Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Zone 4 - CentralMore information: Nova Scotia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	461,291	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	210,504	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	199,725	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	461,290	224,730	236,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	68,145	34,905	33,240	14.8	15.5	14.1
0 to 4 years	20,680	10,490	10,190	4.5	4.7	4.3
5 to 9 years	23,720	12,150	11,575	5.1	5.4	4.9
10 to 14 years	23,740	12,265	11,470	5.1	5.5	4.8
15 to 64 years	311,715	153,375	158,345	67.6	68.2	66.9
15 to 19 years	22,985	11,815	11,165	5.0	5.3	4.7
20 to 24 years	33,030	17,005	16,030	7.2	7.6	6.8
25 to 29 years	35,730	17,890	17,840	7.7	8.0	7.5
30 to 34 years	34,325	16,945	17,380	7.4	7.5	7.3
35 to 39 years	31,970	15,605	16,365	6.9	6.9	6.9
40 to 44 years	29,555	14,230	15,320	6.4	6.3	6.5
45 to 49 years	29,140	14,015	15,125	6.3	6.2	6.4
50 to 54 years	29,580	14,135	15,445	6.4	6.3	6.5
55 to 59 years	33,900	16,555	17,345	7.3	7.4	7.3
60 to 64 years	31,500	15,170	16,335	6.8	6.8	6.9
65 years and over	81,430	36,450	44,980	17.7	16.2	19.0
65 to 69 years	26,445	12,305	14,140	5.7	5.5	6.0
70 to 74 years	22,485	10,385	12,095	4.9	4.6	5.1
75 to 79 years	14,835	6,800	8,035	3.2	3.0	3.4
80 to 84 years	9,230	3,945	5,290	2.0	1.8	2.2
85 years and over	8,435	3,015	5,420	1.8	1.3	2.3
85 to 89 years	5,455	2,170	3,290	1.2	1.0	1.4
90 to 94 years	2,240	715	1,525	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	650	110	535	0.1	0.0	0.2
100 years and over	95	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.5	14.1	14.8	15.5	14.1
15 to 64 years	67.6	68.2	66.9	67.6	68.2	66.9
65 years and over	17.7	16.2	19.0	17.7	16.2	19.0
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.3	1.8	1.3	2.3
Average age of the population	41.5	40.5	42.5	41.5	40.5	42.5
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	199,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	98,205	...	...	49.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,710	...	...	6.4	...	...
Row house	7,460	...	...	3.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,670	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	41,345	...	...	20.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,325	...	...	14.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	225	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,785	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	199,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	59,485	...	...	29.8	...	...
2 persons	74,875	...	...	37.5	...	...
3 persons	30,390	...	...	15.2	...	...
4 persons	23,845	...	...	11.9	...	...
5 or more persons	11,125	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	456,380	222,560	233,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	393,150	189,820	203,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	221,065	110,190	110,875	56.2	58.0	54.5
Married	171,690	85,530	86,160	43.7	45.1	42.4
Living common-law	49,380	24,660	24,715	12.6	13.0	12.2
Living common law - Never married	37,085	18,540	18,545	9.4	9.8	9.1
Living common law - Separated	2,300	1,170	1,130	0.6	0.6	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	8,985	4,535	4,445	2.3	2.4	2.2
Living common law - Widowed	1,005	410	595	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	172,085	79,635	92,450	43.8	42.0	45.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	118,695	62,250	56,440	30.2	32.8	27.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,710	4,565	6,150	2.7	2.4	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,110	8,550	14,560	5.9	4.5	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,570	4,270	15,300	5.0	2.2	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	129,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	72,840	...	...	56.3	...	...
3 persons	27,185	...	...	21.0	...	...
4 persons	21,680	...	...	16.7	...	...
5 or more persons	7,720	...	...	6.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	129,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	108,565	...	...	83.9	...	...
Married couples	83,875	...	...	64.8	...	...
With children⁶	41,240	...	...	31.9	...	...
Without children	42,640	...	...	32.9	...	...
Common-law couples	24,685	...	...	19.1	...	...
With children⁶	7,635	...	...	5.9	...	...
Without children	17,050	...	...	13.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	20,870	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,580	...	...	12.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,290	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	456,380	222,560	233,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	355,195	174,775	180,415	77.8	78.5	77.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	217,130	108,350	108,780	47.6	48.7	46.5
Parents in one-parent families	20,870	4,290	16,580	4.6	1.9	7.1
Children⁶	117,195	62,140	55,055	25.7	27.9	23.5
In a two-parent family	85,945	45,345	40,595	18.8	20.4	17.4
In a one-parent family	31,255	16,790	14,465	6.8	7.5	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	101,185	47,785	53,400	22.2	21.5	22.8
Living alone	59,485	25,955	33,535	13.0	11.7	14.3
Living with other relatives⁷	10,275	4,275	6,000	2.3	1.9	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	31,420	17,550	13,875	6.9	7.9	5.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	199,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	116,145	...	...	58.2	...	...
Couple-family households	99,690	...	...	49.9	...	...
With children⁶	45,135	...	...	22.6	...	...
Without children	54,555	...	...	27.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	16,450	...	...	8.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,050	...	...	2.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	840	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,545	...	...	2.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,660	...	...	6.8	...	...
