Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VictoriaMore information: British Columbia [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	363,222	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	337,235^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.7	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	172,251	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	163,111	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,630.9	...	...	1,630.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	222.71	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	363,215	175,025	188,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	45,650	23,275	22,375	12.6	13.3	11.9
0 to 4 years	13,745	6,985	6,765	3.8	4.0	3.6
5 to 9 years	15,960	8,070	7,885	4.4	4.6	4.2
10 to 14 years	15,945	8,225	7,720	4.4	4.7	4.1
15 to 64 years	232,300	113,760	118,540	64.0	65.0	63.0
15 to 19 years	16,600	8,450	8,150	4.6	4.8	4.3
20 to 24 years	22,415	11,015	11,400	6.2	6.3	6.1
25 to 29 years	25,030	12,635	12,400	6.9	7.2	6.6
30 to 34 years	25,725	12,795	12,930	7.1	7.3	6.9
35 to 39 years	25,330	12,650	12,680	7.0	7.2	6.7
40 to 44 years	23,095	11,445	11,655	6.4	6.5	6.2
45 to 49 years	21,470	10,355	11,115	5.9	5.9	5.9
50 to 54 years	22,660	10,970	11,690	6.2	6.3	6.2
55 to 59 years	24,555	11,680	12,870	6.8	6.7	6.8
60 to 64 years	25,415	11,770	13,650	7.0	6.7	7.3
65 years and over	85,265	37,990	47,275	23.5	21.7	25.1
65 to 69 years	24,790	11,325	13,465	6.8	6.5	7.2
70 to 74 years	22,815	10,500	12,320	6.3	6.0	6.5
75 to 79 years	15,535	7,180	8,350	4.3	4.1	4.4
80 to 84 years	10,185	4,460	5,720	2.8	2.5	3.0
85 years and over	11,940	4,530	7,415	3.3	2.6	3.9
85 to 89 years	6,680	2,765	3,910	1.8	1.6	2.1
90 to 94 years	3,945	1,355	2,595	1.1	0.8	1.4
95 to 99 years	1,175	370	805	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	140	35	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.3	11.9	12.6	13.3	11.9
15 to 64 years	64.0	65.0	63.0	64.0	65.0	63.0
65 years and over	23.5	21.7	25.1	23.5	21.7	25.1
85 years and over	3.3	2.6	3.9	3.3	2.6	3.9
Average age of the population	44.8	43.6	45.9	44.8	43.6	45.9
Median age of the population	44.4	42.8	46.0	44.4	42.8	46.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	163,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	57,375	...	...	35.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,810	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	10,980	...	...	6.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	25,610	...	...	15.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	46,870	...	...	28.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,625	...	...	9.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	270	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,570	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	163,110	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	56,445	...	...	34.6	...	...
2 persons	60,280	...	...	37.0	...	...
3 persons	20,930	...	...	12.8	...	...
4 persons	16,865	...	...	10.3	...	...
5 or more persons	8,595	...	...	5.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	354,805	171,265	183,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	317,565	151,750	165,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	175,235	87,410	87,825	55.2	57.6	53.0
Married	137,500	68,590	68,910	43.3	45.2	41.6
Living common-law	37,735	18,825	18,915	11.9	12.4	11.4
Living common law - Never married	27,970	13,955	14,015	8.8	9.2	8.5
Living common law - Separated	1,200	650	550	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	7,790	3,895	3,890	2.5	2.6	2.3
Living common law - Widowed	770	320	450	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	142,330	64,335	77,990	44.8	42.4	47.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	90,850	48,135	42,715	28.6	31.7	25.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	8,150	3,435	4,715	2.6	2.3	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	25,820	9,065	16,755	8.1	6.0	10.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	17,515	3,700	13,815	5.5	2.4	8.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	99,495	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	60,330	...	...	60.6	...	...
3 persons	18,920	...	...	19.0	...	...
4 persons	15,770	...	...	15.9	...	...
5 or more persons	4,480	...	...	4.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	99,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	85,300	...	...	85.7	...	...
Married couples	66,435	...	...	66.8	...	...
With children⁶	29,855	...	...	30.0	...	...
Without children	36,585	...	...	36.8	...	...
Common-law couples	18,860	...	...	19.0	...	...
With children⁶	4,715	...	...	4.7	...	...
