Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	West Vancouver--Sunshine Coast--Sea to Sky CountryMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	131,206	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	119,113	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.2	...	...	10.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	64,706	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	54,282	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	12,990.95	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	131,205	64,405	66,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,630	9,750	8,880	14.2	15.1	13.3
0 to 4 years	5,140	2,675	2,465	3.9	4.2	3.7
5 to 9 years	6,340	3,275	3,060	4.8	5.1	4.6
10 to 14 years	7,155	3,790	3,360	5.5	5.9	5.0
15 to 64 years	82,245	40,460	41,780	62.7	62.8	62.5
15 to 19 years	6,680	3,455	3,225	5.1	5.4	4.8
20 to 24 years	6,095	3,190	2,905	4.6	5.0	4.3
25 to 29 years	6,795	3,525	3,270	5.2	5.5	4.9
30 to 34 years	8,070	3,995	4,075	6.2	6.2	6.1
35 to 39 years	9,095	4,375	4,725	6.9	6.8	7.1
40 to 44 years	8,875	4,240	4,630	6.8	6.6	6.9
45 to 49 years	8,935	4,295	4,640	6.8	6.7	6.9
50 to 54 years	9,230	4,475	4,755	7.0	6.9	7.1
55 to 59 years	9,195	4,415	4,780	7.0	6.9	7.2
60 to 64 years	9,265	4,490	4,770	7.1	7.0	7.1
65 years and over	30,335	14,195	16,140	23.1	22.0	24.2
65 to 69 years	8,925	4,320	4,605	6.8	6.7	6.9
70 to 74 years	7,855	3,760	4,095	6.0	5.8	6.1
75 to 79 years	5,875	2,855	3,020	4.5	4.4	4.5
80 to 84 years	3,690	1,675	2,015	2.8	2.6	3.0
85 years and over	3,990	1,580	2,410	3.0	2.5	3.6
85 to 89 years	2,285	995	1,290	1.7	1.5	1.9
90 to 94 years	1,340	455	880	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	320	110	205	0.2	0.2	0.3
100 years and over	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	15.1	13.3	14.2	15.1	13.3
15 to 64 years	62.7	62.8	62.5	62.7	62.8	62.5
65 years and over	23.1	22.0	24.2	23.1	22.0	24.2
85 years and over	3.0	2.5	3.6	3.0	2.5	3.6
Average age of the population	44.8	43.8	45.8	44.8	43.8	45.8
Median age of the population	45.6	44.8	46.8	45.6	44.8	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	54,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	31,245	...	...	57.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,210	...	...	4.1	...	...
Row house	4,270	...	...	7.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,855	...	...	7.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,900	...	...	10.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,465	...	...	10.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,240	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	54,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	15,475	...	...	28.5	...	...
2 persons	19,780	...	...	36.4	...	...
3 persons	8,060	...	...	14.8	...	...
4 persons	7,275	...	...	13.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,690	...	...	6.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	128,930	63,305	65,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	112,580	54,655	57,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	67,540	33,605	33,935	60.0	61.5	58.6
Married	53,655	26,675	26,980	47.7	48.8	46.6
Living common-law	13,880	6,925	6,950	12.3	12.7	12.0
Living common law - Never married	10,515	5,250	5,265	9.3	9.6	9.1
Living common law - Separated	455	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	2,650	1,335	1,315	2.4	2.4	2.3
Living common law - Widowed	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	45,045	21,055	23,985	40.0	38.5	41.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,745	15,770	12,975	25.5	28.9	22.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,700	1,130	1,570	2.4	2.1	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,655	2,915	4,745	6.8	5.3	8.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,935	1,245	4,695	5.3	2.3	8.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	37,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	21,000	...	...	56.1	...	...
3 persons	7,600	...	...	20.3	...	...
4 persons	6,885	...	...	18.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,955	...	...	5.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	37,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	32,540	...	...	86.9	...	...
Married couples	25,605	...	...	68.4	...	...
With children⁶	12,600	...	...	33.6	...	...
Without children	13,000	...	...	34.7	...	...
Common-law couples	6,935	...	...	18.5	...	...
With children⁶	2,045	...	...	5.5	...	...
Without children	4,890	...	...	13.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,900	...	...	13.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,780	...	...	10.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,125	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	128,930	63,305	65,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	102,590	50,980	51,610	79.6	80.5	78.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	65,085	32,530	32,555	50.5	51.4	49.6
Parents in one-parent families	4,900	1,120	3,780	3.8	1.8	5.8
Children⁶	32,605	17,325	15,275	25.3	27.4	23.3
In a two-parent family	25,440	13,515	11,925	19.7	21.3	18.2
In a one-parent family	7,160	3,810	3,350	5.6	6.0	5.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	26,340	12,325	14,015	20.4	19.5	21.4
Living alone	15,480	6,640	8,840	12.0	10.5	13.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,500	1,005	1,490	1.9	1.6	2.3
Living with non-relatives only	8,365	4,680	3,685	6.5	7.4	5.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	54,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	32,020	...	...	59.0	...	...
Couple-family households	28,270	...	...	52.1	...	...
With children⁶	12,695	...	...	23.4	...	...
Without children	15,570	...	...	28.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,750	...	...	6.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,270	...	...	2.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	580	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,270	...	...	4.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,675	...	...	4.9	...	...
