	897,990	451,595	446,395	5,565	2,805	2,760
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,500	78,300	50,560	57,950	70,200	45,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	762,865	392,125	370,740	5,160	2,630	2,525
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	63,450	75,800	50,440	57,400	68,100	46,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	833,205	406,035	427,170	4,935	2,310	2,620
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,005	4,932	7,020	4,512	3,136	5,725
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,185	31,980	38,210	550	190	365
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,230	7,210	9,090	7,720	6,080	8,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,056,230	521,175	535,055	6,285	3,060	3,220
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	352,800	198,465	154,335	2,630	1,410	1,220
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	62,400	66,500	74,000	57,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,200	104,000	74,800	75,300	86,000	63,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	292,225	136,270	155,955	1,920	990	930
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,800	32,400	26,000	31,600	39,600	26,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,240	51,500	36,040	41,400	49,800	32,300
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.0	94.6	88.2	93.6	96.4	89.4
Employment income (%)	77.0	79.6	73.2	85.8	87.8	83.2
Government transfers (%)	7.9	5.4	11.7	6.5	3.6	10.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4	1.2	0.6	2.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	502,305	...	...	3,060	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	132,690	...	...	720	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,000	...	...	59,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...	50,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	369,610	...	...	2,345	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	132,725	...	...	705	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,900	...	...	68,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,300	...	...	57,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	369,575	...	...	2,390	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,700	...	...	108,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	502,305	...	...	3,060	...	...
Under $5,000	5,975	...	...	20	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,895	...	...	5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,930	...	...	10	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,410	...	...	35	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,160	...	...	35	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	14,505	...	...	45	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,430	...	...	65	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,120	...	...	70	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,160	...	...	90	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,195	...	...	100	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	30,875	...	...	195	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	31,950	...	...	205	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	31,405	...	...	215	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	29,885	...	...	190	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	28,640	...	...	195	...	...
$100,000 and over	245,760	...	...	1,585	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	61,565	...	...	485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	47,245	...	...	330	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	61,440	...	...	460	...	...
$200,000 and over	75,515	...	...	310	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	502,305	...	...	3,060	...	...
Under $5,000	6,665	...	...	20	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,985	...	...	5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,035	...	...	15	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,855	...	...	30	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,290	...	...	40	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	16,415	...	...	65	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,475	...	...	80	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,635	...	...	95	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	18,230	...	...	110	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,030	...	...	135	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	37,875	...	...	230	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,390	...	...	265	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	36,910	...	...	245	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	35,205	...	...	235	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,690	...	...	265	...	...
$100,000 and over	203,605	...	...	1,225	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	64,210	...	...	460	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	45,680	...	...	340	...	...
$150,000 and over	93,720	...	...	420	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	350,080	...	...	2,245	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	119,715	...	...	715	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	170,690	...	...	1,175	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	47,790	...	...	290	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	196,265	100,210	96,060	990	460	530
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	45,200	43,200	55,600	59,600	51,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,000	38,800	47,200	49,600	45,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	350,020	...	...	2,265	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,800	...	...	108,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	119,860	...	...	710	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	124,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	113,200	...	...	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	170,590	...	...	1,235	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	178,600	...	...	143,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,200	...	...	120,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,630	...	...	275	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,600	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	196,265	100,075	96,185	1,030	485	535
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,850	61,150	58,550	62,500	68,800	57,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,480	50,080	48,880	52,200	56,400	48,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	7,970	3,855	4,115
0 to 17 years	279,980	143,740	136,235	2,005	975	1,035
0 to 5 years	90,035	46,090	43,945	920	440	485
18 to 64 years	844,490	419,605	424,880	5,465	2,665	2,800
65 years and over	167,305	78,810	88,495	500	215	280
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	115,560	55,845	59,720	520	230	295
0 to 17 years	30,045	15,495	14,550	165	75	90
0 to 5 years	9,980	5,085	4,895	80	35	40
18 to 64 years	68,060	33,225	34,835	305	135	170
65 years and over	17,455	7,120	10,335	50	20	35
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.0	8.7	9.2	6.5	5.9	7.1
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	10.8	10.7	8.1	7.4	8.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.0	11.1	8.4	8.0	8.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	7.9	8.2	5.6	5.1	6.0
65 years and over (%)	10.4	9.0	11.7	10.8	10.0	12.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	7,970	3,855	4,115
0 to 17 years	279,975	143,740	136,235	2,005	975	1,030
0 to 5 years	90,035	46,090	43,945	920	435	480
18 to 64 years	844,490	419,610	424,880	5,465	2,665	2,800
65 years and over	167,305	78,810	88,495	495	215	285
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	74,755	38,790	35,970	315	150	170
0 to 17 years	16,260	8,345	7,910	95	45	55
0 to 5 years	5,165	2,630	2,530	45	20	20
18 to 64 years	52,615	27,685	24,930	200	100	100
65 years and over	5,885	2,755	3,135	20	10	15
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.8	6.0	5.5	4.0	3.9	4.1
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.8	5.8	4.7	4.4	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.7	5.8	4.8	4.4	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.9	3.7	3.8	3.7
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.5	3.5	4.4	3.0	5.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,291,770	642,160	649,610	7,970	3,855	4,115
In bottom half of the distribution	567,165	277,385	289,775	3,395	1,570	1,825
In bottom decile	107,675	54,440	53,230	480	220	255
In second decile	113,610	53,540	60,065	540	235	305
In third decile	112,705	54,705	58,005	655	295	365
In fourth decile	115,075	56,390	58,690	860	410	450
In fifth decile	118,100	58,310	59,790	860	410	450
In top half of the distribution	724,605	364,770	359,830	4,575	2,280	2,290
In sixth decile	122,380	60,845	61,535	875	420	455
In seventh decile	125,895	62,890	63,005	950	470	480
In eighth decile	132,170	66,300	65,865	1,055	525	535
In ninth decile	145,410	73,125	72,290	895	455	445
In top decile	198,750	101,615	97,135	795	415	375
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,291,770	...	...	7,970	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...	0.283	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.471	...	...	0.358	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...	0.252	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.1	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	7,975	3,855	4,120
English only	1,177,415	591,385	586,025	7,360	3,585	3,770
French only	825	350	480	10	5	5
English and French	85,355	39,160	46,200	470	220	250
Neither English nor French	32,520	13,125	19,395	135	50	85
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	7,975	3,855	4,120
English	1,240,980	619,695	621,280	7,650	3,710	3,935
French	16,810	8,335	8,480	130	70	65
English and French	6,620	3,275	3,345	65	35	30
Neither English nor French	31,705	12,710	18,995	130	45	85
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	7,975	3,855	4,120
Single responses	1,229,455	611,620	617,835	7,510	3,630	3,880
Official languages	846,405	428,260	418,145	5,095	2,480	2,615
English	830,305	420,265	410,040	4,970	2,420	2,550
French	16,100	7,990	8,105	120	60	60
Non-official languages	383,050	183,360	199,690	2,420	1,150	1,270
Indigenous languages³⁹	580	240	345	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	415	165	250	0	0	0
Blackfoot	175	80	90	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	185	70	120	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	185	70	120	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	15	30	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	125	45	75	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	40	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	45	15	35	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20	0	15	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	50	30	25	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	25	20	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	5	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	10	5	5	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	0	5	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	80	30	55	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	15	5	10	0	0	0
Stoney	60	20	40	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	382,470	183,120	199,345	2,420	1,150	1,270
Afro-Asiatic languages	34,290	17,610	16,680	80	45	40
Berber languages	125	70	55	0	0	0
Kabyle	90	45	45	0	0	0
Tamazight	30	20	10	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	40	20	20	0	0	0
Hausa	40	20	20	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0	0	0	0
Coptic	30	10	15	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	3,165	1,585	1,580	10	5	5
Bilen	170	85	85	0	0	0
Oromo	1,370	685	685	0	0	0
Somali	1,600	795	805	5	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0	0	0
Semitic languages	30,935	15,925	15,005	75	40	40
Amharic	4,460	2,140	2,315	5	0	5
Arabic	20,395	10,695	9,705	60	30	30