Without children	14,145	...	...	14.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	14,200	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	10,915	...	...	11.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,285	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	354,805	171,265	183,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	264,075	130,170	133,910	74.4	76.0	73.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	170,595	85,155	85,440	48.1	49.7	46.6
Parents in one-parent families	14,200	3,285	10,915	4.0	1.9	5.9
Children⁶	79,285	41,730	37,550	22.3	24.4	20.5
In a two-parent family	59,290	30,955	28,335	16.7	18.1	15.4
In a one-parent family	19,995	10,775	9,220	5.6	6.3	5.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	90,730	41,100	49,630	25.6	24.0	27.0
Living alone	56,445	23,620	32,825	15.9	13.8	17.9
Living with other relatives⁷	7,665	3,195	4,465	2.2	1.9	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	26,625	14,285	12,345	7.5	8.3	6.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	163,110	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	86,135	...	...	52.8	...	...
Couple-family households	74,830	...	...	45.9	...	...
With children⁶	29,860	...	...	18.3	...	...
Without children	44,975	...	...	27.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	11,300	...	...	6.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,190	...	...	2.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,330	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,875	...	...	3.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,145	...	...	6.2	...	...
One-person households	56,445	...	...	34.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	309,220	148,020	161,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	302,035	144,340	157,695	97.7	97.5	97.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	50,800	41,600	45,600	50,800	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	302,230	144,435	157,795	97.7	97.6	97.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,200	37,600	40,800	45,200	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	280,120	134,435	145,680	90.6	90.8	90.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	33,600	39,600	46,400	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	214,890	106,855	108,035	69.5	72.2	67.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	35,600	40,800	46,400	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	248,620	111,985	136,640	80.4	75.7	84.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	9,000	10,400	9,800	9,000	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,920	9,835	12,085	7.1	6.6	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,240	5,480	5,480	5,240	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,290	34,260	39,030	23.7	23.1	24.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	309,315	148,080	161,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	302,120	144,570	157,550	97.7	97.6	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,400	64,500	50,920	57,400	64,500	50,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	302,270	144,640	157,630	97.7	97.7	97.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,040	52,950	43,520	48,040	52,950	43,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	280,065	134,355	145,710	90.5	90.7	90.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450	60,950	44,600	52,450	60,950	44,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	215,040	106,985	108,055	69.5	72.2	67.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,320	57,450	43,280	50,320	57,450	43,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	248,335	112,040	136,295	80.3	75.7	84.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,690	10,130	11,140	10,690	10,130	11,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,460	9,545	11,915	6.9	6.4	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,810	7,050	6,500	5,810	7,050
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,060	34,180	38,880	23.6	23.1	24.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,790	8,670	8,910	8,790	8,670	8,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	309,320	148,080	161,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	101,895	55,600	46,295	32.9	37.5	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	71,000	60,400	66,000	71,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,500	81,700	68,000	75,500	81,700	68,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	87,375	39,185	48,185	28.2	26.5	29.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,800	21,800	18,200	19,800	21,800	18,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,760	33,600	26,640	29,760	33,600	26,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.8	87.8	81.0	84.8	87.8	81.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.4	65.8	58.3	62.4	65.8	58.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.3	12.2	18.9	15.3	12.2	18.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.1	0.8	0.6	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	3.9	5.5	4.6	3.9	5.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.2	4.3	3.7	3.2	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	309,215	148,015	161,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	7,185	3,675	3,510	2.3	2.5	2.2
With total income	302,035	144,340	157,690	97.7	97.5	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	22,055	10,015	12,040	7.3	6.9	7.6
$10,000 to $19,999	29,540	12,320	17,220	9.8	8.5	10.9
$20,000 to $29,999	42,485	17,445	25,045	14.1	12.1	15.9
$30,000 to $39,999	37,560	16,005	21,560	12.4	11.1	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	34,775	15,395	19,380	11.5	10.7	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	30,060	13,560	16,500	10.0	9.4	10.5
$60,000 to $69,999	24,480	12,180	12,305	8.1	8.4	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	19,480	10,390	9,085	6.4	7.2	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	15,240	8,455	6,780	5.0	5.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	11,675	6,590	5,085	3.9	4.6	3.2
$100,000 and over	34,690	21,995	12,690	11.5	15.2	8.0
$100,000 to $149,999	23,295	14,170	9,125	7.7	9.8	5.8
$150,000 and over	11,395	7,825	3,570	3.8	5.4	2.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	309,215	148,015	161,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	6,985	3,580	3,405	2.3	2.4	2.1
With after-tax income	302,230	144,435	157,795	97.7	97.6	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	23,480	10,450	13,035	7.8	7.2	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	30,840	12,845	17,995	10.2	8.9	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	48,220	20,080	28,140	16.0	13.9	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	44,330	19,220	25,110	14.7	13.3	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	40,565	18,130	22,440	13.4	12.6	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	32,695	15,960	16,735	10.8	11.0	10.6
$60,000 to $69,999	24,575	13,085	11,490	8.1	9.1	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	18,230	10,190	8,045	6.0	7.1	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	12,430	7,180	5,245	4.1	5.0	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	7,880	4,640	3,240	2.6	3.2	2.1
$100,000 and over	18,985	12,670	6,315	6.3	8.8	4.0
$100,000 to $124,999	9,430	6,085	3,345	3.1	4.2	2.1
$125,000 and over	9,550	6,585	2,965	3.2	4.6	1.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	309,215	148,015	161,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	94,325	41,165	53,165	30.5	27.8	33.0
With employment income	214,890	106,855	108,035	69.5	72.2	67.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	27,950	12,850	15,100	13.0	12.0	14.0