One-person households	15,480	...	...	28.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	110,350	53,580	56,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	107,205	52,020	55,185	97.1	97.1	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	50,000	38,800	43,600	50,000	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	107,300	52,075	55,225	97.2	97.2	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,400	35,600	39,200	44,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,065	48,405	50,660	89.8	90.3	89.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	45,200	30,600	37,200	45,200	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,890	37,560	36,325	67.0	70.1	64.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	42,400	28,800	34,800	42,400	28,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,485	39,175	46,305	77.5	73.1	81.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	10,200	11,000	10,700	10,200	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,060	3,660	4,405	7.3	6.8	7.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,400	5,280	5,440	5,400	5,280	5,440
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,370	14,350	16,020	27.5	26.8	28.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	110,255	53,455	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,095	51,905	55,190	97.1	97.1	97.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	73,700	92,300	56,150	73,700	92,300	56,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,205	51,970	55,240	97.2	97.2	97.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,950	67,300	45,320	55,950	67,300	45,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,045	48,320	50,730	89.8	90.4	89.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,000	90,400	50,600	70,000	90,400	50,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,850	37,565	36,285	67.0	70.3	63.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,550	80,300	44,160	62,550	80,300	44,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,280	39,020	46,265	77.3	73.0	81.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,210	10,840	11,530	11,210	10,840	11,530
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,865	3,555	4,310	7.1	6.7	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,310	6,125	6,460	6,310	6,125	6,460
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,895	14,155	15,740	27.1	26.5	27.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,230	8,950	9,480	9,230	8,950	9,480
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	110,255	53,455	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,570	17,095	12,475	26.8	32.0	22.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	75,500	60,800	68,500	75,500	60,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	105,700	127,600	75,700	105,700	127,600	75,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	33,425	15,470	17,960	30.3	28.9	31.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	22,000	18,000	19,600	22,000	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,200	41,400	29,880	35,200	41,400	29,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.8	91.2	82.8	87.8	91.2	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.5	63.0	51.7	58.5	63.0	51.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.1	8.8	17.2	12.1	8.8	17.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.2	3.1	5.9	4.2	3.1	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	2.7	4.8	3.5	2.7	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	110,345	53,580	56,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,145	1,560	1,585	2.9	2.9	2.8
With total income	107,205	52,025	55,180	97.2	97.1	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,395	4,625	5,770	9.7	8.9	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	11,005	4,690	6,315	10.3	9.0	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	15,155	6,340	8,820	14.1	12.2	16.0
$30,000 to $39,999	12,855	5,460	7,395	12.0	10.5	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,025	4,920	6,105	10.3	9.5	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	9,145	4,295	4,845	8.5	8.3	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,965	3,490	3,480	6.5	6.7	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	5,560	2,945	2,620	5.2	5.7	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,410	2,385	2,030	4.1	4.6	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,570	1,985	1,580	3.3	3.8	2.9
$100,000 and over	17,115	10,885	6,230	16.0	20.9	11.3
$100,000 to $149,999	8,870	5,280	3,585	8.3	10.1	6.5
$150,000 and over	8,245	5,600	2,640	7.7	10.8	4.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	110,345	53,580	56,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,050	1,505	1,545	2.8	2.8	2.7
With after-tax income	107,300	52,075	55,225	97.2	97.2	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,330	5,020	6,310	10.6	9.6	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,460	4,890	6,575	10.7	9.4	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	17,140	7,190	9,950	16.0	13.8	18.0
$30,000 to $39,999	14,745	6,465	8,285	13.7	12.4	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	12,530	5,755	6,775	11.7	11.1	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	9,360	4,615	4,740	8.7	8.9	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	7,145	3,760	3,385	6.7	7.2	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	5,370	2,945	2,430	5.0	5.7	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,905	2,195	1,710	3.6	4.2	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,875	1,720	1,155	2.7	3.3	2.1
$100,000 and over	11,435	7,530	3,905	10.7	14.5	7.1
$100,000 to $124,999	4,310	2,680	1,635	4.0	5.1	3.0
$125,000 and over	7,130	4,855	2,270	6.6	9.3	4.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	110,345	53,580	56,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	36,460	16,020	20,440	33.0	29.9	36.0
With employment income	73,885	37,560	36,330	67.0	70.1	64.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,795	5,360	6,440	16.0	14.3	17.7
$5,000 to $9,999	6,305	2,790	3,515	8.5	7.4	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	8,695	3,865	4,825	11.8	10.3	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	6,825	3,015	3,810	9.2	8.0	10.5
$30,000 to $39,999	6,525	3,030	3,495	8.8	8.1	9.6
$40,000 to $49,999	5,615	2,650	2,965	7.6	7.1	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,865	2,440	2,425	6.6	6.5	6.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,130	2,170	1,965	5.6	5.8	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,305	1,890	1,410	4.5	5.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,760	1,540	1,220	3.7	4.1	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,425	1,410	1,010	3.3	3.8	2.8
$100,000 and over	10,640	7,400	3,235	14.4	19.7	8.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,675	2,305	1,365	5.0	6.1	3.8
$125,000 and over	6,970	5,100	1,870	9.4	13.6	5.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	110,350	53,580	56,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	104,175	50,430	53,745	94.4	94.1	94.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,600	36,400	42,000	49,600	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	104,420	50,490	53,930	94.6	94.2	95.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,685	47,580	50,105	88.5	88.8	88.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	47,200	32,800	39,200	47,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,945	38,305	37,640	68.8	71.5	66.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,800	29,200	35,200	42,800	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,225	29,535	38,690	61.8	55.1	68.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,280	5,520	6,550	6,280	5,520	6,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,025	2,255	2,770	4.6	4.2	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,240	6,240	5,680	5,240	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	110,255	53,455	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,130	50,355	53,775	94.4	94.2	94.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	75,400	96,500	55,650	75,400	96,500	55,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,365	50,390	53,975	94.7	94.3	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,200	72,700	44,720	58,200	72,700	44,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,505	47,430	50,075	88.4	88.7	88.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	74,700	97,200	53,300	74,700	97,200	53,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,785	38,255	37,530	68.7	71.6	66.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,550	77,900	44,880	61,550	77,900	44,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,830	29,340	38,495	61.5	54.9	67.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,400	8,420	8,390	8,400	8,420	8,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,755	2,120	2,635	4.3	4.0	4.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,310	6,265	8,160	7,310	6,265	8,160
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	110,255	53,455	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,085	16,805	12,275	26.4	31.4	21.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	73,000	56,000	64,000	73,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	100,400	120,700	72,600	100,400	120,700	72,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,685	14,585	17,095	28.7	27.3	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,800	28,800	24,200	25,800	28,800	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	42,720	49,160	37,240	42,720	49,160	37,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.8	95.0	89.2	92.8	95.0	89.2
Employment income (%)	59.4	61.4	56.3	59.4	61.4	56.3
Government transfers (%)	7.3	5.1	10.8	7.3	5.1	10.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.3	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	54,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,480	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	38,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	54,265	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	145,400	...	...	145,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	110,500	...	...	110,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,800	...	...	54,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	38,795	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	176,000	...	...	176,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,800	...	...	132,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	54,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	875	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	385	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	550	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,035	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,930	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,685	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,510	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,680	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,770	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,750	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,555	...	...	6.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,345	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,100	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,015	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,800	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,275	...	...	46.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,845	...	...	10.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,530	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,015	...	...	11.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,885	...	...	16.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	54,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,165	...	...	2.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	410	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	585	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,090	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,075	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,880	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,725	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,975	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,080	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,115	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,975	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,840	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,630	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,395	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,055	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,280	...	...	39.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,165	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,470	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,645	...	...	19.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	36,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	16,715	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,665	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...	145,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	23,840	11,315	12,525	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	42,800	40,400	41,600	42,800	40,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	38,400	36,800	37,600	38,400	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	36,860	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	175,000	...	...	175,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	170,200	...	...	170,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...	130,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,695	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	205,600	...	...	205,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,400	...	...	148,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	100,400	...	...	100,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,400	...	...	79,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	23,810	11,205	12,605	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,550	61,750	59,500	60,550	61,750	59,500
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,080	49,520	48,680	49,080	49,520	48,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	128,930	63,300	65,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,730	11,840	10,890	17.6	18.7	16.6
0 to 5 years	6,260	3,245	3,015	4.9	5.1	4.6
18 to 64 years	77,125	37,700	39,425	59.8	59.6	60.1
65 years and over	29,070	13,755	15,315	22.5	21.7	23.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,960	6,930	8,025	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,195	1,635	1,555	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	805	415	390	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,310	3,895	4,415	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,450	1,400	2,055	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.6	11.0	12.2	11.6	11.0	12.2
0 to 17 years (%)	14.0	13.8	14.3	14.0	13.8	14.3
0 to 5 years (%)	12.8	12.8	12.9	12.8	12.8	12.9
18 to 64 years (%)	10.8	10.3	11.2	10.8	10.3	11.2
65 years and over (%)	11.9	10.2	13.4	11.9	10.2	13.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	123,285	60,475	62,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,710	11,320	10,395	17.6	18.7	16.5
0 to 5 years	5,970	3,090	2,885	4.8	5.1	4.6
18 to 64 years	73,495	35,835	37,660	59.6	59.3	60.0
65 years and over	28,080	13,320	14,755	22.8	22.0	23.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,630	3,690	3,940	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,700	885	815	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	380	190	190	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,945	2,390	2,555	...	...	...