One-person households	59,485	...	...	29.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	388,325	187,715	200,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	374,755	181,015	193,735	96.5	96.4	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	37,600	41,600	47,200	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	374,985	181,145	193,845	96.6	96.5	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,400	33,600	36,800	40,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	338,865	166,500	172,365	87.3	88.7	85.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,600	31,200	37,200	43,600	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	276,405	139,635	136,770	71.2	74.4	68.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	33,200	38,000	43,200	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	289,290	128,105	161,185	74.5	68.2	80.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,900	9,500	10,100	9,900	9,500	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	38,995	18,850	20,140	10.0	10.0	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,765	47,605	51,165	25.4	25.4	25.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	388,295	187,710	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	374,660	180,840	193,820	96.5	96.3	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,500	59,500	45,960	52,500	59,500	45,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	374,935	180,980	193,955	96.6	96.4	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,520	47,120	38,200	42,520	47,120	38,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	339,065	166,195	172,865	87.3	88.5	86.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,720	56,600	41,120	48,720	56,600	41,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	276,410	139,565	136,850	71.2	74.4	68.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,920	54,400	41,320	47,920	54,400	41,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	289,060	127,795	161,270	74.4	68.1	80.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,910	10,580	11,170	10,910	10,580	11,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	39,075	18,705	20,365	10.1	10.0	10.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	6,360	6,900	6,640	6,360	6,900
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,680	47,590	51,095	25.4	25.4	25.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,990	8,970	9,010	8,990	8,970	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	388,295	187,710	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	139,710	74,900	64,805	36.0	39.9	32.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	67,000	56,400	62,000	67,000	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,300	77,600	63,900	71,300	77,600	63,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	105,270	48,695	56,575	27.1	25.9	28.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	18,400	15,000	16,400	18,400	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,960	29,960	22,520	25,960	29,960	22,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	87.4	79.8	84.0	87.4	79.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	70.6	63.4	67.4	70.6	63.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.0	12.6	20.2	16.0	12.6	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.4	6.0	5.1	4.4	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	4.0	5.2	4.5	4.0	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	388,325	187,715	200,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	13,570	6,695	6,875	3.5	3.6	3.4
With total income	374,750	181,020	193,735	96.5	96.4	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,255	13,505	16,745	8.1	7.5	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	42,120	16,975	25,150	11.2	9.4	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	57,680	24,445	33,235	15.4	13.5	17.2
$30,000 to $39,999	49,430	21,520	27,910	13.2	11.9	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	43,810	19,375	24,430	11.7	10.7	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	34,980	16,765	18,215	9.3	9.3	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	27,510	14,835	12,680	7.3	8.2	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	21,700	12,360	9,335	5.8	6.8	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	18,305	10,360	7,945	4.9	5.7	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	13,610	7,640	5,970	3.6	4.2	3.1
$100,000 and over	35,350	23,235	12,115	9.4	12.8	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	24,435	15,530	8,910	6.5	8.6	4.6
$150,000 and over	10,915	7,715	3,210	2.9	4.3	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	388,325	187,715	200,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	13,335	6,575	6,770	3.4	3.5	3.4
With after-tax income	374,985	181,145	193,845	96.6	96.5	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	32,600	14,075	18,525	8.7	7.8	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	44,680	18,210	26,465	11.9	10.1	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	68,565	29,800	38,765	18.3	16.5	20.0
$30,000 to $39,999	61,535	27,110	34,425	16.4	15.0	17.8
$40,000 to $49,999	50,865	24,055	26,810	13.6	13.3	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	37,835	20,380	17,460	10.1	11.3	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	27,980	15,820	12,155	7.5	8.7	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	18,560	10,335	8,225	5.0	5.7	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	10,880	6,685	4,195	2.9	3.7	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	6,445	4,170	2,275	1.7	2.3	1.2
$100,000 and over	15,035	10,490	4,550	4.0	5.8	2.3
$100,000 to $124,999	7,640	5,235	2,405	2.0	2.9	1.2
$125,000 and over	7,395	5,255	2,140	2.0	2.9	1.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	388,325	187,715	200,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	111,915	48,075	63,840	28.8	25.6	31.8
With employment income	276,410	139,635	136,775	71.2	74.4	68.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	36,050	16,830	19,215	13.0	12.1	14.0
$5,000 to $9,999	22,155	9,785	12,370	8.0	7.0	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	32,845	14,740	18,105	11.9	10.6	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	26,620	12,465	14,155	9.6	8.9	10.3
$30,000 to $39,999	25,875	12,095	13,780	9.4	8.7	10.1
$40,000 to $49,999	25,785	11,700	14,085	9.3	8.4	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	21,760	11,000	10,755	7.9	7.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	18,290	10,295	7,995	6.6	7.4	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	15,715	8,965	6,750	5.7	6.4	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	14,395	8,060	6,340	5.2	5.8	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	10,765	6,155	4,615	3.9	4.4	3.4
$100,000 and over	26,160	17,545	8,610	9.5	12.6	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	13,060	8,195	4,865	4.7	5.9	3.6
$125,000 and over	13,105	9,355	3,745	4.7	6.7	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	388,325	187,715	200,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	366,020	176,125	189,890	94.3	93.8	94.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	46,000	34,400	39,200	46,000	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	366,455	176,195	190,260	94.4	93.9	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,600	31,000	34,800	39,600	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	334,970	164,170	170,800	86.3	87.5	85.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	31,400	37,200	44,000	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	276,665	139,105	137,560	71.2	74.1	68.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,200	32,400	37,200	43,200	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	249,690	106,055	143,635	64.3	56.5	71.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	4,600	6,400	5,880	4,600	6,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,720	14,205	15,515	7.7	7.6	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,880	6,040	5,960	5,880	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	388,295	187,710	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	365,825	175,960	189,860	94.2	93.7	94.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,480	58,750	42,840	50,480	58,750	42,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	366,215	176,015	190,200	94.3	93.8	94.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,680	46,240	35,560	40,680	46,240	35,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	335,100	163,805	171,295	86.3	87.3	85.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,120	58,100	40,520	49,120	58,100	40,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	276,410	138,910	137,500	71.2	74.0	68.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,120	55,850	40,320	48,120	55,850	40,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	249,655	105,665	143,990	64.3	56.3	71.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,040	7,770	8,240	8,040	7,770	8,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	30,480	14,525	15,960	7.8	7.7	8.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	7,020	7,760	7,410	7,020	7,760
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	388,295	187,710	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	138,655	74,295	64,360	35.7	39.6	32.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	63,600	52,000	58,000	63,600	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	74,500	58,600	67,100	74,500	58,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	98,940	45,600	53,340	25.5	24.3	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	23,400	18,800	20,600	23,400	18,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,040	38,520	26,480	32,040	38,520	26,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	92.0	85.4	89.2	92.0	85.4
Employment income (%)	72.0	75.0	68.2	72.0	75.0	68.2
Government transfers (%)	10.9	7.9	14.6	10.9	7.9	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	199,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	59,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	140,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	199,750	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,500	...	...	98,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,800	...	...	79,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	59,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,080	...	...	51,080	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,720	...	...	41,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	140,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	199,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,645	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,235	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,400	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,095	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,835	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,495	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,730	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,410	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,825	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,970	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,405	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,990	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,955	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,130	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,995	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	75,600	...	...	37.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,705	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,990	...	...	8.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,530	...	...	9.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,370	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	199,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,980	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,280	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,475	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,355	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,610	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,970	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,520	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,500	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,525	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,450	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,845	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	18,240	...	...	9.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,425	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,540	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,315	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	54,695	...	...	27.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,805	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,225	...	...	7.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,660	...	...	8.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	129,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	55,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	49,460	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	90,905	43,505	47,405	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	36,800	37,200	37,600	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,200	33,200	33,200	33,200	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	128,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	96,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...	110,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,800	...	...	88,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	49,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,400	...	...	150,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,100	...	...	119,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,330	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,300	...	...	74,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,300	...	...	64,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	91,035	43,585	47,445	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,480	46,320	44,760	45,480	46,320	44,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,880	38,200	37,600	37,880	38,200	37,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	456,380	222,565	233,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	81,590	41,820	39,780	17.9	18.8	17.0
0 to 5 years	25,300	12,860	12,440	5.5	5.8	5.3
18 to 64 years	296,520	145,270	151,250	65.0	65.3	64.7
65 years and over	78,265	35,475	42,790	17.1	15.9	18.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	55,555	25,875	29,685	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	12,035	6,225	5,810	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,140	2,120	2,015	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	32,695	15,510	17,180	...	...	...