$5,000 to $9,999	16,020	6,940	9,085	7.5	6.5	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	24,005	10,510	13,500	11.2	9.8	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	19,295	8,715	10,580	9.0	8.2	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	18,555	8,675	9,875	8.6	8.1	9.1
$40,000 to $49,999	19,175	8,835	10,335	8.9	8.3	9.6
$50,000 to $59,999	18,825	8,700	10,120	8.8	8.1	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	15,755	8,040	7,710	7.3	7.5	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	12,990	7,185	5,810	6.0	6.7	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	11,000	6,350	4,655	5.1	5.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	8,635	4,990	3,640	4.0	4.7	3.4
$100,000 and over	22,695	15,065	7,625	10.6	14.1	7.1
$100,000 to $124,999	11,240	6,910	4,330	5.2	6.5	4.0
$125,000 and over	11,455	8,160	3,300	5.3	7.6	3.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	309,220	148,020	161,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	295,100	140,660	154,440	95.4	95.0	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	49,200	38,400	43,200	49,200	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	295,595	140,785	154,810	95.6	95.1	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	34,800	38,400	43,200	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	277,175	132,815	144,360	89.6	89.7	89.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,800	34,000	39,600	46,800	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	224,595	110,905	113,690	72.6	74.9	70.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	33,200	38,400	44,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	200,900	85,115	115,785	65.0	57.5	71.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,650	5,800	7,000	6,650	5,800	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	15,325	6,630	8,690	5.0	4.5	5.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,640	6,000	5,280	4,640	6,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	309,315	148,080	161,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	295,475	140,935	154,540	95.5	95.2	95.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,700	62,700	47,360	54,700	62,700	47,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	295,970	141,080	154,890	95.7	95.3	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,600	51,450	40,280	45,600	51,450	40,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	277,235	132,965	144,270	89.6	89.8	89.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,100	61,150	43,800	52,100	61,150	43,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	224,805	111,250	113,555	72.7	75.1	70.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,880	55,250	40,600	47,880	55,250	40,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	200,780	84,515	116,265	64.9	57.1	72.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,530	8,410	8,620	8,530	8,410	8,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	15,240	6,440	8,805	4.9	4.3	5.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,210	6,035	8,060	7,210	6,035	8,060
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	309,320	148,080	161,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	100,980	55,030	45,955	32.6	37.2	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	67,500	56,000	61,600	67,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,700	77,800	62,250	70,700	77,800	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	83,360	37,340	46,025	26.9	25.2	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	27,400	22,600	24,600	27,400	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,880	40,200	30,600	34,880	40,200	30,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4	92.0	86.4	89.4	92.0	86.4
Employment income (%)	66.6	69.6	63.0	66.6	69.6	63.0
Government transfers (%)	10.6	8.0	13.7	10.6	8.0	13.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	163,110	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	56,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	106,670	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	163,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	56,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,650	...	...	57,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,560	...	...	47,560	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	106,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,900	...	...	110,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	163,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,835	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	875	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,350	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,230	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,180	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,085	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,165	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,900	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,110	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,235	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,195	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,800	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,240	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	10,205	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	9,315	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	66,390	...	...	40.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	18,990	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,100	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	17,320	...	...	10.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,980	...	...	9.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	163,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,120	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	905	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,405	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,355	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,530	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,945	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,200	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,030	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,320	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,295	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,310	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,250	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,460	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,045	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	9,745	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	54,200	...	...	33.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	19,255	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,080	...	...	8.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	21,865	...	...	13.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	98,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	47,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	34,755	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...	147,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	13,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	83,070	37,905	45,165	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,200	42,000	40,800	41,200	42,000	40,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	38,000	37,200	37,600	38,000	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	98,775	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...	132,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...	110,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,410	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,600	...	...	120,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	34,840	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,600	...	...	166,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...	137,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...	84,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	...	...	73,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	83,070	37,770	45,300	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,400	51,950	51,000	51,400	51,950	51,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,160	42,440	43,800	43,160	42,440	43,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	354,810	171,265	183,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	55,390	28,275	27,115	15.6	16.5	14.8