65 years and over	985	410	570	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.1	6.3	6.2	6.1	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.8	7.8	7.8	7.8	7.8	7.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.2	6.7	6.4	6.2	6.7
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	6.7	6.8	6.7	6.7	6.8
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.1	3.9	3.5	3.1	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	128,930	63,300	65,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	57,020	27,300	29,725	44.2	43.1	45.3
In bottom decile	14,960	7,200	7,750	11.6	11.4	11.8
In second decile	10,805	4,935	5,875	8.4	7.8	9.0
In third decile	10,295	4,950	5,345	8.0	7.8	8.1
In fourth decile	10,415	5,060	5,360	8.1	8.0	8.2
In fifth decile	10,550	5,150	5,400	8.2	8.1	8.2
In top half of the distribution	71,905	36,000	35,905	55.8	56.9	54.7
In sixth decile	11,110	5,475	5,635	8.6	8.6	8.6
In seventh decile	11,065	5,470	5,600	8.6	8.6	8.5
In eighth decile	11,970	5,995	5,975	9.3	9.5	9.1
In ninth decile	14,025	7,030	6,995	10.9	11.1	10.7
In top decile	23,730	12,030	11,705	18.4	19.0	17.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	128,930	...	...	128,930	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.464	...	...	0.464	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.548	...	...	0.548	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.403	...	...	0.403	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	130,245	64,065	66,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	113,750	56,655	57,090	87.3	88.4	86.3
French only	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	14,305	6,435	7,865	11.0	10.0	11.9
Neither English nor French	2,145	950	1,200	1.6	1.5	1.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	130,245	64,065	66,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	124,600	61,435	63,165	95.7	95.9	95.4
French	2,790	1,385	1,405	2.1	2.2	2.1
English and French	765	325	440	0.6	0.5	0.7
Neither English nor French	2,095	920	1,175	1.6	1.4	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	130,245	64,065	66,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	126,660	62,370	64,290	97.2	97.4	97.1
Official languages	98,935	49,790	49,140	76.0	77.7	74.2
English	96,140	48,395	47,745	73.8	75.5	72.1
French	2,790	1,395	1,390	2.1	2.2	2.1
Non-official languages	27,730	12,580	15,145	21.3	19.6	22.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,670	12,560	15,115	21.2	19.6	22.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	380	215	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	385	215	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	325	185	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	210	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,315	455	860	1.0	0.7	1.3
Bikol	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,050	365	690	0.8	0.6	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,580	7,380	8,205	12.0	11.5	12.4
Albanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,430	1,085	1,350	1.9	1.7	2.0
Baltic languages	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,370	1,060	1,305	1.8	1.7	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	440	215	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	535	245	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	675	275	400	0.5	0.4	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,070	1,425	1,645	2.4	2.2	2.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,935	890	1,045	1.5	1.4	1.6
German	1,815	830	985	1.4	1.3	1.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	675	330	345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	530	250	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	455	205	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Danish	205	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,465	3,615	3,850	5.7	5.6	5.8
Indo-Aryan languages	1,865	930	930	1.4	1.5	1.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	180	105	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,385	685	700	1.1	1.1	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,605	2,680	2,915	4.3	4.2	4.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	5,555	2,655	2,895	4.3	4.1	4.4
Dari	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	5,045	2,420	2,625	3.9	3.8	4.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	470	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,410	1,145	1,260	1.9	1.8	1.9
Catalan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	450	235	215	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	345	155	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,440	680	760	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	865	275	590	0.7	0.4	0.9
Korean	975	415	560	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,555	3,345	4,215	5.8	5.2	6.4
Chinese languages	7,550	3,340	4,205	5.8	5.2	6.4
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,075	2,695	3,380	4.7	4.2	5.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,220	535	690	0.9	0.8	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	325	140	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,585	1,695	1,890	2.8	2.6	2.9
English and French	695	355	340	0.5	0.6	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,460	1,150	1,305	1.9	1.8	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	275	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	130,245	64,065	66,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	100,685	50,320	50,365	77.3	78.5	76.1
French	655	315	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	8,750	4,015	4,730	6.7	6.3	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,750	4,015	4,730	6.7	6.3	7.1
English and French	2,175	1,065	1,115	1.7	1.7	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	16,775	7,815	8,960	12.9	12.2	13.5
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	785	340	445	0.6	0.5	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	410	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	130,245	64,065	66,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	126,770	62,435	64,330	97.3	97.5	97.2
Official languages	111,290	55,225	56,065	85.4	86.2	84.7
English	110,250	54,705	55,545	84.6	85.4	83.9
French	1,040	520	515	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-official languages	15,485	7,215	8,270	11.9	11.3	12.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,470	7,205	8,265	11.9	11.2	12.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	635	285	350	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	545	245	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,675	3,660	4,015	5.9	5.7	6.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	865	425	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	865	425	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	385	185	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	430	195	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	235	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	215	90	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	65	35	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Danish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	5,320	2,540	2,775	4.1	4.0	4.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,260	615	645	1.0	1.0	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,055	515	535	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,055	1,925	2,130	3.1	3.0	3.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	4,030	1,910	2,120	3.1	3.0	3.2
Dari	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,680	1,750	1,925	2.8	2.7	2.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	325	150	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,005	470	535	0.8	0.7	0.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	720	340	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	435	190	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	670	315	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,550	2,495	3,055	4.3	3.9	4.6
Chinese languages	5,545	2,495	3,050	4.3	3.9	4.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,830	2,165	2,665	3.7	3.4	4.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	610	275	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,475	1,630	1,845	2.7	2.5	2.8
English and French	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	3,000	1,410	1,595	2.3	2.2	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	130,245	64,065	66,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	113,100	56,065	57,035	86.8	87.5	86.2