Aramaic languages	635	305	330	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	325	160	165	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	215	100	110	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0	0	0
Harari	40	20	25	0	0	0
Hebrew	455	225	230	10	0	5
Maltese	15	5	10	0	0	0
Tigrigna	4,890	2,510	2,380	5	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,755	6,180	7,575	15	5	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	795	365	425	0	0	0
Vietnamese	12,855	5,750	7,100	15	5	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	110	60	50	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	51,040	22,530	28,505	585	280	305
Bikol	195	85	110	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	865	370	495	15	10	5
Cebuano	1,840	815	1,020	35	15	20
Fijian	45	25	20	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	955	405	550	0	0	0
Ilocano	3,435	1,545	1,890	20	5	10
Indonesian	665	270	395	5	0	0
Kankanaey	190	80	110	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	85	40	40	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	30	15	10	0	0	0
Merina	5	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Malay	135	65	70	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	225	240	5	0	0
Pangasinan	195	95	100	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	41,375	18,235	23,135	505	240	265
Waray-Waray	155	75	75	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	420	180	235	0	0	0
Creole languages	560	275	285	10	5	10
Haitian Creole	165	75	85	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	5	0	0	0
Krio	55	25	30	0	0	0
Morisyen	95	50	50	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	145	75	75	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	6,430	3,300	3,125	50	20	30
Kannada	355	180	175	0	0	0
Malayalam	2,655	1,335	1,320	20	10	10
Tamil	2,095	1,095	1,000	20	10	15
Telugu	1,255	660	595	10	0	5
Tulu	50	25	30	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0
Georgian	120	70	55	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	182,725	89,715	93,015	1,310	635	680
Albanian	1,330	695	630	5	0	5
Armenian	260	135	125	5	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	27,355	12,635	14,725	330	150	180
Baltic languages	435	205	230	10	5	10
Latvian	170	75	95	0	0	0
Lithuanian	270	130	140	15	5	10
Slavic languages	26,925	12,430	14,490	320	150	175
Belarusian	20	5	15	0	0	0
Bulgarian	785	395	390	0	0	0
Czech	1,190	545	650	0	0	0
Macedonian	135	70	70	0	0	0
Polish	6,845	3,190	3,650	75	30	40
Russian	9,460	4,205	5,255	170	80	90
Rusyn	0	5	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,440	2,150	2,290	40	20	15
Bosnian	780	380	405	5	0	5
Croatian	1,755	830	925	20	10	10
Serbian	1,830	900	925	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0	0	0
Slovak	940	465	475	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	195	85	110	0	0	0
Ukrainian	2,900	1,315	1,585	35	20	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	100	55	45	0	0	0
Irish	30	20	15	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0	0	0
Welsh	40	25	20	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	12,360	5,935	6,430	65	40	30
Frisian	30	15	15	0	0	0
High German languages	7,370	3,450	3,915	45	25	20
German	7,100	3,315	3,790	40	25	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	210	105	100	0	0	0
Yiddish	55	25	30	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,940	1,950	1,990	20	10	5
Afrikaans	905	445	455	5	5	5
Dutch	2,750	1,370	1,375	10	10	5
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0	0	0
Low Saxon	10	5	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	180	75	105	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	35	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	1,000	495	505	10	5	5
Danish	560	295	265	5	0	0
Icelandic	40	20	20	0	0	0
Norwegian	165	70	95	5	0	0
Swedish	235	110	125	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0	0	0
Greek	1,385	640	745	5	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	98,325	49,490	48,840	340	175	160
Indo-Aryan languages	85,530	43,050	42,485	285	150	140
Assamese	45	20	25	0	0	0
Bengali	4,350	2,175	2,180	15	5	5
Gujarati	6,290	3,245	3,045	75	45	35
Hindi	7,905	3,990	3,920	35	20	15
Kacchi	1,030	455	580	0	0	0
Kashmiri	75	40	35	0	0	0
Konkani	160	75	85	0	0	0
Marathi	980	495	480	5	5	5
Nepali	2,195	1,135	1,065	10	5	5
Oriya languages	95	50	40	0	0	0
Odia	55	30	25	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	43,685	21,975	21,710	65	40	30
Rohingya	25	10	10	0	0	0
Sindhi	285	150	135	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	960	475	490	15	10	10
Urdu	16,835	8,445	8,390	50	20	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	625	330	290	0	0	0
Iranian languages	12,760	6,425	6,335	50	20	25
Baluchi	50	30	15	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,055	515	540	0	0	0
Parsi	20	10	15	0	0	0
Pashto	1,960	1,000	960	0	0	0
Persian languages	9,625	4,835	4,780	45	20	20
Dari	2,800	1,400	1,395	15	5	10
Iranian Persian	5,565	2,800	2,765	20	10	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,255	635	620	10	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	41,550	20,105	21,450	560	255	300
Catalan	45	15	25	0	0	0
Italian	4,100	2,060	2,040	10	5	0
Portuguese	4,065	1,935	2,125	40	15	25
Romanian	4,155	2,045	2,115	100	50	50
Spanish	29,175	14,035	15,135	410	185	225
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0	0	0
Japanese	2,195	735	1,455	5	0	0
Korean	10,205	4,705	5,510	60	30	30
Mongolian	450	200	245	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	5,870	2,945	2,920	80	40	40
Akan (Twi)	620	315	305	10	5	5
Bamanankan	10	10	5	0	0	0
Edo	90	45	40	0	0	0
Éwé	50	30	20	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45	0	0	0
Ga	35	20	20	5	5	5
Ganda	60	25	30	0	0	0
Gikuyu	55	25	30	0	0	0
Igbo	730	380	355	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	190	95	95	0	0	0
Lingala	55	30	20	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mwani	115	55	60	0	0	0
Ndebele	85	40	45	0	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	60	80	0	0	0
Shona	290	130	155	0	0	0
Soninke	10	5	0	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	25	0	0	0
Swahili	725	355	380	5	0	5
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0	0	0
Wolof	80	40	45	0	0	0
Yoruba	1,685	880	805	30	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	700	335	360	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,270	640	625	0	0	0
Dinka	535	295	240	0	0	0
Nuer	375	165	215	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	305	155	155	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	55	35	25	0	0	0
Sign languages	230	115	110	0	0	0
American Sign Language	185	100	85	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	67,255	31,260	36,000	160	70	85
Chinese languages	65,980	30,640	35,335	160	70	85
Hakka	280	135	150	0	0	0
Mandarin	31,270	14,465	16,810	100	45	60
Min Dong	30	15	15	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,205	515	690	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	250	125	125	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	32,065	14,990	17,075	50	25	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	840	380	460	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,235	600	635	0	0	0
Burmese	255	120	135	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	90	40	45	0	0	0
Karenic languages	220	110	115	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	170	85	85	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30	0	0	0
Tibetan	635	320	325	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,070	390	685	5	0	5
Lao	415	195	215	5	0	0
Thai	620	175	445	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,870	1,000	865	10	10	5
Azerbaijani	240	135	110	0	0	0
Kazakh	55	20	35	0	0	0
Turkish	1,340	730	610	5	5	5
Uyghur	65	30	35	0	0	0
Uzbek	95	45	45	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40	0	0	0
Uralic languages	3,070	1,415	1,655	15	5	10
Estonian	70	35	35	0	0	0
Finnish	240	85	155	0	0	0
Hungarian	2,765	1,300	1,465	15	5	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0	0	0
Multiple responses	66,660	32,400	34,265	465	225	235
English and French	5,245	2,530	2,715	25	15	10
English and non-official language(s)	53,970	26,410	27,560	390	190	200
French and non-official language(s)	1,145	565	580	5	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,015	465	545	5	0	5
Multiple non-official languages	5,295	2,430	2,865	40	20	20
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	7,975	3,855	4,120
English	858,205	432,905	425,300	5,015	2,425	2,590
French	3,800	1,885	1,915	40	20	20
Non-official language	119,530	56,930	62,595	680	315	365
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	20	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	119,485	56,915	62,570	680	315	365
English and French	12,035	5,650	6,380	85	50	35
English and non-official language(s)	283,170	137,555	145,610	2,040	985	1,055
French and non-official language(s)	525	235	290	5	0	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,990	3,275	3,715	55	30	25
Multiple non-official languages	11,860	5,575	6,290	55	30	25
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,296,120	644,020	652,095	7,975	3,855	4,120
Single responses	1,226,245	609,935	616,315	7,465	3,605	3,860
Official languages	983,495	492,440	491,055	5,905	2,855	3,050
English	977,675	489,585	488,090	5,845	2,825	3,025
French	5,820	2,860	2,965	60	25	30
Non-official languages	242,750	117,500	125,255	1,560	755	805
Indigenous languages³⁹	105	40	60	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	65	30	35	0	0	0
Blackfoot	35	15	20	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	15	15	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	20	5	15	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	20	5	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	242,650	117,455	125,195	1,560	755	805
Afro-Asiatic languages	21,960	10,980	10,975	40	15	25
Berber languages	45	30	15	0	0	0
Kabyle	35	20	15	0	0	0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	10	10	0	0	0
Hausa	25	10	10	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0	0	0	0
Coptic	15	10	5	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	2,135	1,040	1,100	0	0	0
Bilen	130	65	70	0	0	0
Oromo	995	495	495	0	0	0
Somali	1,010	470	535	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	19,740	9,895	9,845	40	15	25
Amharic	2,800	1,320	1,485	0	0	0
Arabic	12,395	6,275	6,120	30	10	15
Aramaic languages	485	230	255	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	250	120	130	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	150	75	80	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	45	45	0	0	0
Harari	25	10	15	0	0	0
Hebrew	235	115	115	5	0	5
Maltese	5	5	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	3,765	1,920	1,845	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,355	4,270	5,090	5	0	5
Khmer (Cambodian)	430	190	240	0	0	0
Vietnamese	8,840	4,030	4,810	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	32,480	15,230	17,250	370	175	190
Bikol	75	35	35	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	470	220	245	0	0	0
Cebuano	1,090	530	560	15	5	5
Fijian	10	5	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	520	250	270	15	5	10
Ilocano	2,135	990	1,150	0	0	0
Indonesian	225	115	110	0	0	0
Kankanaey	110	50	55	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	50	30	20	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Malay	40	20	20	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	240	120	120	0	0	0
Pangasinan	50	25	20	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	27,210	12,710	14,500	340	165	175
Waray-Waray	70	40	30	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	90	90	0	0	0
Creole languages	325	155	170	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	115	60	60	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0	0	0
Krio	20	15	10	0	0	0
Morisyen	70	35	40	10	0	0
Sango	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	4,160	2,085	2,080	45	20	20
Kannada	190	90	95	0	0	0
Malayalam	1,785	890	900	25	10	10
Tamil	1,395	710	680	20	10	10
Telugu	760	375	380	0	0	0