65 years and over	10,835	4,140	6,700	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.2	11.6	12.7	12.2	11.6	12.7
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.9	14.6	14.7	14.9	14.6
0 to 5 years (%)	16.4	16.5	16.2	16.4	16.5	16.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	10.7	11.4	11.0	10.7	11.4
65 years and over (%)	13.8	11.7	15.7	13.8	11.7	15.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	456,130	222,450	233,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	81,560	41,800	39,760	17.9	18.8	17.0
0 to 5 years	25,290	12,855	12,435	5.5	5.8	5.3
18 to 64 years	296,410	145,220	151,190	65.0	65.3	64.7
65 years and over	78,160	35,435	42,725	17.1	15.9	18.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	25,040	12,715	12,325	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,180	2,140	2,040	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,290	690	605	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	19,480	10,000	9,485	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,385	580	805	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.5	5.7	5.3	5.5	5.7	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.4	4.8	5.1	5.4	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.6	6.9	6.3	6.6	6.9	6.3
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.6	1.9	1.8	1.6	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	456,380	222,560	233,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	244,810	116,740	128,070	53.6	52.5	54.8
In bottom decile	53,450	25,685	27,760	11.7	11.5	11.9
In second decile	49,185	22,700	26,490	10.8	10.2	11.3
In third decile	47,690	22,555	25,130	10.4	10.1	10.7
In fourth decile	47,440	22,740	24,700	10.4	10.2	10.6
In fifth decile	47,050	23,060	23,990	10.3	10.4	10.3
In top half of the distribution	211,570	105,820	105,745	46.4	47.5	45.2
In sixth decile	46,340	22,940	23,400	10.2	10.3	10.0
In seventh decile	46,030	23,030	23,000	10.1	10.3	9.8
In eighth decile	44,875	22,445	22,430	9.8	10.1	9.6
In ninth decile	40,350	20,250	20,095	8.8	9.1	8.6
In top decile	33,985	17,155	16,830	7.4	7.7	7.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	456,380	...	...	456,380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.329	...	...	0.329	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.428	...	...	0.428	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.285	...	...	0.285	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	457,750	223,275	234,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	400,315	198,250	202,065	87.5	88.8	86.2
French only	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	54,580	23,750	30,825	11.9	10.6	13.1
Neither English nor French	2,560	1,150	1,405	0.6	0.5	0.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	457,750	223,275	234,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	443,540	216,440	227,100	96.9	96.9	96.9
French	10,155	4,995	5,160	2.2	2.2	2.2
English and French	1,640	765	875	0.4	0.3	0.4
Neither English nor French	2,410	1,080	1,330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	457,750	223,275	234,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	446,055	217,535	228,525	97.4	97.4	97.5
Official languages	399,945	193,935	206,010	87.4	86.9	87.9
English	389,710	188,920	200,790	85.1	84.6	85.6
French	10,235	5,015	5,220	2.2	2.2	2.2
Non-official languages	46,115	23,600	22,515	10.1	10.6	9.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,035	23,565	22,470	10.1	10.6	9.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,055	4,310	3,745	1.8	1.9	1.6
Berber languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	250	125	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,790	4,170	3,615	1.7	1.9	1.5
Amharic	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,155	3,845	3,315	1.6	1.7	1.4
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	215	115	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	230	110	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	755	365	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	740	355	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,675	1,150	1,530	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	170	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,215	965	1,250	0.5	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,455	1,395	1,060	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kannada	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,195	680	515	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	490	260	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	685	410	275	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,370	10,690	9,675	4.5	4.8	4.1
Albanian	315	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,240	1,525	1,715	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,200	1,510	1,685	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	635	300	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,530	715	815	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	510	250	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	230	105	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,210	1,065	1,140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,265	600	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	1,195	565	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	675	330	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	485	225	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	260	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	610	300	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	9,985	5,670	4,315	2.2	2.5	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	8,340	4,815	3,525	1.8	2.2	1.5
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	810	465	345	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	1,000	645	355	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	1,665	945	715	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	5	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	395	195	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,170	1,875	1,300	0.7	0.8	0.6
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	845	450	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,640	850	790	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	205	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,340	685	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,045	545	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,945	1,945	2,005	0.9	0.9	0.9
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	565	310	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,095	540	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	250	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,030	970	1,060	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	305	80	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,020	865	1,155	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	890	450	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	100	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,360	3,675	3,685	1.6	1.6	1.6
Chinese languages	7,335	3,655	3,675	1.6	1.6	1.6
Hakka	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,975	2,990	2,990	1.3	1.3	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,040	495	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	435	255	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	320	190	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	255	110	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	180	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,690	5,740	5,945	2.6	2.6	2.5
English and French	3,435	1,490	1,945	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	7,135	3,700	3,435	1.6	1.7	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	315	155	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	560	295	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	457,750	223,275	234,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	395,030	192,040	202,985	86.3	86.0	86.6
French	2,245	1,080	1,165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	13,015	6,605	6,415	2.8	3.0	2.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,005	6,600	6,405	2.8	3.0	2.7
English and French	8,715	3,880	4,835	1.9	1.7	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	35,565	18,135	17,430	7.8	8.1	7.4
French and non-official language(s)	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,955	925	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	1,075	550	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	457,750	223,275	234,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	447,570	218,160	229,405	97.8	97.7	97.8
Official languages	419,510	203,810	215,700	91.6	91.3	92.0
English	416,075	202,190	213,885	90.9	90.6	91.2
French	3,435	1,620	1,815	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official languages	28,055	14,350	13,705	6.1	6.4	5.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,040	14,345	13,695	6.1	6.4	5.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,080	2,600	2,480	1.1	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,880	2,500	2,385	1.1	1.1	1.0
Amharic	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,460	2,285	2,175	1.0	1.0	0.9
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	260	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	520	255	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,515	740	780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,300	635	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,710	955	750	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	910	515	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	350	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	410	240	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,060	5,795	5,260	2.4	2.6	2.2
Albanian	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,530	725	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,525	725	800	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	960	455	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	425	205	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	210	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	235	105	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,810	3,745	3,070	1.5	1.7	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	5,675	3,180	2,495	1.2	1.4	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	525	275	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	605	360	245	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	1,045	600	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	305	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,455	1,425	1,030	0.5	0.6	0.4
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	510	260	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,135	565	575	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	930	460	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	135	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	735	365	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,900	935	965	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	680	340	340	0.1	0.2	0.1
Romanian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	970	475	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,605	710	895	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,445	2,765	2,680	1.2	1.2	1.1
Chinese languages	5,440	2,760	2,680	1.2	1.2	1.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,680	2,380	2,300	1.0	1.1	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	580	275	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	225	115	110	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,180	5,115	5,065	2.2	2.3	2.2
English and French	1,415	655	760	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,375	4,280	4,095	1.8	1.9	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	75	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	457,750	223,275	234,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	418,560	203,870	214,690	91.4	91.3	91.6