English	6,135	2,940	3,195	4.7	4.6	4.8
French	1,585	765	820	1.2	1.2	1.2
Non-official language	7,650	3,490	4,160	5.9	5.4	6.3
Indigenous³⁹	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	7,535	3,455	4,085	5.8	5.4	6.2
English and French	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	510	250	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	475	200	275	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	680	305	370	0.5	0.5	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	128,845	63,145	65,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	126,775	62,195	64,580	98.4	98.5	98.3
English	126,755	62,185	64,570	98.4	98.5	98.3
French	14,420	6,535	7,890	11.2	10.3	12.0
Non-official languages	37,625	17,225	20,405	29.2	27.3	31.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	660	300	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	595	275	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Halkomelem	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	330	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	180	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Straits	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,990	16,935	20,060	28.7	26.8	30.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	900	465	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	895	465	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	710	390	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	305	135	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	290	130	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,880	635	1,240	1.5	1.0	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	115	25	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,675	560	1,115	1.3	0.9	1.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,635	10,690	11,945	17.6	16.9	18.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,145	1,345	1,800	2.4	2.1	2.7
Baltic languages	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,075	1,325	1,755	2.4	2.1	2.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	570	270	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	690	285	400	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	1,125	475	645	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	440	195	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbian	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	320	140	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,065	2,325	2,740	3.9	3.7	4.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,355	1,605	1,750	2.6	2.5	2.7
German	3,275	1,545	1,730	2.5	2.4	2.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	175	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,250	600	650	1.0	1.0	1.0
Afrikaans	440	210	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Dutch	785	380	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	685	250	425	0.5	0.4	0.6
Danish	240	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	175	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Swedish	320	105	215	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	8,985	4,480	4,505	7.0	7.1	6.9
Indo-Aryan languages	2,550	1,295	1,255	2.0	2.1	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	310	145	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hindi	910	475	435	0.7	0.8	0.7
Kacchi	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,710	830	875	1.3	1.3	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,440	3,185	3,250	5.0	5.0	4.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	6,405	3,175	3,235	5.0	5.0	4.9
Dari	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	5,905	2,910	2,990	4.6	4.6	4.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	500	265	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,260	2,890	3,370	4.9	4.6	5.1
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,040	525	515	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portuguese	570	255	310	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,910	2,215	2,700	3.8	3.5	4.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,425	610	815	1.1	1.0	1.2
Korean	1,085	505	580	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,795	3,950	4,845	6.8	6.3	7.4
Chinese languages	8,785	3,945	4,835	6.8	6.2	7.4
Hakka	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,760	3,510	4,250	6.0	5.6	6.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,685	710	965	1.3	1.1	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	30	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	475	245	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	375	185	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	395	195	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	128,845	63,145	65,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,150	3,455	3,690	5.5	5.5	5.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,925	3,355	3,570	5.4	5.3	5.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,320	2,655	2,665	4.1	4.2	4.1
Métis	1,595	695	905	1.2	1.1	1.4
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	121,700	59,685	62,010	94.5	94.5	94.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	128,845	63,145	65,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,465	2,215	2,250	3.5	3.5	3.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	124,375	60,930	63,450	96.5	96.5	96.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	38,210	...	...	70.4	...	...
Renter	15,360	...	...	28.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	690	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,720	...	...	19.8	...	...
Not condominium	43,545	...	...	80.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	760	...	...	1.4	...	...
1 bedroom	7,920	...	...	14.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,260	...	...	24.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,560	...	...	30.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,770	...	...	29.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,155	...	...	31.6	...	...
5 rooms	8,445	...	...	15.6	...	...
6 rooms	7,075	...	...	13.0	...	...
7 rooms	6,160	...	...	11.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,435	...	...	28.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	53,055	...	...	97.8	...	...
More than one person per room	1,215	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	51,575	...	...	95.0	...	...
Not suitable	2,690	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	6,120	...	...	11.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,485	...	...	28.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,245	...	...	15.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	9,050	...	...	16.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,380	...	...	6.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,410	...	...	8.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,055	...	...	5.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,525	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	51,105	...	...	94.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,160	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	26,785	...	...	49.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,325	...	...	44.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,155	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	805	...	...	1.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,245	...	...	9.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,900	...	...	16.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,945	...	...	18.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,535	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	10,290	...	...	19.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,090	...	...	11.2	...	...
85 years and over	2,465	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,005	...	...	69.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	15,680	...	...	30.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,645	...	...	24.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	54,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,595	...	...	36.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	13,970	...	...	25.7	...	...
Not suitable only	1,845	...	...	3.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,925	...	...	3.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	625	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,015	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,665	...	...	63.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,990	...	...	12.3	...	...