Tulu	30	15	15	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Georgian	75	40	30	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	112,245	55,440	56,805	885	430	455
Albanian	610	325	290	0	0	0
Armenian	140	65	75	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	12,980	6,225	6,760	240	115	120
Baltic languages	195	95	95	5	5	5
Latvian	70	40	35	0	0	0
Lithuanian	120	60	60	5	5	5
Slavic languages	12,790	6,130	6,660	230	115	120
Belarusian	10	5	5	0	0	0
Bulgarian	360	175	185	5	0	5
Czech	345	160	185	0	0	0
Macedonian	70	35	35	0	0	0
Polish	2,795	1,345	1,455	50	25	30
Russian	6,055	2,880	3,170	145	75	70
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,860	905	960	15	5	10
Bosnian	315	155	160	0	0	0
Croatian	650	300	350	10	0	5
Serbian	895	440	450	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0
Slovak	350	165	180	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	20	15	0	0	0
Ukrainian	905	435	470	15	10	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0	0	0
Irish	5	5	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,535	735	805	15	5	10
Frisian	5	5	5	0	0	0
High German languages	665	320	345	0	0	0
German	640	305	335	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0	0	0
Yiddish	10	5	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	725	345	380	15	10	10
Afrikaans	435	215	225	10	5	5
Dutch	275	125	150	0	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	10	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	130	60	75	0	0	0
Danish	40	20	20	0	0	0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	5	0	0	0
Swedish	70	30	40	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	430	185	245	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	73,220	36,630	36,595	240	120	120
Indo-Aryan languages	64,720	32,425	32,290	210	105	100
Assamese	20	10	15	0	0	0
Bengali	2,905	1,420	1,490	20	10	10
Gujarati	4,045	2,085	1,960	55	30	30
Hindi	5,165	2,605	2,565	25	10	10
Kacchi	565	235	325	0	0	0
Kashmiri	50	25	30	0	0	0
Konkani	70	35	35	0	0	0
Marathi	565	285	280	5	0	0
Nepali	1,565	805	765	10	5	5
Oriya languages	40	20	20	0	0	0
Odia	25	15	10	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	36,445	18,325	18,120	40	20	20
Rohingya	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sindhi	165	85	75	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	520	255	265	5	5	5
Urdu	12,250	6,075	6,175	40	20	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	165	175	0	0	0
Iranian languages	8,490	4,190	4,295	30	15	15
Baluchi	30	15	15	0	0	0
Kurdish	735	355	380	0	0	0
Parsi	10	5	5	0	0	0
Pashto	1,215	625	595	0	0	0
Persian languages	6,470	3,185	3,285	25	15	15
Dari	1,710	830	880	5	0	5
Iranian Persian	3,900	1,930	1,975	10	5	5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	860	430	430	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	23,265	11,255	12,015	390	185	205
Catalan	25	10	15	0	0	0
Italian	945	425	520	10	5	5
Portuguese	2,220	1,090	1,125	15	5	5
Romanian	1,980	980	995	55	25	25
Spanish	18,095	8,740	9,360	305	145	160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0	0	0
Japanese	1,075	455	615	0	0	0
Korean	7,740	3,650	4,090	45	20	25
Mongolian	305	135	170	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	2,045	965	1,080	30	15	15
Akan (Twi)	315	155	160	5	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5	0	0	0
Éwé	10	5	10	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25	0	0	0
Ga	15	5	5	0	0	0
Ganda	15	5	10	0	0	0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0	0	0
Igbo	195	100	100	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	45	0	0	0
Lingala	35	10	20	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mwani	20	10	5	0	0	0
Ndebele	40	20	20	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0	0	0
Shona	85	35	50	0	0	0
Soninke	10	5	5	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0	0	0
Swahili	275	125	145	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wolof	50	25	20	0	0	0
Yoruba	615	290	325	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	65	80	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	700	350	350	0	0	0
Dinka	325	185	145	0	0	0
Nuer	255	110	145	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0	0	0
Sign languages	380	210	165	0	0	0
American Sign Language	295	160	135	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,145	22,180	24,965	110	55	55
Chinese languages	46,220	21,715	24,505	110	55	55
Hakka	80	30	50	0	0	0
Mandarin	23,495	11,210	12,290	80	40	35
Min Dong	5	5	5	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	460	185	280	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	150	75	75	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,510	9,980	11,530	30	15	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	500	230	270	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	910	460	455	0	0	0
Burmese	160	75	80	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	85	40	45	0	0	0
Karenic languages	165	80	85	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	125	65	60	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0	0	0
Tibetan	485	250	235	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	435	205	230	0	0	0
Lao	175	80	95	0	0	0
Thai	240	110	125	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,135	580	560	5	0	0
Azerbaijani	120	55	65	0	0	0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0	0	0
Turkish	910	470	440	0	0	0
Uyghur	35	15	20	0	0	0
Uzbek	40	15	25	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,065	505	555	5	0	0
Estonian	5	0	5	0	0	0
Finnish	35	20	15	0	0	0
Hungarian	1,025	490	540	5	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0	0	0
Multiple responses	69,870	34,085	35,785	510	250	260
English and French	2,485	1,205	1,285	25	20	10
English and non-official language(s)	64,950	31,765	33,190	460	225	235
French and non-official language(s)	240	105	135	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	640	290	350	10	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,550	715	835	10	0	5
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,296,115	644,020	652,100	7,975	3,860	4,120
None	1,038,845	519,700	519,145	6,160	2,970	3,190
English	97,335	47,975	49,365	715	350	370
French	9,450	4,360	5,090	55	30	25
Non-official language	116,850	55,575	61,275	805	385	415
Indigenous³⁹	600	265	330	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	116,250	55,305	60,945	800	385	420
English and French	1,235	595	640	10	5	5
English and non-official language(s)	15,885	7,880	8,005	125	65	60
French and non-official language(s)	3,285	1,535	1,755	25	15	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	105	90	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	13,040	6,300	6,735	85	40	45
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,291,770	642,130	649,635	8,125	3,970	4,155
Official languages	1,259,370	628,960	630,410	8,000	3,930	4,070
English	1,258,480	628,565	629,915	8,000	3,925	4,070
French	86,135	39,155	46,980	455	210	245
Non-official languages	518,025	249,240	268,785	3,250	1,585	1,665
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,600	630	965	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	1,045	395	650	0	0	0
Blackfoot	460	180	275	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	520	215	305	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	520	215	305	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	15	10	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	220	65	155	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	25	25	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	120	40	85	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	120	40	85	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	55	10	45	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	15	30	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	225	90	135	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	215	85	130	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35	10	30	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	10	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	30	10	20	0	0	0
Salish languages	20	20	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	215	115	100	0	0	0
Assiniboine	15	0	15	0	0	0
Dakota	20	20	0	0	0	0
Stoney	170	90	80	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	516,570	248,665	267,905	3,250	1,585	1,665
Afro-Asiatic languages	52,310	27,045	25,265	210	90	120
Berber languages	275	175	95	0	0	0
Kabyle	165	90	70	0	0	0
Tamazight	80	60	20	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	25	10	0	0	0
Chadic languages	350	215	135	0	0	0
Hausa	340	210	135	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0	0	0	0
Coptic	85	35	45	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	4,685	2,455	2,225	30	15	15
Bilen	235	130	105	0	0	0
Oromo	2,085	1,115	970	0	0	0
Somali	2,420	1,260	1,165	15	10	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	48,400	24,960	23,435	200	85	110
Amharic	8,360	4,130	4,230	45	15	30
Arabic	33,325	17,480	15,845	110	45	65
Aramaic languages	820	480	345	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	345	210	135	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	370	210	160	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	65	50	0	0	0
Harari	80	45	35	0	0	0
Hebrew	1,975	1,000	975	10	10	0
Maltese	30	15	15	0	0	0
Tigrigna	7,570	3,870	3,695	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	125	90	40	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,430	8,935	10,495	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,135	540	595	0	0	0
Vietnamese	18,090	8,270	9,820	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	270	150	120	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	70,310	31,065	39,240	780	380	400
Bikol	505	265	240	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,065	475	595	20	15	10
Cebuano	3,285	1,510	1,775	50	20	30
Fijian	90	50	40	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	1,265	525	735	0	0	0
Ilocano	6,395	2,785	3,610	55	30	25
Indonesian	1,175	545	635	0	0	0
Kankanaey	250	105	145	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	85	50	35	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	40	20	20	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0	0	0
Malay	780	350	430	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,130	490	635	0	0	0
Pangasinan	460	235	225	10	10	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	66,715	29,420	37,300	770	370	400
Waray-Waray	390	190	200	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,700	770	925	15	10	10
Creole languages	1,915	975	940	15	10	0
Haitian Creole	540	285	255	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	135	55	80	0	0	0
Krio	125	60	60	0	0	0
Morisyen	355	170	185	15	10	0
Sango	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	475	275	205	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10,080	5,160	4,920	60	25	35
Kannada	1,075	550	530	0	0	0
Malayalam	3,775	1,935	1,840	0	0	0
Tamil	4,200	2,140	2,055	35	10	30
Telugu	2,335	1,220	1,115	10	10	0
Tulu	70	35	35	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0
Georgian	220	120	100	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	257,340	126,440	130,900	1,640	830	810
Albanian	1,825	990	840	20	15	0
Armenian	460	265	195	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	34,205	16,055	18,150	490	240	240
Baltic languages	485	220	270	30	0	20
Latvian	155	65	90	0	0	0
Lithuanian	330	155	175	30	0	20
Slavic languages	33,920	15,935	17,985	470	240	230
Belarusian	85	30	50	0	0	0
Bulgarian	985	445	540	0	0	0
Czech	1,940	970	970	0	0	0
Macedonian	290	135	150	0	0	0
Polish	8,485	4,025	4,460	105	60	45
Russian	14,155	6,685	7,470	300	155	140
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	6,010	2,820	3,195	40	15	20
Bosnian	1,560	745	810	10	0	0
Croatian	3,010	1,400	1,615	10	0	10
Serbian	2,905	1,385	1,520	25	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	120	55	65	0	0	0
Slovak	1,295	590	700	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	280	115	165	0	0	0
Ukrainian	4,265	1,890	2,375	100	55	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	435	245	190	0	0	0
Irish	205	125	85	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	85	35	40	0	0	0
Welsh	135	80	60	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	21,235	10,295	10,935	80	45	40