English	12,920	6,555	6,365	2.8	2.9	2.7
French	6,655	2,940	3,715	1.5	1.3	1.6
Non-official language	14,465	7,250	7,215	3.2	3.2	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,375	7,210	7,165	3.1	3.2	3.1
English and French	270	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,965	1,050	910	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	975	460	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,880	1,000	880	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	456,365	222,585	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	453,825	221,360	232,470	99.4	99.4	99.4
English	453,485	221,230	232,255	99.4	99.4	99.3
French	54,825	23,770	31,050	12.0	10.7	13.3
Non-official languages	67,055	33,970	33,085	14.7	15.3	14.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	275	105	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	66,815	33,870	32,945	14.6	15.2	14.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,900	6,470	5,430	2.6	2.9	2.3
Berber languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	310	175	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,605	6,315	5,295	2.5	2.8	2.3
Amharic	220	125	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Arabic	10,585	5,795	4,785	2.3	2.6	2.0
Aramaic languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	720	350	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	550	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,005	540	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,135	1,790	2,345	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	260	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	170	50	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,850	1,685	2,170	0.8	0.8	0.9
Waray-Waray	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	445	180	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,685	2,105	1,580	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kannada	340	185	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,595	890	705	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	1,265	710	550	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	1,095	645	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,315	16,630	15,685	7.1	7.5	6.7
Albanian	470	230	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,335	2,155	2,180	0.9	1.0	0.9
Baltic languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,265	2,135	2,130	0.9	1.0	0.9
Belarusian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	785	385	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	2,310	1,185	1,125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	765	370	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	240	110	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	350	135	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	345	180	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	430	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	145	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,470	2,150	2,325	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frisian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,140	1,540	1,595	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	3,105	1,535	1,570	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,085	535	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	275	150	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	795	375	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	455	210	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	120	30	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	955	465	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	14,060	7,885	6,175	3.1	3.5	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages	12,250	6,920	5,330	2.7	3.1	2.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,115	610	505	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,245	790	455	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hindi	8,035	4,555	3,480	1.8	2.0	1.5
Kacchi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	370	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	420	225	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,990	2,820	2,165	1.1	1.3	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	325	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,525	845	685	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,950	1,040	915	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,460	780	675	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,195	635	555	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,740	4,105	4,640	1.9	1.8	2.0
Catalan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,505	735	765	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,445	745	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	280	115	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	6,105	2,795	3,315	1.3	1.3	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,035	470	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,390	990	1,405	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,800	1,410	1,390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	415	175	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	635	360	280	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	965	475	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	405	230	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	210	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	115	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255	170	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	995	340	655	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	890	290	600	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,540	4,295	4,245	1.9	1.9	1.8
Chinese languages	8,480	4,255	4,225	1.9	1.9	1.8
Hakka	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,430	3,750	3,685	1.6	1.7	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,495	655	840	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	870	515	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	630	365	265	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	310	130	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	220	85	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	230	110	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	456,370	222,590	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	17,340	8,225	9,115	3.8	3.7	3.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	16,360	7,740	8,620	3.6	3.5	3.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,755	4,220	4,540	1.9	1.9	1.9
Métis	7,065	3,285	3,785	1.5	1.5	1.6
Inuk (Inuit)	530	240	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	510	255	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	475	235	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	439,030	214,365	224,665	96.2	96.3	96.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	456,370	222,590	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,880	1,900	1,980	0.9	0.9	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	452,485	220,685	231,800	99.1	99.1	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	116,890	...	...	58.5	...	...
Renter	82,835	...	...	41.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	30	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,555	...	...	6.3	...	...
Not condominium	187,195	...	...	93.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,480	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	30,455	...	...	15.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	54,310	...	...	27.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	68,975	...	...	34.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	44,520	...	...	22.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	60,260	...	...	30.2	...	...
5 rooms	28,845	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	27,250	...	...	13.6	...	...
7 rooms	24,705	...	...	12.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	58,695	...	...	29.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	196,785	...	...	98.5	...	...
More than one person per room	2,965	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	190,890	...	...	95.6	...	...
Not suitable	8,860	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	37,415	...	...	18.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	53,490	...	...	26.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	28,880	...	...	14.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	27,590	...	...	13.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,730	...	...	6.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	12,810	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,550	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	14,275	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	186,685	...	...	93.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	13,070	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	99,465	...	...	49.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	91,930	...	...	46.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,350	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	9,100	...	...	4.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	33,585	...	...	16.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	33,790	...	...	16.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	33,870	...	...	17.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	38,560	...	...	19.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	29,920	...	...	15.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,700	...	...	7.9	...	...
85 years and over	5,220	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	199,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	156,360	...	...	78.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,990	...	...	21.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,365	...	...	18.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	199,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	58,745	...	...	29.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	37,635	...	...	18.8	...	...
Not suitable only	6,255	...	...	3.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	8,850	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,795	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,405	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	655	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	141,000	...	...	70.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	193,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	23,225	...	...	12.0	...	...