Not in core need	42,665	...	...	87.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,540	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.3	...	...	53.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.6	...	...	24.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,550	...	...	1,550	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,242	...	...	2,242	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,778,000	...	...	1,778,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,340	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.3	...	...	10.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	45.4	...	...	45.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.3	...	...	24.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,110	...	...	2,110	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	690	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200	...	...	200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	330	...	...	330	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	128,845	63,140	65,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,280	1,630	1,645	2.5	2.6	2.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,255	1,625	1,635	2.5	2.6	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,060	1,555	1,505	2.4	2.5	2.3
Métis single ancestry	185	60	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,505	2,140	2,360	3.5	3.4	3.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,370	2,095	2,275	3.4	3.3	3.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,135	1,510	1,625	2.4	2.4	2.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,235	585	645	1.0	0.9	1.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	121,065	59,370	61,700	94.0	94.0	93.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	128,845	63,140	65,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	113,935	55,805	58,135	88.4	88.4	88.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,860	10,780	10,080	16.2	17.1	15.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	93,080	45,025	48,055	72.2	71.3	73.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,905	7,340	7,565	11.6	11.6	11.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	128,845	63,140	65,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	87,030	43,520	43,505	67.5	68.9	66.2
Immigrants⁸¹	37,545	17,370	20,175	29.1	27.5	30.7
Before 1980	9,175	4,245	4,930	7.1	6.7	7.5
1980 to 1990	3,395	1,565	1,835	2.6	2.5	2.8
1991 to 2000	5,495	2,460	3,035	4.3	3.9	4.6
2001 to 2010	8,395	3,805	4,595	6.5	6.0	7.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,075	5,295	5,780	8.6	8.4	8.8
2011 to 2015	5,890	2,790	3,100	4.6	4.4	4.7
2016 to 2021	5,190	2,505	2,685	4.0	4.0	4.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,275	2,245	2,025	3.3	3.6	3.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	37,540	17,370	20,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,275	1,560	1,715	8.7	9.0	8.5
5 to 14 years	5,700	2,920	2,775	15.2	16.8	13.8
15 to 24 years	5,980	2,625	3,350	15.9	15.1	16.6
25 to 44 years	18,440	8,205	10,235	49.1	47.2	50.7
45 years and over	4,150	2,055	2,090	11.1	11.8	10.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	37,540	17,370	20,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,870	1,745	2,120	10.3	10.0	10.5
Brazil	155	60	100	0.4	0.3	0.5
Colombia	85	45	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
El Salvador	20	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Guyana	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	80	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	390	130	260	1.0	0.7	1.3
Peru	80	30	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	2,515	1,150	1,360	6.7	6.6	6.7
Other places of birth in Americas	465	245	225	1.2	1.4	1.1
Europe	12,900	6,175	6,730	34.4	35.5	33.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	30	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatia	100	55	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
France	350	190	160	0.9	1.1	0.8
Germany	1,155	475	680	3.1	2.7	3.4
Greece	70	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	165	85	80	0.4	0.5	0.4
Italy	320	215	110	0.9	1.2	0.5
Netherlands	515	260	250	1.4	1.5	1.2
Poland	500	210	285	1.3	1.2	1.4
Portugal	80	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	135	60	75	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian Federation	395	140	250	1.1	0.8	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	105	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	185	90	90	0.5	0.5	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,415	3,160	3,250	17.1	18.2	16.1
Other places of birth in Europe	2,335	1,090	1,245	6.2	6.3	6.2
Africa	1,655	805	855	4.4	4.6	4.2
Algeria	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	105	50	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Morocco	45	10	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	770	350	425	2.1	2.0	2.1
Other places of birth in Africa	630	345	285	1.7	2.0	1.4
Asia	17,470	7,745	9,720	46.5	44.6	48.2
Afghanistan	25	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	5,090	2,505	2,590	13.6	14.4	12.8
Iraq	55	30	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	65	45	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Turkey	80	30	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
China⁹⁰	5,595	2,465	3,135	14.9	14.2	15.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	640	265	375	1.7	1.5	1.9
Korea, South⁹²	720	320	405	1.9	1.8	2.0
Taiwan	405	180	220	1.1	1.0	1.1
Philippines	1,600	580	1,020	4.3	3.3	5.1
Viet Nam	230	95	135	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bangladesh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,380	690	685	3.7	4.0	3.4
Pakistan	70	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sri Lanka	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,450	475	975	3.9	2.7	4.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,650	895	755	4.4	5.2	3.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,185	2,505	2,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	725	340	390	14.0	13.6	14.5
Brazil	55	25	30	1.1	1.0	1.1
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	55	15	35	1.1	0.6	1.3
United States of America	490	230	260	9.5	9.2	9.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	110	55	50	2.1	2.2	1.9
Europe	1,580	820	755	30.5	32.7	28.1
France	70	45	30	1.4	1.8	1.1
Germany	85	45	40	1.6	1.8	1.5
Ireland⁹⁶	50	25	30	1.0	1.0	1.1
Italy	25	10	20	0.5	0.4	0.7
Russian Federation	80	30	50	1.5	1.2	1.9
Ukraine	40	10	35	0.8	0.4	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	930	540	390	17.9	21.6	14.5
Other places of birth in Europe	295	125	175	5.7	5.0	6.5
Africa	150	95	50	2.9	3.8	1.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	70	30	40	1.4	1.2	1.5
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	45	0	1.0	1.8	0.0
Asia	2,180	920	1,260	42.0	36.7	46.9
Afghanistan	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	825	360	465	15.9	14.4	17.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	65	20	50	1.3	0.8	1.9
India	275	140	135	5.3	5.6	5.0
Iran⁸⁸	370	185	190	7.1	7.4	7.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	100	15	90	1.9	0.6	3.4
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	65	30	40	1.3	1.2	1.5
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	230	85	145	4.4	3.4	5.4
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	20	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Turkey	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	40	15	20	0.8	0.6	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	110	30	85	2.1	1.2	3.2
Oceania and other⁹³	550	325	230	10.6	13.0	8.6
Australia	485	285	195	9.4	11.4	7.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	70	40	35	1.4	1.6	1.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	128,845	63,145	65,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,570	21,010	23,560	34.6	33.3	35.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,710	13,230	13,480	20.7	21.0	20.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	57,565	28,900	28,670	44.7	45.8	43.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,365	13,120	15,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,190	9,730	10,465	71.2	74.2	68.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,810	5,390	3,420	31.1	41.1	22.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,385	4,335	7,045	40.1	33.0	46.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,645	2,650	3,990	23.4	20.2	26.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,210	595	615	4.3	4.5	4.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	325	155	175	1.1	1.2	1.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,365	13,120	15,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	425	200	220	1.5	1.5	1.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,955	2,805	3,150	21.0	21.4	20.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	960	445	515	3.4	3.4	3.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,415	595	815	5.0	4.5	5.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	175	55	120	0.6	0.4	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	19,435	9,020	10,420	68.5	68.8	68.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	128,845	63,145	65,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	28,815	13,195	15,620	22.4	20.9	23.8
South Asian	3,665	1,820	1,845	2.8	2.9	2.8
Chinese	10,035	4,510	5,525	7.8	7.1	8.4
Black	760	405	360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Filipino	2,215	820	1,395	1.7	1.3	2.1
Arab	505	265	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin American	1,175	515	660	0.9	0.8	1.0
Southeast Asian	840	360	480	0.7	0.6	0.7
West Asian	5,905	2,920	2,980	4.6	4.6	4.5
Korean	1,125	525	595	0.9	0.8	0.9