Frisian	55	20	35	0	0	0
High German languages	14,220	6,860	7,360	60	40	25
German	13,950	6,720	7,235	60	40	25
Pennsylvania German	10	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	350	165	185	0	0	0
Yiddish	110	65	40	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5,870	2,990	2,885	15	0	10
Afrikaans	1,785	960	825	10	0	10
Dutch	3,780	1,890	1,885	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	40	25	15	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	230	90	135	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	125	60	65	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	1,920	895	1,030	0	0	0
Danish	940	480	460	0	0	0
Icelandic	50	15	35	0	0	0
Norwegian	380	165	215	0	0	0
Swedish	630	275	355	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0	0	0
Greek	2,155	1,065	1,090	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	132,795	67,155	65,640	415	205	210
Indo-Aryan languages	118,560	60,020	58,540	360	170	190
Assamese	80	45	35	0	0	0
Bengali	6,005	3,015	2,990	20	0	15
Gujarati	10,800	5,485	5,315	95	50	40
Hindi	42,160	21,290	20,875	155	75	85
Kacchi	2,245	985	1,260	0	0	0
Kashmiri	190	95	95	0	0	0
Konkani	425	200	230	0	0	0
Marathi	2,245	1,150	1,095	0	0	0
Nepali	2,880	1,485	1,395	0	0	0
Oriya languages	105	45	55	0	0	0
Odia	15	10	0	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	40	50	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	61,205	31,170	30,030	30	15	10
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sindhi	630	360	270	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,330	640	690	30	20	15
Urdu	29,980	15,280	14,705	40	20	20
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,355	730	625	0	0	0
Iranian languages	16,480	8,290	8,195	65	35	30
Baluchi	65	35	30	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,360	690	670	0	0	0
Parsi	10	10	0	0	0	0
Pashto	2,930	1,485	1,445	0	0	0
Persian languages	12,595	6,355	6,230	50	30	30
Dari	4,430	2,165	2,265	50	30	20
Iranian Persian	6,735	3,460	3,275	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,605	835	770	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	160	75	80	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	71,550	34,010	37,540	685	350	335
Catalan	100	45	60	0	0	0
Italian	8,730	4,240	4,490	40	20	15
Portuguese	6,170	3,070	3,100	30	15	15
Romanian	5,390	2,695	2,695	100	60	40
Spanish	54,235	25,520	28,715	530	260	265
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	145	65	80	0	0	0
Japanese	4,845	2,125	2,715	0	0	0
Korean	11,695	5,490	6,205	50	20	25
Mongolian	640	300	335	35	15	20
Niger-Congo languages	16,975	8,610	8,365	265	130	135
Akan (Twi)	1,270	645	620	20	10	10
Bamanankan	35	20	15	0	0	0
Edo	310	165	145	0	0	0
Éwé	100	45	55	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	170	110	65	0	0	0
Ga	275	140	140	0	0	0
Ganda	110	60	45	0	0	0
Gikuyu	155	70	85	0	0	0
Igbo	2,800	1,465	1,335	50	35	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	295	140	150	0	0	0
Lingala	395	185	210	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	75	25	50	0	0	0
Mòoré	15	10	0	0	0	0
Mwani	255	140	110	0	0	0
Ndebele	125	65	65	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	85	65	0	0	0
Shona	580	270	310	0	0	0
Soninke	20	10	10	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	60	55	0	0	0
Swahili	3,220	1,700	1,520	15	10	10
Wojenaka	35	25	10	0	0	0
Wolof	230	130	100	0	0	0
Yoruba	5,915	2,900	3,015	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,175	1,180	30	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,815	925	890	0	0	0
Dinka	815	435	380	0	0	0
Nuer	440	200	240	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	575	300	270	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	170	80	90	0	0	0
Sign languages	1,775	630	1,145	0	0	0
American Sign Language	1,495	515	980	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	335	155	185	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	81,025	38,350	42,680	200	85	115
Chinese languages	79,265	37,475	41,795	200	85	115
Hakka	390	160	235	0	0	0
Mandarin	45,330	21,095	24,235	165	70	95
Min Dong	35	25	15	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,295	1,000	1,295	10	0	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	335	140	195	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	42,090	19,730	22,350	60	30	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	840	395	445	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,785	885	900	0	0	0
Burmese	495	245	250	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	120	60	60	0	0	0
Karenic languages	365	180	190	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	295	145	150	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0	0	0
Tibetan	765	395	370	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	155	70	85	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,640	680	955	0	0	0
Lao	595	300	295	0	0	0
Thai	1,160	445	710	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40	0	0	0
Turkic languages	3,420	1,785	1,635	20	10	10
Azerbaijani	550	285	270	0	0	0
Kazakh	170	75	95	0	0	0
Turkish	2,530	1,425	1,100	0	0	0
Uyghur	110	30	80	0	0	0
Uzbek	180	80	100	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	65	0	0	0
Uralic languages	3,760	1,750	2,010	25	15	15
Estonian	125	55	70	0	0	0
Finnish	360	170	190	0	0	0
Hungarian	3,290	1,535	1,755	25	15	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	485	275	210	15	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	8,130	3,975	4,150
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	41,350	19,270	22,085	260	110	150
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	39,720	18,515	21,210	240	105	135
First Nations (North American Indian)	18,440	8,300	10,135	110	45	70
Métis	20,855	9,990	10,865	125	60	70
Inuk (Inuit)	430	220	205	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	865	385	475	0	0	0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	765	365	395	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous identity	1,250,420	622,865	627,555	7,870	3,865	4,005
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	8,130	3,975	4,150
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	14,405	6,575	7,825	75	25	45
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,277,370	635,560	641,810	8,050	3,945	4,105
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
Owner	345,690	...	...	2,320	...	...
Renter	156,615	...	...	770	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
Condominium	124,190	...	...	1,295	...	...
Not condominium	378,115	...	...	1,800	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
No bedrooms	2,920	...	...	10	...	...
1 bedroom	59,385	...	...	265	...	...
2 bedrooms	116,625	...	...	1,005	...	...
3 bedrooms	167,895	...	...	1,200	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	155,480	...	...	615	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	153,485	...	...	1,305	...	...
5 rooms	78,585	...	...	520	...	...
6 rooms	69,385	...	...	385	...	...
7 rooms	59,530	...	...	270	...	...
8 or more rooms	141,320	...	...	610	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
One person or fewer per room	486,420	...	...	3,015	...	...
More than one person per room	15,885	...	...	80	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
Suitable	476,790	...	...	2,985	...	...
Not suitable	25,515	...	...	110	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
1960 or before	43,855	...	...	0	...	...
1961 to 1980	133,035	...	...	0	...	...
1981 to 1990	59,780	...	...	0	...	...
1991 to 2000	75,685	...	...	0	...	...
2001 to 2005	50,390	...	...	0	...	...
2006 to 2010	47,665	...	...	20	...	...
2011 to 2015	45,850	...	...	945	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	46,045	...	...	2,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	479,525	...	...	3,080	...	...
Major repairs needed	22,780	...	...	10	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
One-maintainer household	242,815	...	...	1,325	...	...
Two-maintainer household	228,860	...	...	1,620	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	30,630	...	...	150	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	502,305	...	...	3,090	...	...
15 to 24 years	13,825	...	...	120	...	...
25 to 34 years	83,280	...	...	860	...	...
35 to 44 years	110,705	...	...	910	...	...
45 to 54 years	100,130	...	...	545	...	...
55 to 64 years	93,305	...	...	395	...	...
65 to 74 years	62,865	...	...	210	...	...
75 to 84 years	27,860	...	...	45	...	...
85 years and over	10,340	...	...	0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	499,855	...	...	3,095	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	385,380	...	...	2,395	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	114,470	...	...	700	...	...
30% to less than 100%	102,665	...	...	665	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	502,305	...	...	3,095	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	150,520	...	...	810	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	103,650	...	...	690	...	...
Not suitable only	19,875	...	...	105	...	...
Major repairs needed only	14,995	...	...	0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,215	...	...	10	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,360	...	...	0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,170	...	...	0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	...	...	0	...	...
Acceptable housing	351,785	...	...	2,285	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	488,040	...	...	3,060	...	...
In core need	49,860	...	...	200	...	...
Not in core need	438,185	...	...	2,860	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	345,680	...	...	2,320	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.2	...	...	88.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...	21.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.6	...	...	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	2,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,774	...	...	2,038	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	456,000	...	...	420,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	519,500	...	...	436,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	156,615	...	...	775	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.4	...	...	25.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,360	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,404	...	...	1,440	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	8,125	3,975	4,155
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	14,495	6,615	7,875	75	25	50
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	14,125	6,430	7,695	70	20	50
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	10,035	4,560	5,475	60	20	40
Métis single ancestry	3,975	1,790	2,185	15	0	15
Inuit single ancestry	115	75	40	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	370	190	185	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	355	180	180	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	34,850	16,545	18,305	190	85	110
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	33,825	16,090	17,740	180	85	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,015	9,015	10,005	100	45	60
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	14,490	6,925	7,565	75	40	40
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	145	170	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,030	460	570	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	935	420	515	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	35	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,242,425	618,970	623,455	7,860	3,865	3,995
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,291,770	642,135	649,640	8,125	3,975	4,155
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,131,540	565,050	566,495	7,060	3,445	3,615
Canadian citizens aged under 18	257,900	132,670	125,230	1,920	925	995
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	873,645	432,380	441,265	5,140	2,520	2,620
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	160,225	77,085	83,140	1,065	530	540
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,291,770	642,135	649,640	8,125	3,975	4,155