0 to 5 years	16,870	8,575	8,300	4.8	5.0	4.5
18 to 64 years	219,980	106,940	113,040	62.0	62.4	61.6
65 years and over	79,430	36,050	43,385	22.4	21.0	23.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	31,825	14,500	17,320	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,125	2,650	2,475	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,575	805	765	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	18,380	8,695	9,685	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,315	3,155	5,165	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.0	8.5	9.4	9.0	8.5	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	9.3	9.4	9.1	9.3	9.4	9.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.2
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	8.1	8.6	8.4	8.1	8.6
65 years and over (%)	10.5	8.8	11.9	10.5	8.8	11.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	350,230	169,090	181,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	54,715	27,955	26,760	15.6	16.5	14.8
0 to 5 years	16,685	8,480	8,210	4.8	5.0	4.5
18 to 64 years	217,545	105,740	111,810	62.1	62.5	61.7
65 years and over	77,970	35,405	42,565	22.3	20.9	23.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	16,330	8,135	8,190	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,335	1,140	1,190	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	565	290	275	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	12,535	6,330	6,200	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,460	660	800	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7	4.8	4.5	4.7	4.8	4.5
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.1	4.5	4.3	4.1	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	6.0	5.6	5.8	6.0	5.6
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	354,805	171,265	183,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	155,345	72,680	82,660	43.8	42.4	45.0
In bottom decile	33,525	15,870	17,660	9.4	9.3	9.6
In second decile	28,810	12,900	15,915	8.1	7.5	8.7
In third decile	29,035	13,605	15,435	8.2	7.9	8.4
In fourth decile	30,790	14,545	16,250	8.7	8.5	8.9
In fifth decile	33,185	15,765	17,415	9.4	9.2	9.5
In top half of the distribution	199,460	98,580	100,880	56.2	57.6	55.0
In sixth decile	35,395	17,125	18,270	10.0	10.0	10.0
In seventh decile	37,195	18,255	18,940	10.5	10.7	10.3
In eighth decile	40,145	19,915	20,235	11.3	11.6	11.0
In ninth decile	43,765	21,795	21,970	12.3	12.7	12.0
In top decile	42,955	21,490	21,460	12.1	12.5	11.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	354,805	...	...	354,805	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.330	...	...	0.330	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.419	...	...	0.419	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.291	...	...	0.291	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	357,970	172,570	185,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	317,720	154,905	162,815	88.8	89.8	87.8
French only	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	36,780	16,210	20,565	10.3	9.4	11.1
Neither English nor French	3,335	1,390	1,945	0.9	0.8	1.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	357,970	172,570	185,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	348,125	168,075	180,050	97.2	97.4	97.1
French	5,600	2,720	2,880	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	1,030	450	585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,210	1,325	1,890	0.9	0.8	1.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	357,970	172,570	185,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	348,790	168,340	180,450	97.4	97.5	97.3
Official languages	296,690	144,840	151,845	82.9	83.9	81.9
English	291,055	142,115	148,940	81.3	82.4	80.3
French	5,635	2,730	2,910	1.6	1.6	1.6
Non-official languages	52,095	23,495	28,605	14.6	13.6	15.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	51,920	23,420	28,505	14.5	13.6	15.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,220	1,165	1,055	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,035	1,080	955	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,605	865	735	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,315	565	750	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,195	510	690	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,020	2,000	3,020	1.4	1.2	1.6
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	235	90	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	250	100	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,035	1,610	2,430	1.1	0.9	1.3
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	665	375	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	25,490	11,905	13,585	7.1	6.9	7.3
Albanian	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,250	1,835	2,415	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,160	1,795	2,365	1.2	1.0	1.3
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	330	150	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,020	445	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	1,260	515	740	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	710	320	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	405	195	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	230	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	505	205	300	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,765	2,500	3,270	1.6	1.4	1.8
Frisian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,390	1,410	1,985	0.9	0.8	1.1
German	3,260	1,355	1,910	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,730	800	925	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	235	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,425	650	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	625	280	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	280	120	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	155	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	340	195	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,135	4,115	4,025	2.3	2.4	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	6,760	3,415	3,350	1.9	2.0	1.8
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	270	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,095	615	485	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	150	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,275	2,085	2,190	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	430	220	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,375	700	675	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,245	620	620	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,065	530	535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,760	3,140	3,615	1.9	1.8	1.9
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,015	490	530	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,670	755	915	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	315	150	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,740	1,740	2,005	1.0	1.0	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,490	395	1,090	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korean	1,880	810	1,065	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	380	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,815	5,265	6,550	3.3	3.1	3.5
