Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Zone 1 (Moncton area)More information: New Brunswick [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	226,494	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	105,256	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	97,077	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	226,495	111,230	115,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	33,355	17,035	16,320	14.7	15.3	14.2
0 to 4 years	9,645	4,915	4,735	4.3	4.4	4.1
5 to 9 years	11,620	5,985	5,635	5.1	5.4	4.9
10 to 14 years	12,090	6,135	5,950	5.3	5.5	5.2
15 to 64 years	143,990	71,545	72,440	63.6	64.3	62.8
15 to 19 years	11,330	5,860	5,465	5.0	5.3	4.7
20 to 24 years	12,660	6,555	6,105	5.6	5.9	5.3
25 to 29 years	12,915	6,540	6,375	5.7	5.9	5.5
30 to 34 years	13,615	6,745	6,865	6.0	6.1	6.0
35 to 39 years	14,795	7,205	7,590	6.5	6.5	6.6
40 to 44 years	15,070	7,380	7,685	6.7	6.6	6.7
45 to 49 years	15,180	7,455	7,720	6.7	6.7	6.7
50 to 54 years	14,865	7,405	7,455	6.6	6.7	6.5
55 to 59 years	16,890	8,305	8,585	7.5	7.5	7.4
60 to 64 years	16,675	8,095	8,585	7.4	7.3	7.4
65 years and over	49,150	22,650	26,500	21.7	20.4	23.0
65 to 69 years	15,555	7,460	8,095	6.9	6.7	7.0
70 to 74 years	13,495	6,520	6,970	6.0	5.9	6.0
75 to 79 years	8,870	4,195	4,675	3.9	3.8	4.1
80 to 84 years	5,690	2,510	3,185	2.5	2.3	2.8
85 years and over	5,540	1,965	3,580	2.4	1.8	3.1
85 to 89 years	3,410	1,300	2,110	1.5	1.2	1.8
90 to 94 years	1,565	510	1,050	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	495	130	370	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.3	14.2	14.7	15.3	14.2
15 to 64 years	63.6	64.3	62.8	63.6	64.3	62.8
65 years and over	21.7	20.4	23.0	21.7	20.4	23.0
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	3.1	2.4	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	43.9	42.9	44.7	43.9	42.9	44.7
Median age of the population	44.8	44.0	45.6	44.8	44.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	97,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	60,130	...	...	61.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	7,545	...	...	7.8	...	...
Row house	2,785	...	...	2.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,875	...	...	4.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,395	...	...	17.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,455	...	...	1.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	215	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	3,675	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	97,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	27,740	...	...	28.6	...	...
2 persons	38,410	...	...	39.6	...	...
3 persons	14,465	...	...	14.9	...	...
4 persons	11,400	...	...	11.7	...	...
5 or more persons	5,060	...	...	5.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	221,400	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	193,140	94,195	98,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	113,110	56,480	56,625	58.6	60.0	57.2
Married	86,780	43,330	43,445	44.9	46.0	43.9
Living common-law	26,330	13,150	13,180	13.6	14.0	13.3
Living common law - Never married	18,885	9,415	9,465	9.8	10.0	9.6
Living common law - Separated	1,735	905	830	0.9	1.0	0.8
Living common law - Divorced	4,985	2,520	2,465	2.6	2.7	2.5
Living common law - Widowed	730	310	420	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	80,030	37,715	42,315	41.4	40.0	42.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	51,420	27,840	23,580	26.6	29.6	23.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,285	2,760	3,525	3.3	2.9	3.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	11,205	4,585	6,620	5.8	4.9	6.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	11,115	2,525	8,590	5.8	2.7	8.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	65,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	38,310	...	...	58.5	...	...
3 persons	13,280	...	...	20.3	...	...
4 persons	10,430	...	...	15.9	...	...
5 or more persons	3,505	...	...	5.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	65,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	55,505	...	...	84.7	...	...
Married couples	42,340	...	...	64.6	...	...
With children⁶	18,405	...	...	28.1	...	...
Without children	23,940	...	...	36.5	...	...
Common-law couples	13,160	...	...	20.1	...	...
With children⁶	5,195	...	...	7.9	...	...
Without children	7,970	...	...	12.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	10,015	...	...	15.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	7,705	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,315	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	221,400	108,725	112,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	176,995	87,585	89,405	79.9	80.6	79.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	111,010	55,430	55,585	50.1	51.0	49.3
Parents in one-parent families	10,020	2,315	7,705	4.5	2.1	6.8
Children⁶	55,960	29,845	26,120	25.3	27.4	23.2
In a two-parent family	41,160	21,730	19,430	18.6	20.0	17.2
In a one-parent family	14,800	8,110	6,685	6.7	7.5	5.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	44,405	21,140	23,265	20.1	19.4	20.6
Living alone	27,740	12,490	15,255	12.5	11.5	13.5
Living with other relatives⁷	5,225	2,200	3,025	2.4	2.0	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	11,435	6,450	4,990	5.2	5.9	4.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	97,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	58,965	...	...	60.7	...	...
Couple-family households	51,255	...	...	52.8	...	...
With children⁶	21,805	...	...	22.5	...	...
Without children	29,450	...	...	30.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	7,710	...	...	7.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,850	...	...	1.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	430	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,905	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,180	...	...	5.3	...	...