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	834,100	420,985	413,120	4,985	2,450	2,535
Immigrants⁸¹	430,640	207,060	223,575	3,055	1,480	1,575
Before 1980	48,430	23,310	25,115	120	55	65
1980 to 1990	40,330	19,730	20,600	60	35	30
1991 to 2000	61,465	29,575	31,890	305	145	160
2001 to 2010	117,055	56,175	60,875	975	475	500
2011 to 2021⁸²	163,365	78,275	85,095	1,590	770	825
2011 to 2015	82,050	39,320	42,735	960	470	490
2016 to 2021	81,315	38,960	42,360	625	295	335
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,025	14,085	12,940	90	50	40
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	430,640	207,065	223,575	3,055	1,480	1,575
Under 5 years	37,050	18,960	18,090	260	145	115
5 to 14 years	71,460	37,200	34,265	515	260	255
15 to 24 years	74,550	34,020	40,525	490	190	295
25 to 44 years	204,525	97,045	107,480	1,570	790	775
45 years and over	43,060	19,840	23,220	225	95	135
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	430,640	207,065	223,575	3,055	1,480	1,575
Americas	44,125	20,585	23,540	480	220	255
Brazil	2,010	890	1,120	10	0	0
Colombia	5,865	2,710	3,160	150	65	80
El Salvador	2,425	1,135	1,290	10	10	0
Guyana	740	340	400	0	0	0
Haiti	510	295	220	0	0	0
Jamaica	3,135	1,475	1,660	35	10	20
Mexico	4,895	2,410	2,480	60	30	30
Peru	1,070	470	595	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	1,315	620	695	0	0	0
United States of America	10,895	4,960	5,935	40	15	25
Other places of birth in Americas	11,260	5,275	5,985	165	80	85
Europe	68,740	34,275	34,465	625	325	300
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,000	960	1,045	20	10	10
Croatia	1,330	620	705	0	0	0
France	1,265	645	620	0	0	0
Germany	4,685	2,155	2,525	20	10	10
Greece	865	455	415	0	0	0
Hungary	1,550	740	815	15	10	10
Italy	3,075	1,590	1,490	15	15	0
Netherlands	2,620	1,375	1,245	0	0	0
Poland	5,890	2,750	3,140	75	50	30
Portugal	990	505	485	0	0	0
Romania	4,025	2,030	1,995	80	50	25
Russian Federation	4,210	1,785	2,430	75	35	35
Serbia⁸⁶	980	460	515	10	10	0
Ukraine	3,035	1,385	1,655	80	45	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20,420	10,815	9,600	120	50	70
Other places of birth in Europe	11,795	6,010	5,780	110	45	65
Africa	51,610	26,045	25,560	500	225	270
Algeria	630	310	315	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	855	425	435	0	0	0
Egypt	3,320	1,745	1,575	20	10	15
Eritrea	4,720	2,465	2,250	0	0	0
Ethiopia	7,090	3,435	3,655	35	20	20
Morocco	870	445	425	0	0	0
Nigeria	12,450	6,340	6,110	230	100	135
Somalia	1,580	775	805	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	3,095	1,620	1,480	15	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	17,005	8,480	8,525	175	85	95
Asia	262,700	124,535	138,160	1,435	685	745
Afghanistan	3,980	1,970	2,010	25	10	15
Iran⁸⁸	5,515	2,865	2,650	0	0	0
Iraq	3,935	1,990	1,950	30	15	15
Lebanon	4,095	2,205	1,890	10	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	4,340	2,280	2,060	0	0	0
Turkey	1,085	540	545	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	36,245	16,615	19,625	110	60	55
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,775	5,180	5,595	15	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	8,215	3,835	4,375	35	10	30
Taiwan	2,110	885	1,220	10	0	10
Philippines	65,430	29,000	36,430	755	365	395
Viet Nam	15,395	6,875	8,525	15	0	10
Bangladesh	3,510	1,785	1,725	25	0	20
India	56,510	28,275	28,240	165	90	70
Pakistan	18,375	9,305	9,070	55	25	25
Sri Lanka	1,820	900	925	45	20	20
Other places of birth in Asia	21,375	10,040	11,335	135	75	55
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,470	1,630	1,840	15	15	0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	81,315	38,960	42,360	625	295	335
Americas	7,550	3,475	4,070	115	60	50
Brazil	840	355	490	10	0	10
Colombia	615	245	370	35	25	15
Haiti	105	55	45	0	0	0
Jamaica	475	215	255	0	0	0
Mexico	1,265	645	615	0	0	0
United States of America	2,130	1,000	1,130	15	10	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	885	390	500	45	25	25
Other places of birth in Americas	1,245	570	675	0	0	0
Europe	6,505	3,340	3,170	85	30	50
France	200	95	105	0	0	0
Germany	225	105	120	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	470	315	160	0	0	0
Italy	260	160	105	0	0	0
Russian Federation	635	235	405	10	0	0
Ukraine	680	295	385	30	15	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,420	805	610	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Europe	2,615	1,330	1,290	35	10	20
Africa	15,065	7,475	7,590	135	60	75
Algeria	60	15	50	0	0	0
Burundi	40	15	25	0	0	0
Cameroon	380	170	210	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	155	85	75	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	55	30	20	0	0	0
Egypt	595	300	300	0	0	0
Eritrea	2,525	1,325	1,195	0	0	0
Ethiopia	1,845	880	965	20	15	0
Morocco	210	95	110	0	0	0
Nigeria	5,885	2,895	2,990	85	35	50
Somalia	310	140	170	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	650	360	295	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	445	215	225	0	0	0
Tunisia	95	65	30	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,815	895	920	30	10	15
Asia	51,570	24,320	27,250	285	130	155
Afghanistan	845	405	435	0	0	0
Bangladesh	630	310	320	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	5,520	2,410	3,115	30	20	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	310	120	190	0	0	0
India	14,070	7,095	6,970	25	20	10
Iran⁸⁸	865	415	445	0	0	0
Iraq	945	440	505	0	0	0
Israel	340	185	150	0	0	0
Japan	170	25	140	0	0	0
Jordan	165	90	70	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	1,740	740	1,000	15	0	10
Lebanon	425	215	210	0	0	0
Nepal	460	235	230	0	0	0
Pakistan	2,315	1,130	1,185	0	0	0
Philippines	15,485	7,055	8,435	185	85	100
Saudi Arabia	265	160	105	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	145	75	70	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	3,070	1,630	1,445	0	0	0
Turkey	405	175	225	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	360	200	165	0	0	0
Viet Nam	955	310	640	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	2,090	885	1,205	10	0	10
Oceania and other⁹³	620	345	280	15	15	0
Australia	435	230	205	10	10	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	185	115	75	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,291,770	642,130	649,635	8,130	3,970	4,150
First generation¹⁰⁰	471,470	228,280	243,195	3,200	1,580	1,620
Second generation¹⁰¹	281,465	142,090	139,380	1,715	825	890
Third generation or more¹⁰²	538,830	271,765	267,065	3,205	1,565	1,640
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	382,215	183,750	198,460	2,940	1,420	1,515
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	215,420	108,005	107,410	2,025	1,020	1,000
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	88,050	52,955	35,090	780	435	345
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	127,375	55,055	72,315	1,240	590	655
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	107,140	43,925	63,210	520	195	335
Refugees¹⁰⁸	55,735	29,885	25,845	330	180	150
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,920	1,925	1,990	60	30	30
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	382,215	183,750	198,460	2,940	1,420	1,515
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	13,615	7,955	5,660	185	115	75
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	46,635	20,170	26,460	485	195	290
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	9,450	4,855	4,595	70	40	30
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	22,045	11,495	10,545	125	65	60
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,375	605	770	0	0	0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	289,095	138,665	150,425	2,065	1,005	1,065
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	8,130	3,975	4,150
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	534,695	262,355	272,340	3,505	1,660	1,840
South Asian	141,660	71,810	69,845	390	195	195
Chinese	91,410	44,315	47,095	270	100	165
Black	70,680	35,655	35,020	855	395	465
Filipino	84,215	38,660	45,550	1,015	500	520
Arab	30,735	16,175	14,560	125	70	50
Latin American	31,855	15,340	16,520	480	230	250
Southeast Asian	26,395	12,300	14,095	110	30	75
West Asian	15,150	7,705	7,440	120	65	50
Korean	12,380	5,945	6,430	60	30	30
Japanese	5,825	2,530	3,295	0	0	0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,445	2,710	2,740	15	10	10
Multiple visible minorities	18,955	9,210	9,745	65	40	25
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	757,075	379,775	377,295	4,625	2,315	2,310
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	8,125	3,975	4,155
Canadian	125,490	65,430	60,065	730	380	360
English	205,980	102,400	103,575	1,040	495	550
Irish	153,865	74,665	79,195	860	345	520
Scottish	177,490	87,675	89,815	905	390	510
French, n.o.s.¹²²	79,635	39,135	40,500	425	230	195
German	146,970	72,775	74,190	815	400	410
Chinese	96,180	46,325	49,860	260	120	140
Italian	36,235	18,060	18,175	180	110	70
Indian (India)	71,115	35,960	35,155	200	100	100
Ukrainian	69,030	33,640	35,390	435	245	195
Dutch	38,505	19,070	19,430	265	120	145
Polish	42,735	20,560	22,175	285	115	175
Québécois	1,580	785	795	15	0	10
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	41,520	20,955	20,570	170	80	95
Filipino	79,200	36,580	42,625	890	440	455
French Canadian	9,130	4,545	4,590	30	20	15
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,860	10,850	10,005	210	120	95
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	12,415	5,805	6,615	75	30	40
Métis	19,805	9,345	10,460	105	50	55
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,790	11,410	11,380	225	95	135
Russian	28,470	13,255	15,215	215	110	105
Norwegian	32,675	15,535	17,140	110	55	55
Welsh	21,030	9,965	11,065	130	75	60
Portuguese	6,770	3,400	3,370	55	30	20
American	18,030	8,720	9,310	120	75	45
Spanish	17,085	7,820	9,265	130	40	90
Swedish	20,940	10,255	10,685	80	45	35
Hungarian	16,335	7,965	8,375	120	55	60
Acadian	2,935	1,520	1,415	10	0	10
Pakistani	22,800	11,565	11,240	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,470	6,635	6,830	220	95	125
Jewish	6,595	3,345	3,250	25	20	10
Punjabi	18,050	9,135	8,920	15	10	10
Vietnamese	21,145	9,890	11,255	0	0	0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	10,585	5,620	4,965	55	40	20
Greek	5,540	2,865	2,680	30	20	10
Jamaican	5,860	2,915	2,950	65	35	30
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	14,510	6,955	7,555	135	75	60
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	5,915	2,675	3,240	35	25	0
Korean	12,445	5,920	6,525	65	30	35
Romanian	10,540	4,990	5,545	135	90	45
Lebanese	11,360	5,955	5,405	50	30	20
Iranian	6,105	3,130	2,975	15	0	15
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,815	2,325	2,490	40	20	15
Danish	14,575	7,305	7,270	55	25	30
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,225	2,020	2,200	30	0	30
Sikh	14,120	7,270	6,850	0	0	0
Austrian	10,255	5,080	5,175	30	20	10
Belgian	5,295	2,545	2,755	50	30	15
Haitian	930	475	455	0	0	0
Hindu	8,550	4,305	4,245	65	25	40
Mexican	7,685	3,755	3,930	55	30	25
Mennonite	3,750	1,840	1,910	0	0	0
Swiss	5,765	2,795	2,965	0	0	0
Finnish	5,250	2,540	2,705	20	10	10
Sri Lankan	1,865	925	940	35	10	20
Croatian	5,170	2,540	2,635	25	10	20
Japanese	7,785	3,465	4,320	0	0	0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,655	2,305	2,345	80	50	30
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,330	620	705	0	0	0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	6,340	3,050	3,290	35	20	15
Muslim	6,060	3,145	2,915	10	10	0
Egyptian	4,610	2,475	2,135	40	25	15
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	5,960	2,910	3,050	125	60	60
Tamil	1,370	710	665	0	0	0
Icelandic	6,025	3,195	2,830	40	30	0
Colombian	6,420	3,075	3,345	130	65	65
Moroccan	880	425	460	0	0	0
Czech	6,295	3,085	3,215	15	0	15
Syrian	4,215	2,150	2,065	0	0	0
Guyanese	1,210	595	615	0	0	0
Afghan	6,465	3,170	3,290	55	25	25
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,530	1,325	1,205	10	0	0
Serbian	3,125	1,485	1,635	20	15	0
Ojibway	1,165	595	575	0	0	0
Newfoundlander	1,500	795	705	10	0	0
Hong Konger	3,940	1,925	2,015	0	0	0
Ontarian	1,030	470	565	15	0	10
Persian	2,700	1,440	1,260	0	0	0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,495	745	750	20	15	10