Japanese	1,450	550	895	1.1	0.9	1.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	340	145	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	805	365	445	0.6	0.6	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	100,030	49,950	50,085	77.6	79.1	76.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	128,845	63,140	65,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,495	6,540	5,955	9.7	10.4	9.1
English	33,305	16,490	16,805	25.8	26.1	25.6
Irish	20,395	9,715	10,680	15.8	15.4	16.3
Scottish	24,810	12,120	12,690	19.3	19.2	19.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,005	4,300	4,705	7.0	6.8	7.2
German	13,295	6,245	7,050	10.3	9.9	10.7
Chinese	9,415	4,180	5,235	7.3	6.6	8.0
Italian	4,400	2,175	2,230	3.4	3.4	3.4
Indian (India)	2,470	1,235	1,235	1.9	2.0	1.9
Ukrainian	4,555	2,195	2,365	3.5	3.5	3.6
Dutch	4,610	2,260	2,345	3.6	3.6	3.6
Polish	4,135	1,880	2,255	3.2	3.0	3.4
Québécois	200	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,100	4,060	4,045	6.3	6.4	6.2
Filipino	2,170	800	1,370	1.7	1.3	2.1
French Canadian	1,135	560	580	0.9	0.9	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,810	1,475	1,335	2.2	2.3	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,105	1,595	1,515	2.4	2.5	2.3
Métis	1,570	705	870	1.2	1.1	1.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,520	1,765	1,755	2.7	2.8	2.7
Russian	2,850	1,360	1,490	2.2	2.2	2.3
Norwegian	3,615	1,580	2,035	2.8	2.5	3.1
Welsh	3,540	1,590	1,955	2.7	2.5	3.0
Portuguese	800	380	425	0.6	0.6	0.6
American	2,140	960	1,185	1.7	1.5	1.8
Spanish	1,525	690	835	1.2	1.1	1.3
Swedish	3,080	1,290	1,790	2.4	2.0	2.7
Hungarian	1,400	695	705	1.1	1.1	1.1
Acadian	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	285	155	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	1,400	690	705	1.1	1.1	1.1
Punjabi	575	285	290	0.4	0.5	0.4
Vietnamese	380	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	285	165	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	745	440	305	0.6	0.7	0.5
Jamaican	240	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	955	415	540	0.7	0.7	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	425	155	270	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	1,155	545	610	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	505	190	320	0.4	0.3	0.5
Lebanese	275	120	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	5,100	2,495	2,610	4.0	4.0	4.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	1,650	855	795	1.3	1.4	1.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	515	230	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	375	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	1,455	645	805	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belgian	545	275	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	155	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexican	810	375	435	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mennonite	385	220	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	1,175	590	590	0.9	0.9	0.9
Finnish	1,195	565	630	0.9	0.9	1.0
Sri Lankan	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	585	245	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
Japanese	1,550	610	940	1.2	1.0	1.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	260	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,055	470	580	0.8	0.7	0.9
Muslim	200	120	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	285	125	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	675	290	385	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,085	500	580	0.8	0.8	0.9
Syrian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afghan	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	290	115	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ojibway	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	160	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	1,845	970	875	1.4	1.5	1.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	235	90	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	520	220	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	395	160	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	380	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	290	150	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	630	290	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Australian	1,675	925	750	1.3	1.5	1.1
Palestinian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Peruvian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	60	45	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovenian	180	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	280	145	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	60	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	245	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	195	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	165	95	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	570	290	280	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ecuadorian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jatt	80	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	100	30	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	70	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	505	260	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Goan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	128,845	63,140	65,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,325	545	785	1.0	0.9	1.2
Christian	37,550	16,700	20,850	29.1	26.4	31.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,650	3,550	4,105	5.9	5.6	6.2
Anabaptist	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	5,645	2,260	3,380	4.4	3.6	5.1
Baptist	980	405	580	0.8	0.6	0.9
Catholic	12,365	5,815	6,550	9.6	9.2	10.0
Christian Orthodox	950	420	530	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	485	210	280	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	1,290	595	690	1.0	0.9	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	460	215	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	845	395	455	0.7	0.6	0.7
Reformed	70	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	4,340	1,665	2,675	3.4	2.6	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,045	945	1,100	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hindu	535	270	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	1,150	585	565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	4,665	2,225	2,440	3.6	3.5	3.7
Sikh	1,600	760	835	1.2	1.2	1.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	580	275	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,745	665	1,075	1.4	1.1	1.6
No religion and secular perspectives	79,690	41,120	38,570	61.8	65.1	58.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	128,005	62,705	65,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	108,350	53,110	55,235	84.6	84.7	84.6
Movers	19,655	9,595	10,060	15.4	15.3	15.4
Non-migrants	9,335	4,640	4,695	7.3	7.4	7.2
Migrants	10,320	4,950	5,370	8.1	7.9	8.2
Internal migrants	8,495	4,045	4,450	6.6	6.5	6.8
Intraprovincial migrants	6,670	3,180	3,490	5.2	5.1	5.3
Interprovincial migrants	1,825	865	960	1.4	1.4	1.5
External migrants	1,830	910	915	1.4	1.5	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	123,775	60,580	63,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	68,470	33,415	35,055	55.3	55.2	55.5
Movers	55,305	27,170	28,140	44.7	44.8	44.5
Non-migrants	16,675	8,225	8,450	13.5	13.6	13.4
Migrants	38,635	18,945	19,690	31.2	31.3	31.2
Internal migrants	30,210	14,800	15,410	24.4	24.4	24.4
Intraprovincial migrants	24,400	11,940	12,460	19.7	19.7	19.7
Interprovincial migrants	5,815	2,865	2,955	4.7	4.7	4.7
External migrants	8,420	4,140	4,280	6.8	6.8	6.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,255	53,455	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,400	6,170	5,235	10.3	11.5	9.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	98,855	47,285	51,565	89.7	88.5	90.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,545	33,170	35,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,850	2,315	1,535	5.6	7.0	4.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	64,695	30,850	33,840	94.4	93.0	95.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,255	53,455	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,785	5,055	4,735	8.9	9.5	8.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,135	14,545	14,590	26.4	27.2	25.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	71,335	33,855	37,480	64.7	63.3	66.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,225	14,735	15,490	27.4	27.6	27.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,050	6,000	2,055	7.3	11.2	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,455	2,060	1,395	3.1	3.9	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,595	3,945	660	4.2	7.4	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,430	7,050	10,380	15.8	13.2	18.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,745	1,685	3,055	4.3	3.2	5.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	41,110	19,120	21,985	37.3	35.8	38.7
Bachelor's degree	24,885	11,330	13,550	22.6	21.2	23.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,095	1,280	1,810	2.8	2.4	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,385	760	625	1.3	1.4	1.1
Master's degree	9,985	4,670	5,315	9.1	8.7	9.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,770	1,080	685	1.6	2.0	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,540	33,165	35,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,055	1,785	1,270	4.5	5.4	3.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,575	8,260	7,320	22.7	24.9	20.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,910	23,120	26,790	72.8	69.7	75.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,420	10,105	10,320	29.8	30.5	29.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,315	4,000	1,320	7.8	12.1	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,275	1,370	905	3.3	4.1	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,040	2,630	410	4.4	7.9	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,750	4,900	6,855	17.1	14.8	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,355	1,210	2,140	4.9	3.6	6.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,490	13,015	16,470	43.0	39.2	46.6