One-person households	27,740	...	...	28.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	188,205	91,775	96,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	182,530	89,020	93,510	97.0	97.0	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	35,600	38,800	42,400	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	182,635	89,085	93,550	97.0	97.1	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,600	32,400	34,800	37,600	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	161,225	80,600	80,625	85.7	87.8	83.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	28,800	32,800	37,200	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	130,960	67,440	63,525	69.6	73.5	65.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	37,600	31,800	34,400	37,600	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	146,180	66,605	79,575	77.7	72.6	82.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	12,300	11,800	12,000	12,300	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31,275	16,135	15,140	16.6	17.6	15.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,280	6,850	6,000	6,280	6,850	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	45,600	21,990	23,610	24.2	24.0	24.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	188,190	91,755	96,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	182,350	88,895	93,455	96.9	96.9	96.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,680	52,250	41,320	46,680	52,250	41,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	182,470	88,955	93,510	97.0	96.9	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,360	43,280	35,640	39,360	43,280	35,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	161,090	80,580	80,505	85.6	87.8	83.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,720	47,640	35,760	41,720	47,640	35,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	130,940	67,620	63,320	69.6	73.7	65.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,760	46,160	37,080	41,760	46,160	37,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	146,230	66,435	79,795	77.7	72.4	82.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,240	12,150	12,330	12,240	12,150	12,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	31,430	16,200	15,230	16.7	17.7	15.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,050	8,520	7,540	8,050	8,520	7,540
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	45,705	21,595	24,115	24.3	23.5	25.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,480	8,360	8,590	8,480	8,360	8,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	188,190	91,755	96,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	62,975	33,700	29,280	33.5	36.7	30.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	58,000	51,200	54,400	58,000	51,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,750	67,800	57,000	62,750	67,800	57,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	52,650	25,710	26,945	28.0	28.0	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	19,200	15,400	17,200	19,200	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,120	27,120	21,260	24,120	27,120	21,260
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	82.6	74.6	79.0	82.6	74.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.2	67.2	60.8	64.2	67.2	60.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0	17.4	25.5	21.0	17.4	25.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.5	6.6	5.5	4.5	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	3.9	5.4	4.6	3.9	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	188,210	91,780	96,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,680	2,760	2,920	3.0	3.0	3.0
With total income	182,525	89,020	93,510	97.0	97.0	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,255	5,815	7,440	7.3	6.5	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	22,040	8,510	13,530	12.1	9.6	14.5
$20,000 to $29,999	30,825	13,600	17,230	16.9	15.3	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	28,270	13,280	14,990	15.5	14.9	16.0
$40,000 to $49,999	25,740	12,385	13,355	14.1	13.9	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	18,210	9,575	8,635	10.0	10.8	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	12,650	7,010	5,635	6.9	7.9	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	9,025	5,280	3,750	4.9	5.9	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	6,805	3,590	3,220	3.7	4.0	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	4,645	2,550	2,100	2.5	2.9	2.2
$100,000 and over	11,050	7,425	3,625	6.1	8.3	3.9
$100,000 to $149,999	7,820	5,100	2,720	4.3	5.7	2.9
$150,000 and over	3,230	2,325	905	1.8	2.6	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	188,210	91,780	96,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,570	2,690	2,875	3.0	2.9	3.0
With after-tax income	182,640	89,085	93,550	97.0	97.1	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,145	6,060	8,090	7.7	6.8	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	23,020	9,040	13,980	12.6	10.1	14.9
$20,000 to $29,999	37,155	16,695	20,460	20.3	18.7	21.9
$30,000 to $39,999	35,100	16,935	18,165	19.2	19.0	19.4
$40,000 to $49,999	27,190	13,985	13,200	14.9	15.7	14.1
$50,000 to $59,999	17,330	9,410	7,925	9.5	10.6	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	10,925	6,015	4,900	6.0	6.8	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	7,070	3,855	3,215	3.9	4.3	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,780	2,335	1,445	2.1	2.6	1.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,060	1,345	715	1.1	1.5	0.8
$100,000 and over	4,865	3,405	1,455	2.7	3.8	1.6
$100,000 to $124,999	2,510	1,700	810	1.4	1.9	0.9
$125,000 and over	2,355	1,710	645	1.3	1.9	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	188,210	91,780	96,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	57,245	24,340	32,905	30.4	26.5	34.1
With employment income	130,965	67,440	63,520	69.6	73.5	65.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	16,305	8,040	8,265	12.5	11.9	13.0
$5,000 to $9,999	10,780	4,765	6,010	8.2	7.1	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	17,185	8,245	8,935	13.1	12.2	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	14,335	7,130	7,205	10.9	10.6	11.3
$30,000 to $39,999	15,775	7,385	8,390	12.0	11.0	13.2
$40,000 to $49,999	14,305	7,320	6,990	10.9	10.8	11.0
$50,000 to $59,999	11,000	6,050	4,950	8.4	9.0	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	8,345	4,720	3,625	6.4	7.0	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	6,205	3,615	2,590	4.7	5.4	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	5,255	2,615	2,635	4.0	3.9	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,475	1,950	1,520	2.7	2.9	2.4
$100,000 and over	8,010	5,605	2,410	6.1	8.3	3.8
$100,000 to $124,999	4,125	2,750	1,375	3.2	4.1	2.2
$125,000 and over	3,885	2,855	1,035	3.0	4.2	1.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	188,205	91,775	96,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	179,435	87,325	92,115	95.3	95.2	95.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,400	36,400	40,800	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	179,570	87,335	92,240	95.4	95.2	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,000	29,600	32,800	36,000	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	160,225	79,910	80,310	85.1	87.1	83.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	37,600	29,200	33,200	37,600	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	131,990	67,690	64,305	70.1	73.8	66.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,400	34,000	37,600	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	130,030	57,385	72,645	69.1	62.5	75.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,600	9,000	8,400	8,600	9,000	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	27,245	14,240	13,005	14.5	15.5	13.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,000	7,800	6,200	7,000	7,800	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	188,190	91,755	96,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	179,340	87,150	92,190	95.3	95.0	95.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,520	50,640	38,800	44,520	50,640	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	179,465	87,155	92,310	95.4	95.0	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,400	41,680	33,320	37,400	41,680	33,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	160,310	79,705	80,605	85.2	86.9	83.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,960	48,280	35,720	41,960	48,280	35,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	131,865	67,630	64,235	70.1	73.7	66.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,160	47,000	37,040	42,160	47,000	37,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	129,880	57,085	72,795	69.0	62.2	75.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,690	9,870	9,550	9,690	9,870	9,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	27,535	14,295	13,235	14.6	15.6	13.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,370	8,720	7,990	8,370	8,720	7,990
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	188,190	91,755	96,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	62,685	33,475	29,210	33.3	36.5	30.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,600	54,400	47,200	51,600	54,400	47,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,350	64,400	53,650	59,350	64,400	53,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	49,675	24,225	25,450	26.4	26.4	26.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	24,400	19,200	21,600	24,400	19,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,280	33,600	25,180	29,280	33,600	25,180
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.2	87.2	80.6	84.2	87.2	80.6
Employment income (%)	69.6	72.0	66.6	69.6	72.0	66.6