Chinese languages	11,715	5,215	6,505	3.3	3.0	3.5
Hakka	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,430	2,795	3,630	1.8	1.6	2.0
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	95	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,750	2,190	2,560	1.3	1.3	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	330	90	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	310	75	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	190	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	300	175	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	800	365	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	225	90	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	525	265	260	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,185	4,230	4,955	2.6	2.5	2.7
English and French	1,825	875	950	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	6,345	2,925	3,420	1.8	1.7	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	195	80	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	665	275	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	357,970	172,570	185,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	301,860	146,825	155,035	84.3	85.1	83.6
French	1,135	550	585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	11,795	5,475	6,325	3.3	3.2	3.4
Indigenous³⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,770	5,455	6,315	3.3	3.2	3.4
English and French	4,645	2,080	2,565	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	35,950	16,515	19,435	10.0	9.6	10.5
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,535	660	880	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	980	445	535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	357,970	172,570	185,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	350,075	168,910	181,160	97.8	97.9	97.7
Official languages	325,950	157,570	168,380	91.1	91.3	90.8
English	324,175	156,710	167,460	90.6	90.8	90.3
French	1,775	855	915	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	24,130	11,340	12,785	6.7	6.6	6.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,090	11,320	12,770	6.7	6.6	6.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,260	625	630	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,170	585	585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	970	500	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	740	350	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	675	315	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,620	1,180	1,435	0.7	0.7	0.8
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,215	990	1,220	0.6	0.6	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	330	180	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	150	90	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,280	4,495	4,780	2.6	2.6	2.6
Albanian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,355	625	730	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,355	625	730	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	635	280	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	190	85	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	595	275	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	355	155	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	345	155	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,530	2,305	2,220	1.3	1.3	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages	3,735	1,905	1,835	1.0	1.1	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	545	310	230	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,530	1,250	1,275	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	280	145	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	795	400	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	715	360	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	625	315	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,585	1,190	1,395	0.7	0.7	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	680	300	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,650	775	875	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	520	180	340	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,265	585	680	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,440	3,400	4,035	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chinese languages	7,380	3,370	4,015	2.1	2.0	2.2
Hakka	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,545	2,090	2,455	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,630	1,190	1,445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	90	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,895	3,655	4,240	2.2	2.1	2.3
English and French	690	300	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,895	3,220	3,675	1.9	1.9	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	170	90	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	357,970	172,570	185,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	321,250	155,845	165,410	89.7	90.3	89.2
English	10,440	4,985	5,460	2.9	2.9	2.9
French	3,655	1,620	2,035	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	18,140	8,055	10,090	5.1	4.7	5.4
Indigenous³⁹	230	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	17,915	7,950	9,970	5.0	4.6	5.4
English and French	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,510	745	765	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	955	410	545	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,845	835	1,005	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	354,975	171,410	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	351,670	169,940	181,725	99.1	99.1	99.0
English	351,560	169,905	181,655	99.0	99.1	99.0
French	36,660	16,110	20,550	10.3	9.4	11.2
Non-official languages	76,375	35,010	41,365	21.5	20.4	22.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	745	320	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	235	90	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	130	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	160	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	75,710	34,740	40,975	21.3	20.3	22.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,670	1,865	1,805	1.0	1.1	1.0
Berber languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	235	125	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,495	1,780	1,710	1.0	1.0	0.9
Amharic	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,510	1,330	1,185	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	515	245	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,945	825	1,120	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	90	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Vietnamese	1,760	725	1,035	0.5	0.4	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,040	2,800	4,245	2.0	1.6	2.3
Bikol	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	155	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	350	125	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	430	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	255	95	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,355	2,495	3,865	1.8	1.5	2.1
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	260	125	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,235	680	555	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	465	270	195	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	475	250	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	410	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	41,700	19,675	22,020	11.7	11.5	12.0
Albanian	215	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,440	2,515	2,925	1.5	1.5	1.6