Bachelor's degree	18,210	7,990	10,215	26.6	24.1	28.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,005	770	1,235	2.9	2.3	3.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	915	420	495	1.3	1.3	1.4
Master's degree	7,265	3,220	4,045	10.6	9.7	11.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,090	610	475	1.6	1.8	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,255	53,460	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,920	19,595	19,320	35.3	36.7	34.0
Education	4,705	835	3,865	4.3	1.6	6.8
13. Education	4,705	835	3,865	4.3	1.6	6.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,720	1,295	2,420	3.4	2.4	4.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	250	180	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,465	1,120	2,350	3.1	2.1	4.1
Humanities	4,380	1,600	2,785	4.0	3.0	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	560	105	455	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	1,265	350	920	1.1	0.7	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,245	485	760	1.1	0.9	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	185	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	100	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	565	305	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	25	135	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,710	3,635	6,075	8.8	6.8	10.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	175	40	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,130	315	815	1.0	0.6	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	885	80	810	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,895	900	995	1.7	1.7	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,725	365	1,360	1.6	0.7	2.4
45. Social sciences	3,720	1,875	1,840	3.4	3.5	3.2
Business, management and public administration	15,560	7,020	8,540	14.1	13.1	15.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	655	155	495	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,900	6,860	8,045	13.5	12.8	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,735	1,970	1,765	3.4	3.7	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,550	630	925	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	705	305	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,315	965	355	1.2	1.8	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,340	1,440	895	2.1	2.7	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,665	1,155	515	1.5	2.2	0.9
25. Library science	190	30	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	400	215	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,490	10,870	1,620	11.3	20.3	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,090	655	435	1.0	1.2	0.8
14. Engineering	4,090	3,305	790	3.7	6.2	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,935	1,685	250	1.8	3.2	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,865	2,810	60	2.6	5.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,640	1,620	25	1.5	3.0	0.0
48. Precision production	860	790	70	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,945	1,080	865	1.8	2.0	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	880	425	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,070	655	415	1.0	1.2	0.7
Health and related fields	9,590	2,400	7,185	8.7	4.5	12.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,385	680	710	1.3	1.3	1.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,685	1,415	6,270	7.0	2.6	11.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	500	295	200	0.5	0.6	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,165	1,700	1,455	2.9	3.2	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,110	810	1,300	1.9	1.5	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	340	265	70	0.3	0.5	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	690	595	85	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	68,545	33,170	35,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,635	10,045	8,590	27.2	30.3	24.3
Education	2,505	420	2,085	3.7	1.3	5.9
13. Education	2,505	420	2,085	3.7	1.3	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,780	965	1,815	4.1	2.9	5.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	130	50	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,605	840	1,765	3.8	2.5	5.0
Humanities	2,990	1,060	1,930	4.4	3.2	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	400	65	335	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	840	230	610	1.2	0.7	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	930	350	580	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	120	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	340	185	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,060	2,515	4,545	10.3	7.6	12.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	140	30	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	950	260	690	1.4	0.8	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	625	65	565	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,255	485	770	1.8	1.5	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	40	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,175	220	960	1.7	0.7	2.7
45. Social sciences	2,780	1,415	1,365	4.1	4.3	3.9
Business, management and public administration	11,420	4,985	6,435	16.7	15.0	18.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	380	75	305	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,045	4,910	6,130	16.1	14.8	17.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,575	1,240	1,340	3.8	3.7	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,175	465	715	1.7	1.4	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	445	180	260	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	830	535	295	1.2	1.6	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,815	1,180	635	2.6	3.6	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,415	1,005	410	2.1	3.0	1.2
25. Library science	90	10	85	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	250	135	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,415	7,065	1,350	12.3	21.3	3.8
04. Architecture and related services	730	405	330	1.1	1.2	0.9
14. Engineering	2,845	2,135	710	4.2	6.4	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,215	1,025	190	1.8	3.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,015	1,965	45	2.9	5.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,050	1,030	20	1.5	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	560	500	60	0.8	1.5	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,465	745	720	2.1	2.2	2.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	665	300	365	1.0	0.9	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	800	445	355	1.2	1.3	1.0
Health and related fields	6,560	1,695	4,860	9.6	5.1	13.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,110	570	540	1.6	1.7	1.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,145	965	4,175	7.5	2.9	11.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	305	160	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,310	1,240	1,065	3.4	3.7	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,565	625	945	2.3	1.9	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	260	205	50	0.4	0.6	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	470	400	65	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	68,545	33,170	35,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,635	10,045	8,590	27.2	30.3	24.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	49,910	23,120	26,795	72.8	69.7	75.7
Location of study inside Canada	33,840	15,855	17,990	49.4	47.8	50.9
Same as province or territory of residence	23,055	10,520	12,540	33.6	31.7	35.4
Different than province or territory of residence	10,785	5,340	5,445	15.7	16.1	15.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,065	7,260	8,805	23.4	21.9	24.9
Americas	3,060	1,370	1,690	4.5	4.1	4.8
United States of America	2,505	1,135	1,370	3.7	3.4	3.9
Mexico	200	70	130	0.3	0.2	0.4
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	140	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peru	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	5,105	2,565	2,535	7.4	7.7	7.2
Belgium	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	275	145	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
Germany	255	110	140	0.4	0.3	0.4
Netherlands	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Switzerland	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	115	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	210	95	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	180	100	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,005	1,575	1,425	4.4	4.7	4.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	570	240	335	0.8	0.7	0.9
Africa	450	240	210	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nigeria	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	280	120	160	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Africa	60	50	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Asia	6,115	2,345	3,770	8.9	7.1	10.7
Iran⁸⁸	1,580	650	935	2.3	2.0	2.6
Iraq	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,215	890	1,330	3.2	2.7	3.8
Taiwan	95	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	335	85	250	0.5	0.3	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	300	110	195	0.4	0.3	0.6
Philippines	830	270	565	1.2	0.8	1.6
Viet Nam	40	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	390	200	185	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	160	50	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Oceania	1,335	735	595	1.9	2.2	1.7
Australia	1,105	615	490	1.6	1.9	1.4
New Zealand	230	125	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	110,255	53,455	56,800	...	...	...
In the labour force	68,280	35,695	32,580	...	...	...