Not in core need	170,500	...	...	88.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	116,740	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.2	...	...	63.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,260	...	...	1,260	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,364	...	...	1,364	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	394,800	...	...	394,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	82,725	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.7	...	...	36.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.4	...	...	22.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,243	...	...	1,243	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	30	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	0	...	...	0	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	180	...	...	180	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	456,365	222,585	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,100	2,400	2,700	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,935	2,325	2,610	1.1	1.0	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,665	1,750	1,910	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis single ancestry	1,065	485	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	120	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	19,850	9,225	10,625	4.3	4.1	4.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	19,435	9,030	10,400	4.3	4.1	4.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,820	6,440	7,380	3.0	2.9	3.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,005	2,285	2,720	1.1	1.0	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	610	305	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	420	190	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	431,415	210,965	220,450	94.5	94.8	94.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	456,370	222,590	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	416,445	201,635	214,810	91.3	90.6	91.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	75,245	38,680	36,565	16.5	17.4	15.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	341,200	162,960	178,240	74.8	73.2	76.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,920	20,950	18,970	8.7	9.4	8.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	456,370	222,590	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	388,060	187,595	200,465	85.0	84.3	85.7
Immigrants⁸¹	51,280	25,555	25,725	11.2	11.5	11.0
Before 1980	8,730	4,200	4,530	1.9	1.9	1.9
1980 to 1990	3,560	1,750	1,820	0.8	0.8	0.8
1991 to 2000	4,830	2,375	2,455	1.1	1.1	1.1
2001 to 2010	9,210	4,645	4,565	2.0	2.1	2.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	24,945	12,590	12,355	5.5	5.7	5.3
2011 to 2015	6,930	3,405	3,525	1.5	1.5	1.5
2016 to 2021	18,020	9,190	8,830	3.9	4.1	3.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	17,030	9,435	7,595	3.7	4.2	3.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	51,280	25,555	25,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,805	2,945	2,865	11.3	11.5	11.1
5 to 14 years	9,425	4,960	4,465	18.4	19.4	17.4
15 to 24 years	7,385	3,595	3,790	14.4	14.1	14.7
25 to 44 years	24,850	11,990	12,860	48.5	46.9	50.0
45 years and over	3,820	2,075	1,745	7.4	8.1	6.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	51,280	25,555	25,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,935	3,335	3,600	13.5	13.1	14.0
Brazil	365	180	185	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	210	110	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	185	80	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haiti	30	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	575	270	315	1.1	1.1	1.2
Mexico	245	140	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
Peru	85	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	220	120	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
United States of America	3,650	1,655	1,995	7.1	6.5	7.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,310	700	615	2.6	2.7	2.4
Europe	13,575	6,725	6,850	26.5	26.3	26.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	235	120	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
Croatia	175	70	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
France	275	160	115	0.5	0.6	0.4
Germany	945	490	455	1.8	1.9	1.8
Greece	275	125	150	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungary	115	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	390	205	180	0.8	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	475	250	230	0.9	1.0	0.9
Poland	580	265	315	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portugal	185	105	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
Romania	260	105	150	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian Federation	625	305	320	1.2	1.2	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	135	55	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	515	290	235	1.0	1.1	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,615	3,280	3,335	12.9	12.8	13.0
Other places of birth in Europe	1,780	850	935	3.5	3.3	3.6
Africa	5,750	3,100	2,650	11.2	12.1	10.3
Algeria	60	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	255	140	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egypt	895	475	415	1.7	1.9	1.6
Eritrea	125	90	35	0.2	0.4	0.1
Ethiopia	245	140	110	0.5	0.5	0.4
Morocco	115	40	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	1,625	825	800	3.2	3.2	3.1
Somalia	130	85	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	425	220	200	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	1,870	1,030	835	3.6	4.0	3.2
Asia	24,640	12,175	12,470	48.0	47.6	48.5
Afghanistan	120	65	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	980	500	480	1.9	2.0	1.9
Iraq	425	220	205	0.8	0.9	0.8
Lebanon	1,340	745	595	2.6	2.9	2.3
Syria⁸⁹	2,085	1,100	985	4.1	4.3	3.8
Turkey	300	170	130	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	3,755	1,745	2,005	7.3	6.8	7.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	300	130	170	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,035	450	585	2.0	1.8	2.3
Taiwan	155	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Philippines	3,435	1,485	1,950	6.7	5.8	7.6
Viet Nam	610	290	320	1.2	1.1	1.2
Bangladesh	505	260	250	1.0	1.0	1.0
India	4,810	2,525	2,285	9.4	9.9	8.9
Pakistan	785	410	370	1.5	1.6	1.4
Sri Lanka	350	180	170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	3,655	1,835	1,815	7.1	7.2	7.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	375	220	155	0.7	0.9	0.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,015	9,190	8,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,575	825	745	8.7	9.0	8.4
Brazil	225	115	110	1.2	1.3	1.2
Colombia	45	25	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	250	110	140	1.4	1.2	1.6
Mexico	50	40	10	0.3	0.4	0.1
United States of America	570	295	275	3.2	3.2	3.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Americas	415	230	185	2.3	2.5	2.1
Europe	1,565	870	700	8.7	9.5	7.9
France	65	40	25	0.4	0.4	0.3
Germany	65	35	25	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	60	40	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Italy	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	170	85	85	0.9	0.9	1.0
Ukraine	220	125	100	1.2	1.4	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	530	320	205	2.9	3.5	2.3
Other places of birth in Europe	430	205	220	2.4	2.2	2.5
Africa	3,200	1,710	1,490	17.8	18.6	16.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75	0.9	0.9	0.8
Côte d'Ivoire	40	15	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Egypt	350	195	155	1.9	2.1	1.8
Eritrea	45	45	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Ethiopia	95	55	40	0.5	0.6	0.5
Morocco	45	25	25	0.2	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	1,400	685	720	7.8	7.5	8.2
Somalia	95	65	35	0.5	0.7	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	170	80	90	0.9	0.9	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	160	110	50	0.9	1.2	0.6
Tunisia	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	570	315	255	3.2	3.4	2.9
Asia	11,600	5,735	5,870	64.4	62.4	66.5
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bangladesh	340	175	165	1.9	1.9	1.9
China⁹⁰	1,915	915	995	10.6	10.0	11.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	25	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	3,235	1,665	1,570	18.0	18.1	17.8
Iran⁸⁸	205	95	110	1.1	1.0	1.2
Iraq	95	25	65	0.5	0.3	0.7
Israel	170	75	95	0.9	0.8	1.1
Japan	30	0	25	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	150	70	75	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	480	190	295	2.7	2.1	3.3
Lebanon	135	70	65	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nepal	60	30	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	330	195	140	1.8	2.1	1.6
Philippines	1,560	700	855	8.7	7.6	9.7
Saudi Arabia	215	125	90	1.2	1.4	1.0
Sri Lanka	60	25	35	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,825	970	860	10.1	10.6	9.7
Turkey	105	50	55	0.6	0.5	0.6
United Arab Emirates	105	40	65	0.6	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	195	100	95	1.1	1.1	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	335	170	170	1.9	1.8	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	75	55	20	0.4	0.6	0.2
Australia	45	35	15	0.2	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	20	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	456,370	222,590	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,395	37,385	36,010	16.1	16.8	15.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	44,580	22,165	22,415	9.8	10.0	9.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	338,395	163,040	175,355	74.1	73.2	75.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,550	21,360	21,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,540	14,165	13,375	64.7	66.3	63.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,405	6,900	4,505	26.8	32.3	21.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,130	7,265	8,865	37.9	34.0	41.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,525	3,735	4,785	20.0	17.5	22.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,170	3,310	2,860	14.5	15.5	13.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	325	145	180	0.8	0.7	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,550	21,360	21,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	835	515	320	2.0	2.4	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,765	2,975	2,790	13.5	13.9	13.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,760	935	825	4.1	4.4	3.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,235	2,295	1,935	10.0	10.7	9.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305	95	210	0.7	0.4	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,650	14,535	15,110	69.7	68.0	71.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	456,365	222,585	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	73,755	37,795	35,955	16.2	17.0	15.4
South Asian	16,870	9,495	7,375	3.7	4.3	3.2
Chinese	9,800	4,790	5,010	2.1	2.2	2.1
Black	21,060	10,385	10,680	4.6	4.7	4.6
Filipino	4,505	2,015	2,490	1.0	0.9	1.1
Arab	9,475	5,195	4,275	2.1	2.3	1.8
Latin American	2,290	1,155	1,135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Southeast Asian	1,860	915	940	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Asian	1,700	915	780	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korean	2,415	1,020	1,395	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	770	315	450	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	780	405	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,230	1,185	1,040	0.5	0.5	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	382,610	184,790	197,820	83.8	83.0	84.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	456,370	222,590	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	63,880	31,140	32,745	14.0	14.0	14.0
English	105,310	50,755	54,550	23.1	22.8	23.3
Irish	97,915	45,905	52,015	21.5	20.6	22.2
Scottish	109,695	52,195	57,500	24.0	23.4	24.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	52,570	24,840	27,730	11.5	11.2	11.9
German	41,650	19,845	21,795	9.1	8.9	9.3
Chinese	9,615	4,695	4,920	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italian	8,820	4,380	4,440	1.9	2.0	1.9
Indian (India)	11,020	6,120	4,900	2.4	2.7	2.1
Ukrainian	5,570	2,690	2,875	1.2	1.2	1.2
Dutch	12,135	5,600	6,535	2.7	2.5	2.8
Polish	5,845	2,920	2,925	1.3	1.3	1.3
Québécois	1,145	555	590	0.3	0.2	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,495	8,465	9,030	3.8	3.8	3.9
Filipino	4,090	1,845	2,245	0.9	0.8	1.0
French Canadian	3,460	1,635	1,825	0.8	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	26,855	12,950	13,905	5.9	5.8	5.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,795	2,725	3,065	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis	6,565	2,995	3,570	1.4	1.3	1.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	23,720	11,680	12,035	5.2	5.2	5.1
Russian	2,830	1,355	1,475	0.6	0.6	0.6
Norwegian	3,305	1,555	1,750	0.7	0.7	0.7
Welsh	9,340	4,410	4,930	2.0	2.0	2.1
Portuguese	1,975	965	1,020	0.4	0.4	0.4