Baltic languages	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,335	2,465	2,875	1.5	1.4	1.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	185	85	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	345	150	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,295	595	700	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	2,100	950	1,150	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	975	475	495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	585	280	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	375	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	180	70	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	735	360	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,070	4,580	5,495	2.8	2.7	3.0
Frisian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,690	3,065	3,620	1.9	1.8	2.0
German	6,560	3,030	3,530	1.8	1.8	1.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	175	50	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,620	1,185	1,435	0.7	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	725	400	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	1,860	770	1,090	0.5	0.4	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,160	545	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	450	190	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	350	190	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	425	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	550	270	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	10,725	5,565	5,160	3.0	3.2	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	9,375	4,905	4,470	2.6	2.9	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	410	215	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	410	200	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,055	2,250	1,805	1.1	1.3	1.0
Kacchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,885	2,985	2,900	1.7	1.7	1.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	885	475	410	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,425	720	710	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,305	650	655	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	65	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,175	570	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,310	7,380	8,925	4.6	4.3	4.9
Catalan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,445	1,085	1,360	0.7	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	2,450	1,155	1,295	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	395	170	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	12,055	5,460	6,600	3.4	3.2	3.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,375	1,275	2,100	1.0	0.7	1.1
Korean	2,160	1,000	1,160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	955	485	470	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	330	180	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	105	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	785	305	480	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	685	230	445	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	115	80	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,925	6,390	7,535	3.9	3.7	4.1
Chinese languages	13,685	6,255	7,430	3.9	3.6	4.0
Hakka	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,190	4,140	5,050	2.6	2.4	2.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	525	205	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,975	2,705	3,270	1.7	1.6	1.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	250	145	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	515	190	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	500	180	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	690	350	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	620	315	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	990	475	515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	80	20	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	315	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	590	295	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	354,975	171,410	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	17,030	8,060	8,970	4.8	4.7	4.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	16,285	7,745	8,535	4.6	4.5	4.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	9,470	4,560	4,905	2.7	2.7	2.7
Métis	6,680	3,125	3,560	1.9	1.8	1.9
Inuk (Inuit)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	385	155	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	365	160	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	337,945	163,350	174,595	95.2	95.3	95.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	354,975	171,410	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	6,680	3,245	3,440	1.9	1.9	1.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	348,295	168,170	180,125	98.1	98.1	98.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	98,520	...	...	60.4	...	...
Renter	64,490	...	...	39.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	175	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	35,120	...	...	21.5	...	...
Not condominium	128,060	...	...	78.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,210	...	...	2.0	...	...
1 bedroom	35,150	...	...	21.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	48,755	...	...	29.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	40,945	...	...	25.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	35,125	...	...	21.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	65,850	...	...	40.4	...	...
5 rooms	23,875	...	...	14.6	...	...
6 rooms	18,975	...	...	11.6	...	...
7 rooms	16,180	...	...	9.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	38,305	...	...	23.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	160,880	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	2,300	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	156,225	...	...	95.7	...	...
Not suitable	6,960	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	36,860	...	...	22.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	49,675	...	...	30.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	21,630	...	...	13.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	17,260	...	...	10.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,015	...	...	4.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,565	...	...	5.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,455	...	...	4.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	13,725	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	154,750	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,435	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	81,890	...	...	50.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	72,195	...	...	44.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	9,095	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	6,360	...	...	3.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	23,450	...	...	14.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	26,220	...	...	16.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	25,525	...	...	15.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	29,615	...	...	18.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	29,495	...	...	18.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	16,100	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	6,415	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	160,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	117,995	...	...	73.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,360	...	...	26.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	37,800	...	...	23.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	163,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	53,230	...	...	32.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	38,320	...	...	23.5	...	...