Turkish	2,610	1,435	1,175	45	25	20
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	520	265	255	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	3,570	1,810	1,765	30	0	20
Algerian	645	320	320	0	0	0
Brazilian	2,555	1,260	1,290	25	15	10
Nigerian	8,120	4,145	3,975	105	50	50
Armenian	925	495	430	15	10	0
Slovak	3,520	1,750	1,770	15	10	10
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,620	1,220	1,400	20	0	15
Somali	2,830	1,485	1,350	25	20	15
Taiwanese	2,120	890	1,230	20	0	20
Iraqi	3,035	1,470	1,570	0	0	0
Salvadorean	2,325	1,150	1,175	0	0	0
African Caribbean	930	495	430	0	0	0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,670	1,710	1,960	40	15	25
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,645	1,375	1,270	0	0	0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,330	650	680	45	15	25
Algonquin	380	165	220	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	835	370	465	0	0	0
Lithuanian	2,015	880	1,130	30	10	20
South African	2,915	1,465	1,445	25	15	10
Australian	3,060	1,585	1,475	20	0	10
Palestinian	1,675	910	760	0	0	0
Chilean	2,925	1,505	1,420	15	10	10
Congolese	1,045	500	545	30	15	20
Nova Scotian	850	380	470	10	0	10
Ethiopian	6,695	3,225	3,465	55	20	25
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	2,920	1,375	1,550	50	25	30
Peruvian	1,450	690	760	0	0	0
Yoruba	5,200	2,640	2,560	100	45	65
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,960	965	985	0	0	0
Berber	405	225	175	0	0	0
Albanian	1,870	1,030	835	20	20	0
Maltese	505	230	275	0	0	0
Macedonian	385	185	200	0	0	0
Slovenian	1,445	715	730	0	0	0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,960	925	1,035	0	0	0
New Brunswicker	410	170	235	0	0	0
Gujarati	1,665	880	785	25	10	10
Eritrean	5,320	2,700	2,615	15	0	10
African Canadian	940	465	475	0	0	0
Israeli	1,095	565	525	20	20	0
Mohawk	500	300	200	20	10	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,685	790	900	35	0	30
Bulgarian	1,305	635	670	15	0	10
Albertan	5,465	2,785	2,685	20	0	10
Ghanaian	1,405	705	700	25	15	10
Barbadian	640	310	330	0	0	0
African American	935	435	495	0	0	0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,030	545	480	0	0	0
Tunisian	300	150	155	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,305	675	630	15	15	10
Cuban	830	395	435	0	0	0
Bosnian	1,870	890	975	15	10	10
Venezuelan	3,025	1,445	1,575	70	40	25
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	15	10	0	0	0
Latvian	1,025	485	540	15	15	0
Bengali	1,200	585	610	0	0	0
Cameroonian	930	485	450	0	0	0
Guatemalan	1,200	555	645	20	10	10
Indonesian	1,555	750	800	10	0	10
Laotian	1,015	505	510	0	0	0
Ilocano	2,575	1,195	1,380	40	25	20
Northern Irish	920	445	475	0	0	0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	805	420	385	0	0	0
British Columbian	520	295	225	15	0	10
Ecuadorian	405	210	190	10	0	10
Franco Ontarian	125	85	40	0	0	0
Argentinian	1,050	545	510	10	0	0
Estonian	980	480	500	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,060	525	530	0	0	0
Fijian	1,145	525	620	0	0	0
Jatt	1,410	705	705	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	645	320	325	0	0	0
Coptic	440	225	215	0	0	0
Thai	1,185	370	810	0	0	0
Dominican	405	245	160	0	0	0
Nepali	2,255	1,175	1,085	0	0	0
Kabyle	95	50	45	0	0	0
Assyrian	420	215	200	0	0	0
Igbo	3,150	1,635	1,515	60	30	30
Byelorussian	730	350	380	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	215	95	120	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	1,580	685	895	0	0	0
Abenaki	50	20	25	0	0	0
Moldovan	990	545	445	25	15	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	245	125	120	0	0	0
New Zealander	1,095	590	500	0	0	0
Sudanese	2,480	1,205	1,275	0	0	0
Breton	40	30	10	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	350	125	225	0	0	0
Malaysian	1,175	560	620	15	0	15
Plains Cree	200	100	95	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	420	210	210	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	80	40	45	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	1,150	595	555	15	0	15
Buddhist	1,010	480	525	15	10	10
Gaspesian	10	0	0	0	0	0
Norman	145	100	45	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,270	645	625	0	0	0
Ivorian	210	110	105	0	0	0
Saulteaux	280	120	160	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	160	60	105	0	0	0
Burundian	150	70	85	0	0	0
Tigrinya	2,240	1,220	1,020	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	800	355	445	20	10	10
Mauritian	450	190	255	0	0	0
Kenyan	1,050	510	540	15	0	0
Oji-Cree	20	10	10	0	0	0
Vincentian	175	65	110	0	0	0
Jordanian	445	220	225	0	0	0
Manitoban	460	245	210	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	175	90	85	0	0	0
Rwandan	280	150	130	0	0	0
Grenadian	225	90	135	10	10	0
Malayali	665	375	290	0	0	0
Chaldean	165	80	85	0	0	0
Sinhalese	555	255	305	0	0	0
Mayan	575	310	270	0	0	0
Honduran	340	150	185	0	0	0
Cherokee	545	255	285	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	110	45	65	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	140	70	70	0	0	0
Flemish	420	190	235	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	180	65	115	0	0	0
Senegalese	140	100	35	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	670	350	320	25	15	0
Sicilian	110	35	70	0	0	0
Pashtun	820	420	400	0	0	0
Malay	790	340	450	0	0	0
Goan	350	185	165	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	330	165	160	0	0	0
Tibetan	790	415	375	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	660	295	365	30	15	15
Burmese	540	250	285	0	0	0
Mongolian	985	455	535	40	20	20
Azorean	70	25	45	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bamileke	105	60	45	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	80	45	35	0	0	0
Ugandan	300	145	150	0	0	0
Oromo	1,560	875	685	0	0	0
Tanzanian	795	425	375	0	0	0
Yemeni	555	280	275	0	0	0
Central African	70	35	40	0	0	0
Libyan	445	255	190	0	0	0
Basque	175	80	90	0	0	0
Uruguayan	85	40	45	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	295	125	165	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	345	210	130	0	0	0
Igorot	1,195	560	625	0	0	0
Fulani	65	25	35	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	70	35	30	0	0	0
Guinean	155	80	70	0	0	0
St. Lucian	230	90	140	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	215	100	110	0	0	0
Maliseet	25	15	10	0	0	0
Beninese	145	75	70	0	0	0
Telugu	255	135	120	0	0	0
Roma	200	95	100	0	0	0
Costa Rican	180	95	85	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	85	40	45	0	0	0
Malagasy	35	20	15	0	0	0
Kashmiri	820	405	415	0	0	0
Singaporean	325	120	205	0	0	0
Karen	390	195	195	0	0	0
Edo	605	340	265	15	10	10
Tajik	280	130	145	0	0	0
Amhara	810	435	380	0	0	0
Paraguayan	100	30	70	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,291,770	642,135	649,635	8,130	3,975	4,150
Buddhist	20,855	9,225	11,625	60	25	30
Christian	575,250	270,555	304,690	4,395	2,065	2,330
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	121,585	58,010	63,575	1,105	505	595
Anabaptist	2,100	1,020	1,075	30	10	15
Anglican	27,005	12,375	14,635	100	55	45
Baptist	10,875	5,050	5,825	15	0	10
Catholic	262,720	125,010	137,705	2,115	1,015	1,100
Christian Orthodox	24,020	11,690	12,330	200	110	90
Jehovah's Witness	5,160	2,300	2,860	50	25	30
Latter Day Saints	9,895	4,590	5,305	155	75	85
Lutheran	14,005	6,325	7,675	50	25	25
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,570	1,160	1,415	0	0	0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,690	6,905	7,785	250	105	140
Presbyterian	8,330	3,730	4,600	25	10	20
Reformed	1,250	600	655	0	0	0
United Church	37,055	15,800	21,255	125	50	75
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	33,980	15,990	17,990	180	85	90
Hindu	33,450	17,180	16,265	230	110	115
Jewish	6,390	3,140	3,255	45	20	25
Muslim	95,925	48,855	47,075	405	230	180
Sikh	49,465	24,885	24,580	40	20	20
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,370	500	870	30	10	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,695	4,165	5,535	15	0	10
No religion and secular perspectives	499,375	263,630	235,745	2,915	1,495	1,425
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,277,835	634,945	642,885	7,955	3,890	4,065
Non-movers	1,101,965	547,205	554,760	6,280	3,110	3,175
Movers	175,865	87,745	88,125	1,675	785	885
Non-migrants	132,940	66,500	66,445	1,280	595	685
Migrants	42,925	21,245	21,680	390	190	205
Internal migrants	29,285	14,520	14,770	345	175	175
Intraprovincial migrants	13,780	6,700	7,080	160	80	75
Interprovincial migrants	15,505	7,820	7,690	190	90	95
External migrants	13,640	6,730	6,910	45	20	30
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,217,975	604,435	613,540	7,320	3,570	3,745
Non-movers	707,190	350,630	356,560	2,060	985	1,075
Movers	510,785	253,805	256,980	5,255	2,585	2,670
Non-migrants	333,555	166,780	166,775	3,720	1,850	1,870
Migrants	177,230	87,025	90,205	1,540	735	810
Internal migrants	103,835	51,155	52,680	1,065	485	585
Intraprovincial migrants	52,115	25,805	26,310	635	280	345
Interprovincial migrants	51,725	25,355	26,370	435	205	230
External migrants	73,395	35,870	37,525	475	250	225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,056,230	521,175	535,050	6,285	3,055	3,220
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	149,010	77,165	71,850	675	355	320
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	907,215	444,015	463,205	5,605	2,705	2,905
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	737,750	364,645	373,105	4,915	2,385	2,530
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,615	35,580	30,040	300	180	120
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	672,130	329,065	343,070	4,615	2,210	2,405
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	6,280	3,060	3,220
No certificate, diploma or degree	134,565	68,700	65,865	620	330	295
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	273,135	137,495	135,635	1,655	845	815
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	648,530	314,980	333,550	3,995	1,885	2,115
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	271,085	134,270	136,810	1,965	960	1,010
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	62,155	45,900	16,255	455	350	100
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	22,795	12,780	10,015	150	75	65
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	39,360	33,125	6,235	310	275	35
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	172,905	73,135	99,775	1,230	495	735
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,020	15,235	20,790	285	110	170
Bachelor's degree or higher	377,450	180,710	196,740	2,030	925	1,105
Bachelor's degree	258,985	121,715	137,275	1,525	670	855
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,835	9,020	10,810	115	45	65
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,365	4,285	5,080	55	15	35
Master's degree	77,600	38,555	39,040	315	180	135
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,670	7,130	4,540	25	10	15
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	737,750	364,645	373,105	4,915	2,390	2,530
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,150	30,270	25,880	260	155	100
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	158,090	83,330	74,760	1,095	585	515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	523,505	251,045	272,465	3,560	1,650	1,910
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	207,210	103,010	104,205	1,700	815	880
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	46,300	34,495	11,805	400	310	90
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,310	9,360	6,950	135	70	65
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	29,990	25,135	4,860	270	240	25
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	132,925	56,660	76,265	1,055	415	645
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,990	11,860	16,130	240	90	150
Bachelor's degree or higher	316,295	148,035	168,260	1,860	830	1,025
Bachelor's degree	215,545	99,580	115,960	1,400	605	790
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	15,980	7,050	8,925	90	35	55
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,070	3,480	4,595	50	10	35
Master's degree	67,610	32,685	34,925	305	170	130
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,100	5,240	3,855	20	10	15