American	3,670	1,800	1,870	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	2,665	1,250	1,415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	2,290	1,000	1,290	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hungarian	1,725	850	875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	20,245	9,095	11,155	4.4	4.1	4.8
Pakistani	1,060	555	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,900	2,915	2,985	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jewish	2,575	1,265	1,315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	1,235	665	570	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	1,135	615	515	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,090	1,595	1,495	0.7	0.7	0.6
Greek	2,175	1,120	1,060	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	1,320	660	660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,270	1,020	1,250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	550	250	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,140	900	1,240	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	795	385	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	5,075	2,585	2,495	1.1	1.2	1.1
Iranian	1,070	560	505	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,225	605	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	1,935	895	1,035	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,815	1,325	1,490	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sikh	785	450	330	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austrian	1,115	535	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	1,330	640	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,210	705	505	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexican	595	320	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mennonite	190	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,420	595	825	0.3	0.3	0.4
Finnish	775	345	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	420	225	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	610	270	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	855	365	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	845	510	335	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	6,455	3,010	3,450	1.4	1.4	1.5
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,955	940	1,015	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	695	370	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,215	675	540	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	655	350	300	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	345	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	450	185	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	425	240	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	230	100	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	615	285	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	1,970	1,085	890	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyanese	410	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,950	1,390	1,560	0.6	0.6	0.7
Serbian	310	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,865	1,825	2,040	0.8	0.8	0.9
Hong Konger	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	710	375	335	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian	390	185	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	430	240	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	600	330	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	890	440	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	680	360	320	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	530	270	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	960	470	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	240	135	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	390	170	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,045	510	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	195	115	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	290	160	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	695	335	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	465	260	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,760	945	815	0.4	0.4	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370	155	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	130	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	430	200	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	395	190	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	440	190	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	370	200	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	740	405	335	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chilean	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	360	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	10,680	5,025	5,655	2.3	2.3	2.4
Ethiopian	285	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	210	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Peruvian	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	850	435	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	475	240	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,270	620	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	845	380	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	245	160	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	4,010	1,945	2,070	0.9	0.9	0.9
Israeli	415	225	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	285	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	250	135	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	195	120	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	715	370	345	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	210	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	280	150	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	335	140	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	185	115	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	210	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	230	140	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,145	565	580	0.3	0.3	0.2
British Columbian	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	75	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	275	150	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	545	265	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	190	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	105	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	180	125	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	215	115	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	2,035	910	1,120	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rwandan	85	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	200	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	500	285	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Caribbean	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	245	100	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	405	230	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	435	165	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maliseet	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	2,630	1,150	1,480	0.6	0.5	0.6
Malagasy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	456,365	222,585	233,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,215	1,035	1,180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Christian	242,730	110,710	132,015	53.2	49.7	56.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	23,635	11,215	12,420	5.2	5.0	5.3
Anabaptist	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	38,960	17,390	21,565	8.5	7.8	9.2
Baptist	18,135	8,010	10,125	4.0	3.6	4.3
Catholic	105,135	49,130	56,000	23.0	22.1	24.0
Christian Orthodox	3,645	1,850	1,795	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	1,625	680	945	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	700	340	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	1,525	745	780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,200	1,015	1,185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,890	1,745	2,145	0.9	0.8	0.9
Presbyterian	4,080	1,760	2,325	0.9	0.8	1.0
Reformed	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Church	30,420	12,865	17,555	6.7	5.8	7.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,445	3,805	4,640	1.9	1.7	2.0
Hindu	6,930	3,995	2,935	1.5	1.8	1.3
Jewish	1,760	910	850	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	13,230	7,190	6,045	2.9	3.2	2.6
Sikh	3,495	1,905	1,590	0.8	0.9	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,420	1,490	1,935	0.7	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	182,370	95,250	87,115	40.0	42.8	37.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	452,440	220,525	231,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	385,635	187,875	197,765	85.2	85.2	85.3
Movers	66,800	32,655	34,145	14.8	14.8	14.7
Non-migrants	45,440	22,120	23,320	10.0	10.0	10.1
Migrants	21,365	10,530	10,830	4.7	4.8	4.7
Internal migrants	17,350	8,565	8,780	3.8	3.9	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	4,675	2,205	2,470	1.0	1.0	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	12,670	6,360	6,310	2.8	2.9	2.7
External migrants	4,010	1,965	2,045	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	435,675	212,035	223,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	251,360	121,760	129,600	57.7	57.4	58.0
Movers	184,310	90,275	94,035	42.3	42.6	42.0
Non-migrants	103,095	50,080	53,015	23.7	23.6	23.7
Migrants	81,220	40,200	41,020	18.6	19.0	18.3
Internal migrants	53,840	25,900	27,935	12.4	12.2	12.5
Intraprovincial migrants	17,645	8,170	9,470	4.1	3.9	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	36,200	17,730	18,470	8.3	8.4	8.3
External migrants	27,380	14,295	13,085	6.3	6.7	5.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	388,300	187,715	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	55,190	29,680	25,515	14.2	15.8	12.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	333,105	158,030	175,070	85.8	84.2	87.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	254,375	123,405	130,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,280	12,520	8,760	8.4	10.1	6.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	233,095	110,885	122,210	91.6	89.9	93.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	388,300	187,715	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	48,320	25,270	23,050	12.4	13.5	11.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	98,715	49,890	48,820	25.4	26.6	24.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	241,270	112,555	128,710	62.1	60.0	64.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	113,730	56,390	57,340	29.3	30.0	28.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,710	18,785	7,930	6.9	10.0	4.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,420	8,140	6,285	3.7	4.3	3.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,290	10,645	1,645	3.2	5.7	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	77,400	33,450	43,950	19.9	17.8	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,620	4,160	5,460	2.5	2.2	2.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	127,535	56,165	71,370	32.8	29.9	35.6
Bachelor's degree	83,380	36,570	46,815	21.5	19.5	23.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,425	3,260	4,165	1.9	1.7	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,080	1,525	1,555	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	28,940	12,085	16,855	7.5	6.4	8.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,710	2,725	1,985	1.2	1.5	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	254,375	123,410	130,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,695	10,135	7,565	7.0	8.2	5.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,030	29,265	25,765	21.6	23.7	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	181,645	84,005	97,640	71.4	68.1	74.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	80,805	40,715	40,090	31.8	33.0	30.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,680	12,715	4,960	7.0	10.3	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,390	5,500	3,890	3.7	4.5	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,290	7,220	1,065	3.3	5.9	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	57,105	25,380	31,720	22.4	20.6	24.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,025	2,620	3,405	2.4	2.1	2.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	100,840	43,290	57,555	39.6	35.1	43.9