Government transfers (%)	15.8	12.8	19.4	15.8	12.8	19.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.9	2.8	3.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	97,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	27,740	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,600	...	...	33,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	69,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	97,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,700	...	...	87,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	27,740	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,960	...	...	43,960	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,480	...	...	37,480	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	69,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,100	...	...	105,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,600	...	...	88,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	820	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	790	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,265	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,315	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,065	...	...	5.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,460	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,070	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,685	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,635	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,340	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,260	...	...	8.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,625	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,275	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,835	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,760	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,890	...	...	31.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,040	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,330	...	...	7.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,595	...	...	7.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,925	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	895	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	810	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,295	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,420	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,435	...	...	5.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,355	...	...	4.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,950	...	...	5.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,460	...	...	5.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,375	...	...	5.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,940	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,705	...	...	10.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	9,110	...	...	9.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	8,480	...	...	8.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,010	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,780	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,065	...	...	22.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	10,040	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,685	...	...	5.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,340	...	...	6.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	65,385	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	29,925	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	23,910	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	9,330	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...	55,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	39,180	18,940	20,245	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	36,800	34,000	35,200	36,800	34,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,800	32,800	31,000	31,800	32,800	31,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	65,280	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,600	...	...	105,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,700	...	...	88,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	29,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...	93,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,400	...	...	78,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,045	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,600	...	...	135,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...	112,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,950	...	...	60,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	39,260	18,790	20,475	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,160	43,000	39,440	41,160	43,000	39,440
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,360	36,440	34,400	35,360	36,440	34,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	221,395	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	39,950	20,465	19,490	18.0	18.8	17.3
0 to 5 years	11,780	6,005	5,780	5.3	5.5	5.1
18 to 64 years	135,330	66,620	68,705	61.1	61.3	61.0
65 years and over	46,115	21,640	24,480	20.8	19.9	21.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	28,690	13,090	15,600	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,095	3,140	2,955	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,035	1,025	1,010	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,970	6,430	7,540	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,620	3,520	5,105	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.0	12.0	13.8	13.0	12.0	13.8
0 to 17 years (%)	15.3	15.3	15.2	15.3	15.3	15.2
0 to 5 years (%)	17.3	17.1	17.5	17.3	17.1	17.5
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	9.7	11.0	10.3	9.7	11.0
65 years and over (%)	18.7	16.3	20.8	18.7	16.3	20.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	219,080	107,565	111,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	39,265	20,090	19,180	17.9	18.7	17.2
0 to 5 years	11,560	5,880	5,685	5.3	5.5	5.1
18 to 64 years	133,920	65,935	67,985	61.1	61.3	61.0
65 years and over	45,900	21,545	24,350	21.0	20.0	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,140	4,605	4,530	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,795	920	880	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	515	260	260	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,715	3,440	3,275	...	...	...
65 years and over	620	250	380	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.2	4.3	4.1	4.2	4.3	4.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.4	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	5.2	4.8	5.0	5.2	4.8
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.2	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	221,395	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	131,515	63,620	67,895	59.4	58.5	60.3
In bottom decile	25,505	12,050	13,455	11.5	11.1	11.9
In second decile	28,195	13,245	14,950	12.7	12.2	13.3
In third decile	26,970	13,095	13,880	12.2	12.0	12.3
In fourth decile	25,835	12,800	13,030	11.7	11.8	11.6
In fifth decile	25,015	12,435	12,585	11.3	11.4	11.2
In top half of the distribution	89,880	45,105	44,775	40.6	41.5	39.7
In sixth decile	22,665	11,355	11,310	10.2	10.4	10.0
In seventh decile	21,495	10,720	10,775	9.7	9.9	9.6
In eighth decile	19,200	9,575	9,630	8.7	8.8	8.5
In ninth decile	15,375	7,740	7,630	6.9	7.1	6.8
In top decile	11,155	5,715	5,435	5.0	5.3	4.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	221,400	...	...	221,400	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.306	...	...	0.306	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.431	...	...	0.431	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.268	...	...	0.268	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	223,280	109,480	113,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	104,380	53,030	51,350	46.7	48.4	45.1
French only	7,770	3,560	4,210	3.5	3.3	3.7
English and French	110,430	52,580	57,850	49.5	48.0	50.8
Neither English nor French	710	320	390	0.3	0.3	0.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	223,280	109,480	113,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	134,410	66,670	67,735	60.2	60.9	59.5
French	85,685	41,285	44,400	38.4	37.7	39.0
English and French	2,535	1,230	1,305	1.1	1.1	1.1
Neither English nor French	650	290	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	223,280	109,480	113,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	214,810	105,375	109,435	96.2	96.3	96.2
Official languages	201,535	98,710	102,820	90.3	90.2	90.4
English	118,130	58,520	59,610	52.9	53.5	52.4
French	83,400	40,190	43,210	37.4	36.7	38.0
Non-official languages	13,275	6,660	6,615	5.9	6.1	5.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	940	445	495	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algonquian languages	935	440	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	925	440	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mi'kmaq	925	435	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,335	6,215	6,120	5.5	5.7	5.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,695	920	775	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,625	880	745	0.7	0.8	0.7
Amharic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,555	835	710	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	540	265	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	535	260	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,555	645	910	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,255	530	730	0.6	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	400	235	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,645	2,935	2,700	2.5	2.7	2.4
Albanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,095	530	560	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,080	525	555	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	630	305	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	745	365	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	445	220	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	425	220	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	245	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,805	1,050	755	0.8	1.0	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,620	950	670	0.7	0.9	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	220	155	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	255	160	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	840	480	360	0.4	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	180	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,910	945	970	0.9	0.9	0.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	180	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	590	295	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	935	450	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	725	360	365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	615	315	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	820	385	435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	790	370	415	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	605	275	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,470	4,105	4,365	3.8	3.7	3.8
English and French	5,775	2,760	3,005	2.6	2.5	2.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,920	970	945	0.9	0.9	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	430	200	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	223,280	109,480	113,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	123,860	61,510	62,350	55.5	56.2	54.8
French	62,665	30,210	32,450	28.1	27.6	28.5
Non-official language	3,815	1,895	1,920	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	3,675	1,830	1,840	1.6	1.7	1.6
English and French	21,615	10,165	11,450	9.7	9.3	10.1
English and non-official language(s)	8,540	4,320	4,215	3.8	3.9	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	930	450	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,505	760	745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	355	165	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	223,280	109,480	113,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	215,675	105,800	109,875	96.6	96.6	96.6
Official languages	207,615	101,750	105,860	93.0	92.9	93.0
English	135,545	67,060	68,490	60.7	61.3	60.2
French	72,065	34,685	37,380	32.3	31.7	32.8
Non-official languages	8,065	4,055	4,015	3.6	3.7	3.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	120	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	265	120	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	265	120	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq	265	120	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,800	3,935	3,865	3.5	3.6	3.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,065	545	520	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,035	525	510	0.5	0.5	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,005	510	500	0.5	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	380	185	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	380	185	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	890	400	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	765	345	415	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	305	185	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	60	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	105	60	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	105	60	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,435	1,795	1,640	1.5	1.6	1.4
Albanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	770	380	390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	765	380	390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	505	245	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
German	110	55	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,230	705	525	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	1,115	645	470	0.5	0.6	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	120	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hindi	170	100	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	680	395	285	0.3	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	115	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,210	590	620	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	465	225	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	570	285	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	615	310	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	325	155	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	580	275	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	565	265	300	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	450	205	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,605	3,680	3,925	3.4	3.4	3.4
English and French	4,555	2,145	2,410	2.0	2.0	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,430	1,220	1,215	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	355	185	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	115	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	223,280	109,480	113,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	197,150	96,875	100,270	88.3	88.5	88.1
English	11,720	5,660	6,060	5.2	5.2	5.3
French	8,790	4,095	4,700	3.9	3.7	4.1
Non-official language	3,660	1,825	1,835	1.6	1.7	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	330	175	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Non-Indigenous	3,330	1,650	1,685	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and French	290	155	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	730	390	340	0.3	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	405	195	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	490	265	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	221,395	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	220,730	108,405	112,325	99.7	99.7	99.7
English	213,065	104,920	108,140	96.2	96.5	96.0
French	117,275	55,785	61,490	53.0	51.3	54.6
Non-official languages	21,495	10,750	10,750	9.7	9.9	9.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,470	730	745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Algonquian languages	1,420	710	710	0.6	0.7	0.6
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	1,410	710	700	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mi'kmaq	1,400	700	700	0.6	0.6	0.6
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,035	10,025	10,010	9.0	9.2	8.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,595	1,410	1,190	1.2	1.3	1.1
Berber languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,480	1,345	1,135	1.1	1.2	1.0
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,235	1,220	1,020	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	235	125	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	690	365	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	690	365	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,265	965	1,300	1.0	0.9	1.2
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	190	55	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	75	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,015	850	1,165	0.9	0.8	1.0
Waray-Waray	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	485	190	290	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	215	90	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	760	435	325	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	250	145	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	395	220	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	215	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,760	4,925	4,835	4.4	4.5	4.3
Albanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,545	765	775	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,540	765	770	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	150	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	950	475	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	465	210	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,430	730	705	0.6	0.7	0.6
Frisian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	995	515	485	0.4	0.5	0.4
German	980	500	475	0.4	0.5	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	355	170	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	290	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,780	1,580	1,195	1.3	1.5	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	2,635	1,515	1,125	1.2	1.4	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	110	60	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	300	210	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	1,690	970	720	0.8	0.9	0.6
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,275	685	585	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	310	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,235	1,945	2,295	1.9	1.8	2.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	545	300	245	0.2	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	770	390	380	0.3	0.4	0.3
Romanian	220	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,040	1,330	1,710	1.4	1.2	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	230	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	915	475	445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,950	1,020	930	0.9	0.9	0.8
Akan (Twi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	215	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	155	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	160	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	165	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	295	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	375	170	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	415	220	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	280	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	375	140	235	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	350	130	215	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	995	520	480	0.4	0.5	0.4
Chinese languages	950	500	445	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	810	400	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	180	110	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	221,400	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	8,805	4,285	4,525	4.0	3.9	4.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	8,580	4,150	4,430	3.9	3.8	3.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,340	2,565	2,775	2.4	2.4	2.5
Métis	3,090	1,515	1,570	1.4	1.4	1.4
Inuk (Inuit)	155	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	130	90	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	212,590	104,440	108,145	96.0	96.1	96.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	221,400	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,995	1,990	2,000	1.8	1.8	1.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	217,400	106,730	110,670	98.2	98.2	98.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	68,385	...	...	70.4	...	...
Renter	27,960	...	...	28.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	730	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	4,410	...	...	4.5	...	...
Not condominium	92,670	...	...	95.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	380	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	9,895	...	...	10.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	29,005	...	...	29.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	36,325	...	...	37.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	21,475	...	...	22.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,355	...	...	25.1	...	...
5 rooms	16,565	...	...	17.1	...	...
6 rooms	15,095	...	...	15.5	...	...
7 rooms	12,830	...	...	13.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	28,235	...	...	29.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	96,220	...	...	99.1	...	...
More than one person per room	855	...	...	0.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	94,120	...	...	97.0	...	...
Not suitable	2,955	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	17,560	...	...	18.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	26,085	...	...	26.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	11,855	...	...	12.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	12,340	...	...	12.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,135	...	...	7.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	8,815	...	...	9.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,090	...	...	7.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,200	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	90,620	...	...	93.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,455	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	48,775	...	...	50.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	45,395	...	...	46.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,910	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	97,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,375	...	...	3.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,505	...	...	12.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	15,885	...	...	16.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	16,840	...	...	17.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	18,925	...	...	19.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	17,430	...	...	18.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	9,110	...	...	9.4	...	...
85 years and over	3,005	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	95,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	81,460	...	...	85.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	14,160	...	...	14.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,980	...	...	13.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	97,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,935	...	...	22.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,830	...	...	13.2	...	...
Not suitable only	2,425	...	...	2.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	5,065	...	...	5.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	225	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,080	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	290	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	75,140	...	...	77.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	94,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,460	...	...	6.8	...	...