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	6,280	3,060	3,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	407,695	206,200	201,495	2,285	1,175	1,105
Education	37,900	8,205	29,695	160	50	110
13. Education	37,900	8,205	29,695	160	50	110
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	20,300	8,295	12,000	85	35	50
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,095	1,585	515	15	15	0
50. Visual and performing arts	18,205	6,715	11,490	80	25	50
Humanities	29,295	10,450	18,845	165	60	100
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,420	660	2,760	25	10	15
23. English language and literature/letters	6,610	1,750	4,860	25	0	20
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,070	3,555	6,515	65	20	45
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	455	155	300	0	0	0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,925	1,050	875	20	10	0
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,775	1,575	1,200	15	10	0
54. History	3,320	1,570	1,750	10	0	0
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	720	130	585	10	0	0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	72,710	25,400	47,315	380	95	280
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,020	200	820	10	0	10
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,885	3,435	6,450	45	20	30
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,890	615	7,275	55	0	55
22. Legal professions and studies	13,435	4,770	8,665	100	30	75
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,430	480	945	0	0	0
42. Psychology	11,935	2,745	9,190	45	0	45
45. Social sciences	27,130	13,155	13,975	115	45	70
Business, management and public administration	151,340	66,070	85,275	965	365	600
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	60	90	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,190	1,385	5,810	60	0	55
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	144,000	64,630	79,380	900	360	540
Physical and life sciences and technologies	35,280	18,270	17,015	105	40	60
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,915	4,605	7,310	45	0	45
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,125	3,260	3,870	20	15	0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	560	230	330	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	14,385	9,680	4,705	30	20	10
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,295	495	800	10	0	10
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,775	21,555	11,215	265	175	90
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	27,025	18,865	8,165	225	155	65
25. Library science	1,385	170	1,210	0	0	0
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,675	2,070	1,610	30	15	15
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	685	455	230	10	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	141,165	119,620	21,550	895	775	120
04. Architecture and related services	5,715	3,555	2,165	25	15	10
14. Engineering	60,975	48,265	12,715	320	255	65
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	30,160	24,830	5,325	205	170	45
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	20,365	19,740	625	160	155	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,535	15,080	455	140	140	0
48. Precision production	8,400	8,145	260	30	30	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,880	5,175	5,705	90	35	55
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,525	3,070	3,455	60	25	40
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,350	2,100	2,250	25	10	15
Health and related fields	91,710	19,495	72,215	690	145	550
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	7,380	3,540	3,845	35	15	20
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	81,445	14,515	66,930	640	120	520
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	150	55	95	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,740	1,395	1,350	15	0	10
Personal, protective and transportation services	24,990	12,345	12,645	190	100	95
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	16,005	5,380	10,625	115	30	85
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105	90	10	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	105	20	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	4,485	2,870	1,615	50	40	10
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,270	3,900	370	25	25	0
Other¹⁷⁹	180	90	90	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	737,745	364,640	373,105	4,915	2,385	2,530
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	214,245	113,600	100,640	1,355	740	615
Education	27,425	5,745	21,680	155	50	105
13. Education	27,425	5,745	21,680	155	50	105
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	16,520	6,735	9,785	75	30	45
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,595	1,150	450	10	10	0
50. Visual and performing arts	14,920	5,580	9,335	60	20	45
Humanities	23,385	8,110	15,275	140	50	90
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,795	520	2,270	20	0	15
23. English language and literature/letters	5,440	1,440	3,995	20	0	15
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,205	2,785	5,420	55	20	35
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	340	110	230	0	0	0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,575	845	730	15	10	0
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,930	1,110	820	10	0	0
54. History	2,585	1,210	1,375	10	0	0
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	515	90	420	10	0	0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	60,535	20,560	39,980	330	80	245
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	870	180	685	0	0	0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,695	2,925	5,770	45	20	25
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,225	450	5,780	45	0	45
22. Legal professions and studies	11,170	3,705	7,465	100	30	70
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,180	385	795	0	0	0
42. Psychology	9,685	2,100	7,590	45	0	45
45. Social sciences	22,700	10,805	11,895	85	35	50
Business, management and public administration	124,905	53,865	71,040	845	315	535
30.16 Accounting and computer science	105	45	60	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,835	1,070	4,765	50	0	50
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	118,970	52,750	66,215	795	305	490
Physical and life sciences and technologies	27,230	13,335	13,895	100	40	55
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,575	3,600	5,975	40	0	40
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,600	2,495	3,105	20	15	0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	465	190	270	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	10,735	6,710	4,020	30	20	10
41. Science technologies/technicians	860	335	525	0	0	0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	28,300	18,680	9,610	255	165	90
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	24,085	16,720	7,360	215	150	70
25. Library science	900	120	780	0	0	0
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,765	1,500	1,265	25	15	15
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	555	350	205	10	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	113,170	94,000	19,170	790	670	110
04. Architecture and related services	4,610	2,700	1,910	30	15	10
14. Engineering	51,005	39,500	11,510	285	230	60
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,030	19,430	4,600	170	125	40
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	15,725	15,190	535	150	145	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,690	11,295	400	125	125	0
48. Precision production	6,095	5,885	200	30	30	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,820	4,045	4,780	80	30	45
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,000	2,240	2,765	50	20	30
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,820	1,805	2,015	25	10	15
Health and related fields	73,600	16,045	57,555	630	125	505
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,910	2,840	3,070	30	15	15
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	65,330	12,095	53,230	595	110	485
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	45	80	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,240	1,065	1,180	0	0	0
Personal, protective and transportation services	19,480	9,855	9,625	165	85	80
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,230	4,210	8,020	100	30	70
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	80	70	10	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	3,695	2,380	1,315	45	35	10
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,425	3,150	275	20	20	0
Other¹⁷⁹	140	70	70	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	737,745	364,640	373,105	4,915	2,385	2,530
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	214,245	113,600	100,640	1,355	740	615
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	523,510	251,045	272,465	3,560	1,645	1,910
Location of study inside Canada	372,000	180,455	191,540	2,225	1,010	1,215
Same as province or territory of residence	267,640	128,510	139,130	1,605	725	880
Different than province or territory of residence	104,355	51,950	52,410	620	290	335
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	151,510	70,585	80,925	1,335	640	700
Americas	24,755	12,395	12,360	205	100	95
United States of America	14,510	7,920	6,590	50	30	25
Mexico	2,085	930	1,160	10	10	0
Cuba	235	135	95	0	0	0
Haiti	75	45	30	0	0	0
Jamaica	400	175	230	0	0	0
Brazil	1,555	665	890	10	0	0
Colombia	2,015	880	1,140	35	15	25
Peru	365	140	225	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,780	745	1,035	50	20	30
Other locations of study in Americas	1,735	760	970	30	15	10
Europe	25,250	13,170	12,080	310	165	145
Belgium	170	100	70	0	0	0
France	1,155	600	555	0	0	0
Germany	925	515	405	0	0	0
Netherlands	600	315	285	0	0	0
Switzerland	280	150	130	0	0	0
Hungary	330	165	165	10	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	570	270	300	25	10	15
Poland	1,375	540	835	30	15	15
Romania	1,725	935	795	35	25	10
Russian Federation	2,065	890	1,170	45	20	25
Ukraine	1,465	680	785	45	25	20
Ireland⁹⁶	855	520	335	15	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,355	5,195	4,155	70	40	30
Bosnia and Herzegovina	280	145	130	0	0	0
Italy	315	170	140	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	360	180	180	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	3,420	1,790	1,635	25	10	20
Africa	12,240	6,200	6,040	180	90	90
Nigeria	4,635	2,225	2,415	115	50	65
Algeria	330	170	160	0	0	0
Morocco	380	205	175	0	0	0
Tunisia	180	110	70	0	0	0
Egypt	1,610	825	785	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	1,315	665	655	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	3,795	2,005	1,790	40	25	20
Asia	86,450	37,320	49,140	620	270	345
Iran⁸⁸	2,105	980	1,120	0	0	0
Iraq	895	440	455	15	0	0
Israel	385	210	175	0	0	0
Lebanon	590	275	315	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	730	375	355	0	0	0
Turkey	385	235	155	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	10,965	4,890	6,075	35	15	15
Taiwan	565	140	430	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	790	310	485	0	0	0
Japan	995	270	720	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	3,715	1,535	2,175	25	10	15
Philippines	28,045	11,105	16,945	375	150	225
Viet Nam	810	315	495	0	0	0
Bangladesh	1,360	510	845	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	455	235	220	15	10	10
India	23,485	11,025	12,455	100	45	55
Pakistan	6,015	2,670	3,345	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Asia	4,170	1,795	2,375	35	25	10
Oceania	2,815	1,510	1,305	25	10	15
Australia	2,225	1,200	1,025	20	0	15
New Zealand	480	255	230	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	105	55	45	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	6,280	3,060	3,220
In the labour force	730,055	382,305	347,750	5,040	2,610	2,425
Employed	638,645	335,655	302,995	4,590	2,425	2,165
Unemployed	91,405	46,650	44,755	450	185	265
Not in the labour force	326,175	138,875	187,310	1,245	450	795
Participation rate	69.1	73.4	65.0	80.3	85.3	75.3
Employment rate	60.5	64.4	56.6	73.1	79.2	67.2
Unemployment rate	12.5	12.2	12.9	8.9	7.1	10.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,056,230	521,180	535,055	6,280	3,060	3,225