Bachelor's degree	65,680	28,560	37,125	25.8	23.1	28.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,805	2,370	3,435	2.3	1.9	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,420	1,050	1,370	1.0	0.9	1.0
Master's degree	23,465	9,465	14,000	9.2	7.7	10.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,470	1,850	1,615	1.4	1.5	1.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	388,300	187,715	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	147,030	75,160	71,875	37.9	40.0	35.8
Education	14,900	3,565	11,335	3.8	1.9	5.7
13. Education	14,900	3,565	11,335	3.8	1.9	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,690	3,640	4,050	2.0	1.9	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,045	740	305	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	6,640	2,900	3,745	1.7	1.5	1.9
Humanities	13,115	5,225	7,890	3.4	2.8	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	790	190	595	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	3,825	1,240	2,585	1.0	0.7	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,940	1,075	1,865	0.8	0.6	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	355	155	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	960	525	440	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,090	610	475	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,490	1,305	1,190	0.6	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	670	125	540	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	28,450	9,245	19,210	7.3	4.9	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	410	90	315	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,210	1,130	2,080	0.8	0.6	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,570	425	4,145	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	4,090	1,380	2,705	1.1	0.7	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	710	255	455	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	6,145	1,600	4,545	1.6	0.9	2.3
45. Social sciences	9,320	4,370	4,950	2.4	2.3	2.5
Business, management and public administration	56,475	21,760	34,710	14.5	11.6	17.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	105	20	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,560	770	2,790	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	52,805	20,970	31,840	13.6	11.2	15.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,450	5,895	6,555	3.2	3.1	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,700	2,360	3,340	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,870	1,140	1,725	0.7	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	265	45	220	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,385	2,260	1,125	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	230	95	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,565	8,330	4,230	3.2	4.4	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,240	7,300	2,940	2.6	3.9	1.5
25. Library science	870	145	725	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,240	750	485	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	215	135	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,280	39,675	4,600	11.4	21.1	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,305	785	520	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	10,985	8,905	2,085	2.8	4.7	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,345	9,165	1,180	2.7	4.9	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,915	9,630	280	2.6	5.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,740	7,410	330	2.0	3.9	0.2
48. Precision production	3,975	3,780	200	1.0	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,850	1,690	2,160	1.0	0.9	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,150	790	1,360	0.6	0.4	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,700	900	800	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	33,815	6,280	27,535	8.7	3.3	13.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,435	1,145	1,290	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,140	4,480	25,655	7.8	2.4	12.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	110	20	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,125	630	495	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,640	7,245	6,400	3.5	3.9	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,800	2,300	5,510	2.0	1.2	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205	175	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	425	405	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,145	1,630	520	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,060	2,735	325	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	254,375	123,405	130,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	72,730	39,400	33,330	28.6	31.9	25.4
Education	9,745	2,170	7,570	3.8	1.8	5.8
13. Education	9,745	2,170	7,570	3.8	1.8	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,270	2,980	3,285	2.5	2.4	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	840	560	275	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	5,430	2,420	3,015	2.1	2.0	2.3
Humanities	9,785	3,860	5,925	3.8	3.1	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	585	145	445	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	2,965	975	1,985	1.2	0.8	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,210	830	1,385	0.9	0.7	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	265	110	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	745	405	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	675	380	295	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,840	935	910	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500	75	420	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,885	6,945	15,940	9.0	5.6	12.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	305	75	230	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,810	930	1,875	1.1	0.8	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,675	290	3,380	1.4	0.2	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	3,295	960	2,340	1.3	0.8	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	550	210	340	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	4,920	1,245	3,675	1.9	1.0	2.8
45. Social sciences	7,330	3,230	4,100	2.9	2.6	3.1
Business, management and public administration	42,385	16,560	25,825	16.7	13.4	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,670	525	2,145	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	39,630	16,015	23,610	15.6	13.0	18.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,955	4,015	4,935	3.5	3.3	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,115	1,645	2,465	1.6	1.3	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,080	800	1,285	0.8	0.6	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230	35	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,410	1,485	925	0.9	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,335	6,965	3,370	4.1	5.6	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,670	6,240	2,435	3.4	5.1	1.9
25. Library science	605	95	510	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	860	510	350	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	195	120	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	32,630	28,820	3,810	12.8	23.4	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,010	550	460	0.4	0.4	0.4
14. Engineering	8,400	6,685	1,715	3.3	5.4	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,565	6,610	960	3.0	5.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,245	6,995	250	2.8	5.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,540	5,300	240	2.2	4.3	0.2
48. Precision production	2,850	2,675	180	1.1	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,175	1,345	1,830	1.2	1.1	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,740	610	1,130	0.7	0.5	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,435	735	700	0.6	0.6	0.5
Health and related fields	25,265	4,910	20,355	9.9	4.0	15.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,865	885	990	0.7	0.7	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,455	3,595	18,860	8.8	2.9	14.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	850	415	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,175	5,420	4,755	4.0	4.4	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,785	1,745	4,040	2.3	1.4	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	155	135	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	265	255	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,685	1,265	420	0.7	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,285	2,020	265	0.9	1.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	254,375	123,405	130,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	72,730	39,400	33,330	28.6	31.9	25.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	181,640	84,005	97,640	71.4	68.1	74.6
Location of study inside Canada	158,965	73,175	85,795	62.5	59.3	65.5
Same as province or territory of residence	119,055	53,590	65,460	46.8	43.4	50.0
Different than province or territory of residence	39,910	19,580	20,325	15.7	15.9	15.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,680	10,835	11,845	8.9	8.8	9.0
Americas	4,635	2,240	2,390	1.8	1.8	1.8
United States of America	3,285	1,585	1,700	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mexico	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	180	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	390	200	190	0.2	0.2	0.1
Colombia	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	265	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	5,110	2,565	2,545	2.0	2.1	1.9
Belgium	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	295	175	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	120	65	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romania	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	355	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,655	1,390	1,265	1.0	1.1	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	515	245	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,840	945	890	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	660	335	325	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	500	255	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	225	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	395	220	175	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asia	10,600	4,805	5,795	4.2	3.9	4.4
Iran⁸⁸	370	165	205	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	275	130	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	260	150	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	230	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,300	610	695	0.5	0.5	0.5
Taiwan	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	135	10	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	805	265	540	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	1,905	700	1,205	0.7	0.6	0.9
Viet Nam	150	60	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	210	85	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
India	3,725	1,970	1,755	1.5	1.6	1.3
Pakistan	285	130	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	445	185	255	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	500	280	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	420	210	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	85	70	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	388,300	187,715	200,585	...	...	...