Not in core need	87,975	...	...	93.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	68,150	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.7	...	...	60.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	920	...	...	920	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,036	...	...	1,036	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	200,000	...	...	200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	232,000	...	...	232,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,865	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.2	...	...	11.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.0	...	...	32.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.8	...	...	15.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	920	...	...	920	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	968	...	...	968	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	730	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	0	...	...	0	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	107	...	...	107	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	221,395	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,030	2,500	2,530	2.3	2.3	2.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,000	2,490	2,510	2.3	2.3	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,990	1,990	2,005	1.8	1.8	1.8
Métis single ancestry	945	480	465	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,565	3,500	4,070	3.4	3.2	3.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,410	3,425	3,985	3.3	3.2	3.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,525	2,545	2,980	2.5	2.3	2.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,745	810	935	0.8	0.7	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	208,795	102,730	106,070	94.3	94.5	94.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	221,400	108,725	112,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	207,035	101,370	105,665	93.5	93.2	93.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	36,840	18,985	17,855	16.6	17.5	15.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	170,190	82,385	87,810	76.9	75.8	77.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,365	7,355	7,010	6.5	6.8	6.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	221,400	108,725	112,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	199,770	97,780	102,000	90.2	89.9	90.5
Immigrants⁸¹	16,340	8,155	8,180	7.4	7.5	7.3
Before 1980	2,830	1,385	1,440	1.3	1.3	1.3
1980 to 1990	775	400	375	0.4	0.4	0.3
1991 to 2000	860	400	460	0.4	0.4	0.4
2001 to 2010	2,295	1,120	1,180	1.0	1.0	1.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,575	4,845	4,735	4.3	4.5	4.2
2011 to 2015	2,345	1,115	1,230	1.1	1.0	1.1
2016 to 2021	7,230	3,730	3,505	3.3	3.4	3.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,285	2,795	2,490	2.4	2.6	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	16,335	8,155	8,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,010	1,020	985	12.3	12.5	12.0
5 to 14 years	3,640	1,875	1,765	22.3	23.0	21.6
15 to 24 years	2,080	1,005	1,080	12.7	12.3	13.2
25 to 44 years	7,375	3,560	3,815	45.1	43.7	46.6
45 years and over	1,240	700	540	7.6	8.6	6.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	16,335	8,155	8,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,350	1,520	1,825	20.5	18.6	22.3
Brazil	140	55	80	0.9	0.7	1.0
Colombia	120	65	55	0.7	0.8	0.7
El Salvador	25	20	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Guyana	35	25	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Haiti	175	75	100	1.1	0.9	1.2
Jamaica	230	70	155	1.4	0.9	1.9
Mexico	175	80	95	1.1	1.0	1.2
Peru	45	20	25	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	1,885	855	1,035	11.5	10.5	12.7
Other places of birth in Americas	485	250	235	3.0	3.1	2.9
Europe	3,815	1,965	1,840	23.4	24.1	22.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatia	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	630	300	325	3.9	3.7	4.0
Germany	305	150	155	1.9	1.8	1.9
Greece	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	45	15	30	0.3	0.2	0.4
Italy	135	80	55	0.8	1.0	0.7
Netherlands	185	105	80	1.1	1.3	1.0
Poland	75	35	40	0.5	0.4	0.5
Portugal	40	25	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Romania	160	90	70	1.0	1.1	0.9
Russian Federation	195	90	110	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	25	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	325	150	175	2.0	1.8	2.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,075	575	500	6.6	7.1	6.1
Other places of birth in Europe	585	315	265	3.6	3.9	3.2
Africa	2,795	1,475	1,310	17.1	18.1	16.0
Algeria	190	95	95	1.2	1.2	1.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	315	140	175	1.9	1.7	2.1
Egypt	130	75	55	0.8	0.9	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Morocco	315	170	145	1.9	2.1	1.8
Nigeria	545	305	245	3.3	3.7	3.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	30	25	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	1,190	650	540	7.3	8.0	6.6
Asia	6,300	3,140	3,160	38.6	38.5	38.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	100	60	50	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iraq	65	45	25	0.4	0.6	0.3
Lebanon	155	70	85	0.9	0.9	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	515	295	215	3.2	3.6	2.6
Turkey	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	565	270	300	3.5	3.3	3.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	60	35	20	0.4	0.4	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	675	350	325	4.1	4.3	4.0
Taiwan	20	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.2
Philippines	1,770	750	1,015	10.8	9.2	12.4
Viet Nam	385	185	200	2.4	2.3	2.4
Bangladesh	65	30	40	0.4	0.4	0.5
India	1,015	590	425	6.2	7.2	5.2
Pakistan	135	75	55	0.8	0.9	0.7
Sri Lanka	75	45	30	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	665	320	345	4.1	3.9	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	90	50	40	0.6	0.6	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,235	3,730	3,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	780	355	425	10.8	9.5	12.1
Brazil	100	45	55	1.4	1.2	1.6
Colombia	30	25	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Haiti	40	20	20	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jamaica	145	45	95	2.0	1.2	2.7
Mexico	130	55	75	1.8	1.5	2.1
United States of America	180	90	95	2.5	2.4	2.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	20	10	0.5	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	115	50	65	1.6	1.3	1.9
Europe	910	460	450	12.6	12.3	12.8
France	280	140	145	3.9	3.8	4.1
Germany	25	15	15	0.3	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	10	0.3	0.5	0.3
Russian Federation	55	20	35	0.8	0.5	1.0
Ukraine	220	105	110	3.0	2.8	3.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	80	65	15	1.1	1.7	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	225	100	125	3.1	2.7	3.6
Africa	1,880	1,005	875	26.0	26.9	25.0
Algeria	110	40	65	1.5	1.1	1.9
Burundi	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Cameroon	75	35	45	1.0	0.9	1.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	185	85	100	2.6	2.3	2.9
Côte d'Ivoire	75	35	40	1.0	0.9	1.1
Egypt	115	60	50	1.6	1.6	1.4
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	210	115	95	2.9	3.1	2.7
Nigeria	535	295	240	7.4	7.9	6.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	65	30	35	0.9	0.8	1.0
Tunisia	80	50	30	1.1	1.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	370	225	145	5.1	6.0	4.1
Asia	3,645	1,905	1,740	50.4	51.1	49.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	50	25	30	0.7	0.7	0.9
China⁹⁰	265	130	130	3.7	3.5	3.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	645	380	265	8.9	10.2	7.6
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Iraq	50	30	15	0.7	0.8	0.4
Israel	60	45	20	0.8	1.2	0.6
Japan	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Jordan	80	40	45	1.1	1.1	1.3
Korea, South⁹²	170	95	75	2.3	2.5	2.1
Lebanon	25	10	20	0.3	0.3	0.6
Nepal	35	15	25	0.5	0.4	0.7
Pakistan	80	50	30	1.1	1.3	0.9
Philippines	1,170	560	610	16.2	15.0	17.4
Saudi Arabia	25	10	15	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sri Lanka	45	25	25	0.6	0.7	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	465	270	200	6.4	7.2	5.7
Turkey	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	105	55	45	1.5	1.5	1.3
Viet Nam	215	95	115	3.0	2.5	3.3
Other places of birth in Asia	115	50	65	1.6	1.3	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	221,400	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	23,325	11,735	11,590	10.5	10.8	10.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	13,540	6,680	6,860	6.1	6.1	6.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	184,530	90,305	94,225	83.3	83.1	83.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	13,510	6,765	6,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,310	4,785	4,525	68.9	70.7	67.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,805	2,360	1,445	28.2	34.9	21.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,505	2,425	3,080	40.7	35.8	45.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	2,500	1,065	1,440	18.5	15.7	21.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,615	865	755	12.0	12.8	11.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	75	55	25	0.6	0.8	0.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	13,510	6,765	6,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	170	105	65	1.3	1.6	1.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,210	1,075	1,140	16.4	15.9	16.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	450	235	220	3.3	3.5	3.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	955	575	385	7.1	8.5	5.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	60	25	30	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,665	4,760	4,905	71.5	70.4	72.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	221,395	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	18,540	9,395	9,145	8.4	8.6	8.1
South Asian	3,515	1,965	1,545	1.6	1.8	1.4
Chinese	945	475	465	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black	5,725	2,790	2,930	2.6	2.6	2.6
Filipino	2,455	1,070	1,390	1.1	1.0	1.2
Arab	1,825	1,010	820	0.8	0.9	0.7
Latin American	1,085	495	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Southeast Asian	975	500	475	0.4	0.5	0.4
West Asian	170	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	935	505	430	0.4	0.5	0.4