Did not work¹⁸⁶	350,820	153,180	197,640	1,500	545	950
Worked	705,410	367,995	337,415	4,785	2,510	2,275
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	370,495	210,090	160,405	2,720	1,470	1,255
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	334,920	157,910	177,010	2,065	1,045	1,025
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.4	39.7	42.1	43.2	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	730,050	382,305	347,745	5,035	2,610	2,425
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025	125	50	75
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720	4,915	2,560	2,355
Employee	596,075	303,490	292,590	4,360	2,230	2,125
Permanent position	498,865	258,105	240,765	3,805	1,985	1,820
Temporary position	97,210	45,385	51,825	555	250	310
Fixed term (1 year or more)	33,010	14,890	18,125	170	85	90
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	64,200	30,500	33,700	380	165	220
Self-employed¹⁹²	108,770	66,635	42,130	555	330	225
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	730,050	382,305	347,745	5,035	2,610	2,425
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025	125	50	75
All occupations¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720	4,915	2,560	2,355
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,910	6,645	2,265	15	15	0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	135,315	46,270	89,040	1,010	265	740
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	83,405	63,705	19,695	520	400	125
3 Health occupations	58,670	11,985	46,685	515	120	400
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	77,125	25,355	51,770	470	135	335
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,330	9,105	11,230	80	40	40
6 Sales and service occupations	175,295	80,580	94,715	1,150	540	605
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	115,655	103,615	12,040	965	875	95
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	10,185	8,205	1,980	65	55	10
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,960	14,655	5,300	120	115	10
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	730,050	382,305	347,745	5,035	2,610	2,425
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025	125	50	75
All industries¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720	4,915	2,560	2,355
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,635	1,590	1,050	25	15	10
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	32,410	20,860	11,545	220	150	70
22 Utilities	8,485	5,525	2,960	40	25	15
23 Construction	58,805	49,750	9,055	535	470	70
31-33 Manufacturing	33,130	24,105	9,030	250	185	60
41 Wholesale trade	22,295	15,400	6,895	175	115	60
44-45 Retail trade	80,115	38,770	41,340	545	290	250
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	46,840	34,225	12,610	315	225	95
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790	7,585	5,205	70	55	15
52 Finance and insurance	26,450	12,325	14,125	175	50	125
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	14,175	7,965	6,215	95	50	40
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	83,970	48,655	35,310	515	270	250
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,240	995	1,250	0	0	0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	31,495	17,855	13,640	210	120	85
61 Educational services	46,695	14,690	32,005	210	70	140
62 Health care and social assistance	90,910	18,065	72,845	810	160	650
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	14,470	7,345	7,125	55	20	35
72 Accommodation and food services	42,785	19,585	23,200	255	110	145
81 Other services (except public administration)	29,975	12,560	17,415	215	100	115
91 Public administration	24,185	12,265	11,920	210	90	120
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	764,085	398,215	365,870	5,165	2,650	2,510
English	720,920	377,180	343,730	4,985	2,555	2,420
French	1,020	295	725	0	0	0
Non-official language	6,605	3,350	3,255	15	0	10
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	6,600	3,350	3,250	15	0	10
English and French	6,415	2,620	3,795	35	10	25
English and non-official language(s)	27,865	14,130	13,730	130	70	60
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	665	305	370	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	570	320	250	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	764,085	398,215	365,870	5,165	2,650	2,510
Single responses	757,765	394,970	362,795	5,135	2,635	2,500
Official languages	745,365	388,565	356,810	5,120	2,630	2,490
English	743,325	387,970	355,360	5,105	2,625	2,480
French	2,040	595	1,445	15	0	0
Non-official languages	12,400	6,410	5,990	15	0	10
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0
Stoney	10	0	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,390	6,410	5,980	15	0	10
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	245	205	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	430	235	195	0	0	0
Amharic	35	25	10	0	0	0
Arabic	315	165	150	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tigrigna	70	35	35	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	305	490	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0	0	0
Vietnamese	780	295	485	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	535	275	260	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ilocano	55	30	25	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	480	245	235	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	0	25	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0	0	0
Tamil	15	0	15	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,915	2,660	2,260	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	425	175	250	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slavic languages	425	175	250	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0	0	0
Czech	10	10	0	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Polish	130	50	80	0	0	0
Russian	175	75	100	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35	0	0	0
Bosnian	25	10	20	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Serbian	25	20	10	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	10	0	10	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	30	10	20	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	95	50	45	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0
High German languages	70	35	35	0	0	0
German	70	35	35	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,090	1,860	1,225	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,955	1,810	1,140	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gujarati	70	35	30	0	0	0
Hindi	110	60	45	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nepali	30	10	20	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,505	1,605	900	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Urdu	225	95	135	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iranian languages	135	50	80	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pashto	10	0	10	0	0	0
Persian languages	125	50	70	0	0	0
Dari	30	10	20	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	90	35	50	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,285	565	720	0	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Italian	15	10	0	0	0	0
Portuguese	75	50	30	0	0	0
Romanian	40	25	15	0	0	0
Spanish	1,150	475	670	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0	0	0
Japanese	105	25	75	0	0	0
Korean	775	435	345	0	0	0
Mongolian	15	10	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0	0	0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,560	2,355	2,205	0	0	0
Chinese languages	4,540	2,340	2,200	0	0	0
Hakka	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,910	975	935	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,595	1,340	1,250	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	15	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0	0	0
Burmese	10	10	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35	0	0	0
Lao	15	10	0	0	0	0
Thai	35	0	30	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages	55	30	25	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkish	55	30	25	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	20	10	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	20	10	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,320	3,245	3,075	25	15	10
English and French	805	365	435	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	5,280	2,770	2,515	25	15	10
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	50	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	60	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	764,085	398,215	365,870	5,165	2,650	2,510
None	734,060	383,675	350,390	5,010	2,570	2,440
English	5,720	2,795	2,930	15	0	0
French	4,720	2,005	2,720	20	0	15
Non-official language	16,030	8,000	8,030	105	65	40
Indigenous³⁹	90	40	50	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	15,945	7,965	7,980	105	65	40
English and French	15	10	0	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	640	305	330	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	440	215	225	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,460	1,210	1,250	10	0	10
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	638,645	335,655	302,990	4,590	2,425	2,165
Worked at home	182,015	89,915	92,100	1,110	510	600
Worked outside Canada	2,460	1,800	660	25	20	10
No fixed workplace address	89,650	66,145	23,505	715	610	105
Usual place of work	364,515	177,790	186,730	2,735	1,290	1,455
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	364,520	177,790	186,730	2,735	1,285	1,455
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	332,545	158,240	174,305	2,430	1,115	1,320
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,900	13,305	9,595	240	130	115
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	5,875	4,210	1,665	55	35	20
Commute to a different province or territory	3,200	2,035	1,165	10	10	0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	454,170	243,935	210,235	3,455	1,895	1,560
Car, truck or van	378,085	208,085	169,995	3,140	1,780	1,365
Car, truck or van - as a driver	350,765	198,775	151,990	3,030	1,745	1,285
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	27,315	9,310	18,005	110	35	75
Public transit	39,905	17,255	22,645	185	55	130
Walked	19,195	8,805	10,390	40	10	25
Bicycle	3,955	2,970	985	0	0	0
Other method	13,035	6,820	6,215	85	40	40
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	454,170	243,935	210,235	3,455	1,895	1,560
Less than 15 minutes	97,610	44,795	52,810	375	150	230
15 to 29 minutes	213,150	115,080	98,070	1,560	855	705
30 to 44 minutes	99,695	58,885	40,805	990	565	430
45 to 59 minutes	20,845	11,730	9,110	270	175	100
60 minutes and over	22,870	13,440	9,430	255	160	95
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	454,170	243,935	210,235	3,455	1,895	1,560
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	28,655	20,330	8,325	295	225	65
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	79,585	49,005	30,585	745	480	265
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	116,785	61,460	55,320	990	480	510
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	86,045	42,180	43,860	575	270	305
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	67,250	30,565	36,680	340	165	175
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	75,850	40,390	35,455	505	265	240
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	285,180	146,410	138,775	2,040	995	1,050
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,385	10,340	10,050	110	55	60
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	264,795	136,070	128,725	1,925	940	990
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	205,680	105,675	100,005	1,200	595	610
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,120	7,690	7,430	80	40	40
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,850	3,820	4,030	45	20	25
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,275	3,870	3,400	35	20	15
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	190,560	97,990	92,580	1,125	555	570

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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