In the labour force	252,800	129,425	123,380	...	...	...
Employed	224,155	116,050	108,100	...	...	...
Unemployed	28,650	13,370	15,280	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	135,495	58,290	77,205	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.1	68.9	61.5	65.1	68.9	61.5
Employment rate	57.7	61.8	53.9	57.7	61.8	53.9
Unemployment rate	11.3	10.3	12.4	11.3	10.3	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	388,300	187,715	200,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	132,810	57,900	74,900	34.2	30.8	37.3
Worked	255,495	129,810	125,680	65.8	69.2	62.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	143,715	77,505	66,210	37.0	41.3	33.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	111,780	52,305	59,475	28.8	27.9	29.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.4	41.2	41.8	42.4	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	252,805	129,425	123,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,000	2,515	2,490	2.0	1.9	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	247,800	126,910	120,890	98.0	98.1	98.0
Employee	220,430	110,545	109,880	87.2	85.4	89.1
Permanent position	183,020	93,225	89,800	72.4	72.0	72.8
Temporary position	37,410	17,325	20,085	14.8	13.4	16.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,295	5,865	7,430	5.3	4.5	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	24,115	11,460	12,650	9.5	8.9	10.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,370	16,360	11,010	10.8	12.6	8.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	252,805	129,425	123,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,000	2,515	2,490	2.0	1.9	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	247,800	126,910	120,890	98.0	98.1	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,305	2,110	1,195	1.3	1.6	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	44,395	14,155	30,240	17.6	10.9	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	22,850	17,285	5,565	9.0	13.4	4.5
3 Health occupations	22,345	4,490	17,860	8.8	3.5	14.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	36,860	14,330	22,530	14.6	11.1	18.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,510	4,020	4,495	3.4	3.1	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	64,055	30,215	33,840	25.3	23.3	27.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	37,265	33,995	3,265	14.7	26.3	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,135	2,460	685	1.2	1.9	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,085	3,865	1,220	2.0	3.0	1.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	252,805	129,425	123,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,000	2,515	2,490	2.0	1.9	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	247,800	126,910	120,890	98.0	98.1	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,075	1,395	685	0.8	1.1	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	890	740	150	0.4	0.6	0.1
22 Utilities	2,150	1,375	780	0.9	1.1	0.6
23 Construction	17,585	15,440	2,140	7.0	11.9	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	11,000	7,955	3,045	4.4	6.1	2.5
41 Wholesale trade	6,640	4,715	1,930	2.6	3.6	1.6
44-45 Retail trade	28,305	13,420	14,890	11.2	10.4	12.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,970	8,570	2,395	4.3	6.6	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	5,975	3,490	2,480	2.4	2.7	2.0
52 Finance and insurance	12,355	5,315	7,040	4.9	4.1	5.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,265	2,285	1,980	1.7	1.8	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,560	12,870	9,695	8.9	9.9	7.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	425	200	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,980	7,315	4,660	4.7	5.7	3.8
61 Educational services	20,780	6,470	14,310	8.2	5.0	11.6
62 Health care and social assistance	34,070	6,820	27,250	13.5	5.3	22.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,940	2,445	2,495	2.0	1.9	2.0
72 Accommodation and food services	15,380	7,045	8,335	6.1	5.4	6.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,825	4,480	5,350	3.9	3.5	4.3
91 Public administration	25,620	14,565	11,050	10.1	11.3	9.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	272,215	138,330	133,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	260,320	133,145	127,175	95.6	96.3	95.0
French	1,085	275	815	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official language	605	340	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	600	330	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	6,720	2,650	4,065	2.5	1.9	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	3,265	1,830	1,435	1.2	1.3	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	75	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	272,215	138,330	133,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	270,850	137,705	133,145	99.5	99.5	99.5
Official languages	269,685	137,005	132,680	99.1	99.0	99.1
English	267,795	136,530	131,265	98.4	98.7	98.0
French	1,890	480	1,415	0.7	0.3	1.1
Non-official languages	1,165	700	470	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,160	695	470	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	115	90	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	115	90	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	110	90	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	280	160	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520	320	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	520	320	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	415	265	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,365	630	735	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	745	270	465	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	600	345	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	272,215	138,330	133,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	263,295	134,335	128,960	96.7	97.1	96.3
English	1,330	535	790	0.5	0.4	0.6
French	5,185	2,185	3,000	1.9	1.6	2.2
Non-official language	2,015	1,095	925	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,985	1,075	910	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	175	70	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	224,155	116,055	108,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	61,040	28,130	32,910	27.2	24.2	30.4
Worked outside Canada	665	505	165	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	26,345	20,100	6,245	11.8	17.3	5.8
Usual place of work	136,100	67,320	68,785	60.7	58.0	63.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	136,100	67,320	68,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	128,745	63,035	65,710	94.6	93.6	95.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	225	100	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	5,930	3,435	2,495	4.4	5.1	3.6
Commute to a different province or territory	1,200	755	445	0.9	1.1	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	162,450	87,420	75,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	133,410	73,955	59,455	82.1	84.6	79.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	120,790	68,845	51,945	74.4	78.8	69.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,620	5,110	7,510	7.8	5.8	10.0
Public transit	12,560	5,415	7,145	7.7	6.2	9.5
Walked	11,455	5,310	6,150	7.1	6.1	8.2
Bicycle	1,160	810	345	0.7	0.9	0.5
Other method	3,865	1,925	1,935	2.4	2.2	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	162,450	87,420	75,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	49,385	23,885	25,500	30.4	27.3	34.0
15 to 29 minutes	68,950	37,770	31,175	42.4	43.2	41.6
30 to 44 minutes	29,280	16,860	12,415	18.0	19.3	16.5
45 to 59 minutes	7,935	4,515	3,425	4.9	5.2	4.6
60 minutes and over	6,895	4,385	2,510	4.2	5.0	3.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	162,450	87,420	75,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,845	5,985	2,860	5.4	6.8	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	32,705	20,170	12,535	20.1	23.1	16.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	47,940	25,710	22,230	29.5	29.4	29.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	34,055	15,460	18,595	21.0	17.7	24.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,220	8,690	9,530	11.2	9.9	12.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	20,685	11,405	9,275	12.7	13.0	12.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	83,170	42,680	40,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,505	4,235	4,275	10.2	9.9	10.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	74,660	38,445	36,220	89.8	90.1	89.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	60,905	31,375	29,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,360	3,175	3,190	10.4	10.1	10.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,040	1,950	2,085	6.6	6.2	7.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,320	1,220	1,100	3.8	3.9	3.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	54,545	28,205	26,340	89.6	89.9	89.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 28, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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