Japanese	120	35	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	165	100	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	625	340	280	0.3	0.3	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	202,855	99,330	103,525	91.6	91.4	91.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	221,400	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	46,865	22,790	24,075	21.2	21.0	21.4
English	34,105	16,805	17,300	15.4	15.5	15.4
Irish	35,205	16,600	18,610	15.9	15.3	16.5
Scottish	31,740	15,460	16,275	14.3	14.2	14.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	39,370	19,185	20,180	17.8	17.6	17.9
German	10,900	5,230	5,665	4.9	4.8	5.0
Chinese	1,135	600	535	0.5	0.6	0.5
Italian	2,635	1,275	1,355	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indian (India)	2,220	1,250	970	1.0	1.1	0.9
Ukrainian	1,435	620	820	0.6	0.6	0.7
Dutch	2,845	1,400	1,450	1.3	1.3	1.3
Polish	975	485	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Québécois	1,830	940	890	0.8	0.9	0.8
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,280	2,165	2,115	1.9	2.0	1.9
Filipino	2,290	995	1,295	1.0	0.9	1.1
French Canadian	5,365	2,590	2,775	2.4	2.4	2.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	12,875	6,095	6,775	5.8	5.6	6.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,150	1,460	1,685	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis	2,825	1,345	1,485	1.3	1.2	1.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,330	1,610	1,720	1.5	1.5	1.5
Russian	880	440	435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Norwegian	915	430	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	2,425	1,185	1,240	1.1	1.1	1.1
Portuguese	700	350	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
American	1,655	840	820	0.7	0.8	0.7
Spanish	1,050	505	545	0.5	0.5	0.5
Swedish	505	265	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	270	120	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	49,660	23,970	25,685	22.4	22.0	22.8
Pakistani	210	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,465	635	825	0.7	0.6	0.7
Jewish	500	230	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	325	195	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Vietnamese	725	380	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	760	435	325	0.3	0.4	0.3
Greek	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	490	225	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	580	260	320	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	175	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	805	435	375	0.4	0.4	0.3
Romanian	355	190	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanese	675	310	365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	710	340	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	710	390	320	0.3	0.4	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,215	605	615	0.5	0.6	0.5
Sikh	255	160	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	525	295	230	0.2	0.3	0.2
Haitian	265	115	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	305	200	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexican	375	195	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	360	210	150	0.2	0.2	0.1
Finnish	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	70	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	170	60	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	4,510	2,195	2,320	2.0	2.0	2.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	420	205	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	300	180	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	170	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moroccan	385	215	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syrian	455	230	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	270	110	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	735	360	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hong Konger	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	220	90	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazilian	405	185	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	265	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	205	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	130	50	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	155	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	90	75	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	95	60	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	325	145	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nova Scotian	630	285	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ethiopian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	85	55	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	385	225	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	255	160	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	6,445	3,170	3,275	2.9	2.9	2.9
Gujarati	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	110	70	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	135	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	165	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	75	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	110	70	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	110	65	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rwandan	160	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	105	65	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	45	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	120	50	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	150	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maliseet	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Beninese	70	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	95	55	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	221,395	108,725	112,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	485	275	210	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian	146,095	68,585	77,510	66.0	63.1	68.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,120	5,820	6,295	5.5	5.4	5.6
Anabaptist	105	60	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Anglican	6,150	2,825	3,325	2.8	2.6	3.0
Baptist	14,275	6,605	7,670	6.4	6.1	6.8
Catholic	93,550	44,300	49,250	42.3	40.7	43.7
Christian Orthodox	690	335	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,135	525	610	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latter Day Saints	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	250	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,570	720	855	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,485	1,150	1,335	1.1	1.1	1.2
Presbyterian	1,615	740	875	0.7	0.7	0.8
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	8,720	3,785	4,935	3.9	3.5	4.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,225	1,505	1,720	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hindu	1,375	865	515	0.6	0.8	0.5
Jewish	325	180	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Muslim	3,585	1,935	1,650	1.6	1.8	1.5
Sikh	975	505	475	0.4	0.5	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	305	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,330	555	775	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	66,925	35,675	31,245	30.2	32.8	27.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	219,550	107,795	111,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	190,370	93,540	96,830	86.7	86.8	86.6
Movers	29,180	14,255	14,925	13.3	13.2	13.4
Non-migrants	14,615	7,025	7,585	6.7	6.5	6.8
Migrants	14,565	7,230	7,335	6.6	6.7	6.6
Internal migrants	12,970	6,400	6,565	5.9	5.9	5.9
Intraprovincial migrants	7,775	3,785	3,990	3.5	3.5	3.6
Interprovincial migrants	5,190	2,615	2,575	2.4	2.4	2.3
External migrants	1,600	830	770	0.7	0.8	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	211,680	103,765	107,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	126,960	62,940	64,025	60.0	60.7	59.3
Movers	84,720	40,825	43,895	40.0	39.3	40.7
Non-migrants	27,230	12,970	14,260	12.9	12.5	13.2
Migrants	57,490	27,855	29,635	27.2	26.8	27.5
Internal migrants	47,535	22,775	24,760	22.5	21.9	22.9
Intraprovincial migrants	33,320	15,860	17,465	15.7	15.3	16.2
Interprovincial migrants	14,210	6,915	7,295	6.7	6.7	6.8
External migrants	9,950	5,080	4,875	4.7	4.9	4.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	188,190	91,755	96,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	36,810	20,030	16,775	19.6	21.8	17.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	151,380	71,725	79,660	80.4	78.2	82.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	118,250	57,760	60,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,170	8,010	5,160	11.1	13.9	8.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	105,080	49,750	55,330	88.9	86.1	91.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	188,195	91,755	96,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	33,230	17,715	15,515	17.7	19.3	16.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	53,970	27,520	26,450	28.7	30.0	27.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	100,990	46,515	54,470	53.7	50.7	56.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	62,340	30,110	32,230	33.1	32.8	33.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	12,425	8,800	3,620	6.6	9.6	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,690	3,955	2,735	3.6	4.3	2.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,730	4,845	885	3.0	5.3	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	46,170	19,865	26,310	24.5	21.7	27.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,745	1,445	2,300	2.0	1.6	2.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	38,650	16,410	22,240	20.5	17.9	23.1
Bachelor's degree	26,685	11,040	15,640	14.2	12.0	16.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,535	1,010	1,520	1.3	1.1	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	920	440	485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	7,295	3,175	4,120	3.9	3.5	4.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,215	745	470	0.6	0.8	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	118,250	57,760	60,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,785	7,115	4,670	10.0	12.3	7.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	31,830	16,855	14,970	26.9	29.2	24.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	74,640	33,785	40,850	63.1	58.5	67.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,325	21,415	22,915	37.5	37.1	37.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,740	5,380	2,355	6.5	9.3	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,330	2,540	1,790	3.7	4.4	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,410	2,845	560	2.9	4.9	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	34,325	15,075	19,255	29.0	26.1	31.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,265	960	1,300	1.9	1.7	2.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,310	12,370	17,940	25.6	21.4	29.7