Employed	61,940	32,370	29,575	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,340	3,330	3,010	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	41,975	17,760	24,215	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.9	66.8	57.4	61.9	66.8	57.4
Employment rate	56.2	60.6	52.1	56.2	60.6	52.1
Unemployment rate	9.3	9.3	9.2	9.3	9.3	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	110,255	53,460	56,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,905	17,835	24,070	38.0	33.4	42.4
Worked	68,350	35,620	32,725	62.0	66.6	57.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,470	18,365	13,105	28.5	34.4	23.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	36,880	17,255	19,625	33.4	32.3	34.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.9	39.0	39.9	40.9	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	68,280	35,700	32,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,180	575	605	1.7	1.6	1.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	67,105	35,125	31,980	98.3	98.4	98.1
Employee	47,785	23,970	23,815	70.0	67.1	73.1
Permanent position	38,685	19,585	19,100	56.7	54.9	58.6
Temporary position	9,095	4,380	4,715	13.3	12.3	14.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,800	1,380	1,420	4.1	3.9	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,295	3,000	3,295	9.2	8.4	10.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	19,325	11,160	8,165	28.3	31.3	25.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	68,280	35,700	32,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,180	575	605	1.7	1.6	1.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	67,105	35,125	31,980	98.3	98.4	98.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,040	1,485	555	3.0	4.2	1.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,595	4,025	7,570	17.0	11.3	23.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,320	3,965	1,355	7.8	11.1	4.2
3 Health occupations	4,595	1,130	3,465	6.7	3.2	10.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,255	2,325	4,925	10.6	6.5	15.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,500	2,040	2,460	6.6	5.7	7.5
6 Sales and service occupations	18,155	8,285	9,865	26.6	23.2	30.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,645	9,650	990	15.6	27.0	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,805	1,260	550	2.6	3.5	1.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,190	955	240	1.7	2.7	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	68,280	35,700	32,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,180	575	605	1.7	1.6	1.9
All industries¹⁹¹	67,105	35,125	31,980	98.3	98.4	98.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,045	685	365	1.5	1.9	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	570	470	95	0.8	1.3	0.3
22 Utilities	330	240	90	0.5	0.7	0.3
23 Construction	6,770	5,880	890	9.9	16.5	2.7
31-33 Manufacturing	2,265	1,575	695	3.3	4.4	2.1
41 Wholesale trade	1,410	935	480	2.1	2.6	1.5
44-45 Retail trade	7,145	3,420	3,725	10.5	9.6	11.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,140	1,545	600	3.1	4.3	1.8
51 Information and cultural industries	1,800	1,080	720	2.6	3.0	2.2
52 Finance and insurance	2,780	1,500	1,285	4.1	4.2	3.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,815	1,445	1,370	4.1	4.0	4.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,490	4,685	3,805	12.4	13.1	11.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	195	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,995	1,595	1,400	4.4	4.5	4.3
61 Educational services	4,325	1,405	2,920	6.3	3.9	9.0
62 Health care and social assistance	6,760	1,415	5,345	9.9	4.0	16.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,840	1,465	1,375	4.2	4.1	4.2
72 Accommodation and food services	6,910	3,420	3,495	10.1	9.6	10.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,590	935	1,650	3.8	2.6	5.1
91 Public administration	2,915	1,335	1,585	4.3	3.7	4.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	74,105	38,385	35,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	69,340	36,110	33,235	93.6	94.1	93.0
French	135	20	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	825	445	380	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	825	445	380	1.1	1.2	1.1
English and French	840	385	455	1.1	1.0	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,825	1,365	1,460	3.8	3.6	4.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	74,105	38,385	35,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	73,560	38,130	35,430	99.3	99.3	99.2
Official languages	72,160	37,375	34,785	97.4	97.4	97.4
English	71,895	37,290	34,610	97.0	97.1	96.9
French	265	90	175	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	1,400	755	645	1.9	2.0	1.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,400	755	645	1.9	2.0	1.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	445	240	205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	330	185	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	285	160	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	285	160	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	255	145	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	790	440	350	1.1	1.1	1.0
Chinese languages	790	440	350	1.1	1.1	1.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	775	435	345	1.0	1.1	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	550	255	290	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and French	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	490	235	255	0.7	0.6	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	74,105	38,385	35,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	70,815	36,825	33,990	95.6	95.9	95.2
English	655	350	300	0.9	0.9	0.8
French	670	315	355	0.9	0.8	1.0
Non-official language	1,730	790	940	2.3	2.1	2.6
Indigenous³⁹	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	1,685	785	905	2.3	2.0	2.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	110	60	55	0.1	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	61,940	32,370	29,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,370	8,885	9,495	29.7	27.4	32.1
Worked outside Canada	420	300	120	0.7	0.9	0.4
No fixed workplace address	9,865	7,080	2,785	15.9	21.9	9.4
Usual place of work	33,280	16,110	17,175	53.7	49.8	58.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,280	16,110	17,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,095	7,775	9,315	51.4	48.3	54.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	12,905	6,430	6,480	38.8	39.9	37.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,085	1,740	1,345	9.3	10.8	7.8
Commute to a different province or territory	200	160	35	0.6	1.0	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	43,150	23,190	19,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	34,580	19,220	15,355	80.1	82.9	76.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,930	18,140	13,790	74.0	78.2	69.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,645	1,080	1,565	6.1	4.7	7.8
Public transit	2,365	1,065	1,300	5.5	4.6	6.5
Walked	3,395	1,350	2,045	7.9	5.8	10.2
Bicycle	1,370	820	550	3.2	3.5	2.8
Other method	1,445	730	710	3.3	3.1	3.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	43,150	23,190	19,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	18,060	8,530	9,530	41.9	36.8	47.7
15 to 29 minutes	12,395	6,735	5,660	28.7	29.0	28.4
30 to 44 minutes	6,150	3,680	2,465	14.3	15.9	12.3
45 to 59 minutes	3,065	1,920	1,140	7.1	8.3	5.7
60 minutes and over	3,485	2,320	1,160	8.1	10.0	5.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	43,150	23,190	19,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,120	1,550	570	4.9	6.7	2.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,465	3,525	1,935	12.7	15.2	9.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,260	6,175	4,090	23.8	26.6	20.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,440	5,420	6,015	26.5	23.4	30.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,865	3,815	5,055	20.5	16.5	25.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,010	2,710	2,300	11.6	11.7	11.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,220	12,120	11,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,350	1,225	1,125	10.1	10.1	10.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,870	10,895	9,975	89.9	89.9	89.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,705	9,240	8,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,840	955	880	10.4	10.3	10.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,105	575	530	6.2	6.2	6.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	735	380	350	4.2	4.1	4.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,870	8,290	7,575	89.6	89.7	89.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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