Bachelor's degree	20,870	8,455	12,415	17.6	14.6	20.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,965	735	1,230	1.7	1.3	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	755	310	440	0.6	0.5	0.7
Master's degree	5,815	2,355	3,455	4.9	4.1	5.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	905	510	395	0.8	0.9	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	188,195	91,755	96,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	87,205	45,235	41,965	46.3	49.3	43.5
Education	7,360	1,890	5,470	3.9	2.1	5.7
13. Education	7,360	1,890	5,470	3.9	2.1	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,800	1,240	1,565	1.5	1.4	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	320	210	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,480	1,025	1,455	1.3	1.1	1.5
Humanities	3,890	1,630	2,255	2.1	1.8	2.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	490	145	345	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	810	265	550	0.4	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	875	300	575	0.5	0.3	0.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	260	160	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	505	325	180	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	575	320	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	305	70	235	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,030	2,560	6,465	4.8	2.8	6.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	35	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	855	390	470	0.5	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,405	140	2,265	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,495	455	1,040	0.8	0.5	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,760	390	1,365	0.9	0.4	1.4
45. Social sciences	2,240	1,105	1,135	1.2	1.2	1.2
Business, management and public administration	26,170	8,940	17,235	13.9	9.7	17.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,975	325	1,645	1.0	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	24,145	8,610	15,545	12.8	9.4	16.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,895	1,355	1,545	1.5	1.5	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,335	575	760	0.7	0.6	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	610	245	370	0.3	0.3	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130	20	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	640	445	195	0.3	0.5	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	70	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,720	3,415	1,300	2.5	3.7	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,180	3,150	1,030	2.2	3.4	1.1
25. Library science	210	60	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	270	180	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,110	17,745	1,365	10.2	19.3	1.4
04. Architecture and related services	230	135	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
14. Engineering	2,525	2,095	430	1.3	2.3	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,720	4,185	535	2.5	4.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,400	4,280	120	2.3	4.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,815	4,670	145	2.6	5.1	0.2
48. Precision production	2,420	2,370	50	1.3	2.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,890	960	925	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,305	555	750	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	585	410	175	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	14,765	2,360	12,405	7.8	2.6	12.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	955	490	470	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,415	1,705	11,710	7.1	1.9	12.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	350	160	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,340	4,415	3,925	4.4	4.8	4.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,385	945	3,440	2.3	1.0	3.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	150	125	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,705	1,345	365	0.9	1.5	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,100	2,000	95	1.1	2.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	118,250	57,760	60,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,615	23,975	19,640	36.9	41.5	32.5
Education	4,285	940	3,350	3.6	1.6	5.5
13. Education	4,285	940	3,350	3.6	1.6	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,255	990	1,265	1.9	1.7	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	250	170	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,010	820	1,180	1.7	1.4	2.0
Humanities	2,720	1,060	1,655	2.3	1.8	2.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	415	100	315	0.4	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	585	180	405	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	555	170	380	0.5	0.3	0.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	295	190	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	425	240	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	225	55	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,235	1,880	5,355	6.1	3.3	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	100	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	765	345	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,940	65	1,875	1.6	0.1	3.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,250	340	910	1.1	0.6	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,415	280	1,130	1.2	0.5	1.9
45. Social sciences	1,680	795	885	1.4	1.4	1.5
Business, management and public administration	19,825	6,800	13,025	16.8	11.8	21.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,550	235	1,310	1.3	0.4	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18,245	6,560	11,690	15.4	11.4	19.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,210	1,035	1,175	1.9	1.8	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,045	450	595	0.9	0.8	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	435	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	10	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	510	345	165	0.4	0.6	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,080	2,995	1,075	3.5	5.2	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,700	2,790	905	3.1	4.8	1.5
25. Library science	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	205	135	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,510	12,360	1,140	11.4	21.4	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	195	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
14. Engineering	2,015	1,650	370	1.7	2.9	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,560	3,105	450	3.0	5.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,885	2,790	90	2.4	4.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,250	3,140	110	2.7	5.4	0.2
48. Precision production	1,605	1,565	40	1.4	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,475	735	745	1.2	1.3	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,000	395	600	0.8	0.7	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	485	340	140	0.4	0.6	0.2
Health and related fields	10,890	1,845	9,045	9.2	3.2	15.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	745	400	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,800	1,315	8,485	8.3	2.3	14.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	305	120	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,125	3,125	3,000	5.2	5.4	5.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,265	655	2,605	2.8	1.1	4.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	60	50	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,260	960	300	1.1	1.7	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,545	1,455	90	1.3	2.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	118,250	57,760	60,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,615	23,975	19,640	36.9	41.5	32.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	74,635	33,790	40,855	63.1	58.5	67.5
Location of study inside Canada	67,135	30,140	36,995	56.8	52.2	61.2
Same as province or territory of residence	50,560	22,385	28,180	42.8	38.8	46.6
Different than province or territory of residence	16,575	7,760	8,815	14.0	13.4	14.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,505	3,645	3,860	6.3	6.3	6.4
Americas	1,510	765	750	1.3	1.3	1.2
United States of America	760	400	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mexico	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	315	170	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombia	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	125	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,590	860	730	1.3	1.5	1.2
Belgium	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	355	210	145	0.3	0.4	0.2
Germany	105	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	410	225	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	975	490	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nigeria	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	90	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	285	150	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asia	3,260	1,460	1,795	2.8	2.5	3.0
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	310	135	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	355	190	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Philippines	1,115	450	670	0.9	0.8	1.1
Viet Nam	200	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	860	425	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pakistan	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	130	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Australia	145	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
New Zealand	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	188,195	91,755	96,440	...	...	...
In the labour force	118,130	60,655	57,480	...	...	...
Employed	106,775	54,260	52,520	...	...	...
Unemployed	11,355	6,395	4,960	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	70,060	31,100	38,960	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.8	66.1	59.6	62.8	66.1	59.6
Employment rate	56.7	59.1	54.5	56.7	59.1	54.5
Unemployment rate	9.6	10.5	8.6	9.6	10.5	8.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	188,195	91,755	96,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	68,705	30,245	38,460	36.5	33.0	39.9
Worked	119,490	61,515	57,980	63.5	67.0	60.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	64,325	34,485	29,840	34.2	37.6	30.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	55,170	27,030	28,140	29.3	29.5	29.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.0	40.7	40.9	41.0	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	118,135	60,655	57,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,100	1,040	1,055	1.8	1.7	1.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	116,035	59,615	56,420	98.2	98.3	98.2
Employee	104,360	52,535	51,825	88.3	86.6	90.2
Permanent position	84,100	42,350	41,750	71.2	69.8	72.6
Temporary position	20,260	10,185	10,075	17.1	16.8	17.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,910	2,165	2,740	4.2	3.6	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	15,355	8,025	7,330	13.0	13.2	12.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,680	7,080	4,595	9.9	11.7	8.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	118,135	60,655	57,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,100	1,040	1,055	1.8	1.7	1.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	116,035	59,615	56,420	98.2	98.3	98.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,120	740	380	0.9	1.2	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	19,785	6,410	13,370	16.7	10.6	23.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,265	5,570	1,695	6.1	9.2	2.9
3 Health occupations	10,085	1,695	8,390	8.5	2.8	14.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,590	4,220	9,370	11.5	7.0	16.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,715	1,340	1,375	2.3	2.2	2.4
6 Sales and service occupations	32,990	14,875	18,115	27.9	24.5	31.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	20,310	18,820	1,485	17.2	31.0	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,820	2,300	520	2.4	3.8	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,360	3,650	1,715	4.5	6.0	3.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	118,135	60,655	57,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,100	1,040	1,055	1.8	1.7	1.8
All industries¹⁹¹	116,035	59,615	56,420	98.2	98.3	98.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,620	1,995	625	2.2	3.3	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	780	535	245	0.7	0.9	0.4
22 Utilities	325	280	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	8,170	7,260	910	6.9	12.0	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	8,895	6,260	2,635	7.5	10.3	4.6
41 Wholesale trade	3,550	2,710	840	3.0	4.5	1.5
44-45 Retail trade	13,780	7,030	6,745	11.7	11.6	11.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,925	5,185	1,740	5.9	8.5	3.0
51 Information and cultural industries	2,255	1,360	900	1.9	2.2	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	6,555	2,455	4,100	5.5	4.0	7.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,485	910	580	1.3	1.5	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,845	3,245	2,600	4.9	5.3	4.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	200	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,450	3,695	2,755	5.5	6.1	4.8
61 Educational services	8,575	2,715	5,865	7.3	4.5	10.2
62 Health care and social assistance	15,510	2,750	12,760	13.1	4.5	22.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,415	1,340	1,080	2.0	2.2	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	7,150	2,760	4,395	6.1	4.6	7.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,045	2,505	2,545	4.3	4.1	4.4
91 Public administration	9,500	4,555	4,940	8.0	7.5	8.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	127,810	65,580	62,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	74,155	40,145	34,010	58.0	61.2	54.6
French	17,160	7,685	9,475	13.4	11.7	15.2
Non-official language	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	35,120	17,030	18,090	27.5	26.0	29.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,010	555	460	0.8	0.8	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	127,810	65,580	62,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	119,890	61,980	57,915	93.8	94.5	93.1
Official languages	119,530	61,780	57,745	93.5	94.2	92.8
English	91,615	49,215	42,400	71.7	75.0	68.1
French	27,915	12,570	15,345	21.8	19.2	24.7
Non-official languages	360	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	260	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,920	3,605	4,315	6.2	5.5	6.9
English and French	7,540	3,400	4,140	5.9	5.2	6.7
English and non-official language(s)	360	195	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	127,810	65,580	62,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	99,350	51,500	47,855	77.7	78.5	76.9
English	10,895	4,960	5,935	8.5	7.6	9.5
French	16,900	8,780	8,115	13.2	13.4	13.0
Non-official language	510	265	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	415	220	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	106,780	54,260	52,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	20,710	9,520	11,185	19.4	17.5	21.3
Worked outside Canada	230	190	45	0.2	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	12,665	9,675	2,995	11.9	17.8	5.7
Usual place of work	73,165	34,880	38,285	68.5	64.3	72.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	73,165	34,880	38,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	33,310	15,250	18,055	45.5	43.7	47.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	26,000	12,280	13,720	35.5	35.2	35.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,675	6,630	6,050	17.3	19.0	15.8
Commute to a different province or territory	1,180	720	465	1.6	2.1	1.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	85,835	44,555	41,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	78,055	40,925	37,135	90.9	91.9	89.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	70,360	37,935	32,430	82.0	85.1	78.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,695	2,990	4,710	9.0	6.7	11.4
Public transit	1,480	635	845	1.7	1.4	2.0
Walked	4,035	1,765	2,275	4.7	4.0	5.5
Bicycle	370	295	70	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other method	1,895	930	960	2.2	2.1	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	85,835	44,555	41,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	37,910	18,215	19,695	44.2	40.9	47.7
15 to 29 minutes	31,940	16,495	15,445	37.2	37.0	37.4
30 to 44 minutes	10,855	6,430	4,420	12.6	14.4	10.7
45 to 59 minutes	2,580	1,525	1,055	3.0	3.4	2.6
60 minutes and over	2,545	1,880	670	3.0	4.2	1.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	85,835	44,555	41,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,280	2,970	1,305	5.0	6.7	3.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	13,595	8,275	5,320	15.8	18.6	12.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	28,680	14,455	14,220	33.4	32.4	34.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	18,140	7,965	10,170	21.1	17.9	24.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,450	3,525	4,925	9.8	7.9	11.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,690	7,355	5,335	14.8	16.5	12.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	40,680	20,840	19,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,990	10,240	9,745	49.1	49.1	49.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,690	10,600	10,090	50.9	50.9	50.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	30,290	15,565	14,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,965	7,660	7,300	49.4	49.2	49.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,310	6,295	6,020	40.6	40.4	40.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,650	1,370	1,280	8.7	8.8	8.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,330	7,905	7,425	50.6	50.8	50.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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