Not suitable only	4,930	...	...	3.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	5,565	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,545	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,385	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	375	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	105	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	109,950	...	...	67.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	155,795	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	20,485	...	...	13.1	...	...
Not in core need	135,310	...	...	86.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	96,720	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.5	...	...	56.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,672	...	...	1,672	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	870,000	...	...	870,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	947,000	...	...	947,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	64,080	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.0	...	...	11.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.1	...	...	40.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,456	...	...	1,456	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	175	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	14.7	...	...	14.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	524	...	...	524	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	490	...	...	490	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	354,980	171,415	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	5,545	2,665	2,875	1.6	1.6	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,430	2,630	2,795	1.5	1.5	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,475	2,155	2,325	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis single ancestry	915	465	450	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	14,375	6,670	7,710	4.0	3.9	4.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	13,810	6,440	7,375	3.9	3.8	4.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,360	4,450	4,910	2.6	2.6	2.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,320	1,915	2,405	1.2	1.1	1.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	560	225	335	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	525	220	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	335,060	162,080	172,980	94.4	94.6	94.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	354,980	171,415	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	328,180	158,815	169,365	92.5	92.6	92.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	52,475	26,890	25,580	14.8	15.7	13.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	275,705	131,925	143,780	77.7	77.0	78.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	26,795	12,595	14,200	7.5	7.3	7.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	354,980	171,415	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	277,470	135,245	142,220	78.2	78.9	77.5
Immigrants⁸¹	68,935	31,825	37,110	19.4	18.6	20.2
Before 1980	22,975	10,545	12,430	6.5	6.2	6.8
1980 to 1990	7,685	3,710	3,975	2.2	2.2	2.2
1991 to 2000	9,130	4,085	5,040	2.6	2.4	2.7
2001 to 2010	11,980	5,410	6,570	3.4	3.2	3.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,170	8,080	9,090	4.8	4.7	5.0
2011 to 2015	7,340	3,455	3,890	2.1	2.0	2.1
2016 to 2021	9,830	4,620	5,205	2.8	2.7	2.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,575	4,340	4,235	2.4	2.5	2.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	68,935	31,825	37,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	7,005	3,385	3,615	10.2	10.6	9.7
5 to 14 years	11,710	5,990	5,725	17.0	18.8	15.4
15 to 24 years	13,250	5,870	7,380	19.2	18.4	19.9
25 to 44 years	30,455	13,645	16,810	44.2	42.9	45.3
45 years and over	6,520	2,935	3,580	9.5	9.2	9.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	68,935	31,825	37,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,140	4,555	5,580	14.7	14.3	15.0
Brazil	390	195	195	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombia	515	220	295	0.7	0.7	0.8
El Salvador	215	115	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Guyana	150	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	325	160	160	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexico	820	385	435	1.2	1.2	1.2
Peru	150	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	235	80	160	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	5,900	2,595	3,305	8.6	8.2	8.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,365	625	735	2.0	2.0	2.0
Europe	26,105	12,445	13,660	37.9	39.1	36.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatia	290	120	170	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	545	225	315	0.8	0.7	0.8
Germany	2,270	1,055	1,220	3.3	3.3	3.3
Greece	255	145	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Hungary	355	170	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italy	625	335	285	0.9	1.1	0.8
Netherlands	1,310	565	745	1.9	1.8	2.0
Poland	870	430	440	1.3	1.4	1.2
Portugal	830	365	470	1.2	1.1	1.3
Romania	420	200	220	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	705	290	415	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	210	110	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	505	260	245	0.7	0.8	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	13,735	6,685	7,050	19.9	21.0	19.0
Other places of birth in Europe	3,085	1,465	1,620	4.5	4.6	4.4
Africa	3,665	1,870	1,795	5.3	5.9	4.8
Algeria	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	180	120	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	155	80	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	300	140	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	150	80	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	285	140	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,160	570	590	1.7	1.8	1.6
Other places of birth in Africa	1,285	655	630	1.9	2.1	1.7
Asia	27,820	12,240	15,580	40.4	38.5	42.0
Afghanistan	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	870	435	435	1.3	1.4	1.2
Iraq	125	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	175	80	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	540	280	260	0.8	0.9	0.7
Turkey	285	160	125	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	6,375	2,780	3,600	9.2	8.7	9.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,175	605	565	1.7	1.9	1.5
Korea, South⁹²	1,325	625	705	1.9	2.0	1.9
Taiwan	650	250	395	0.9	0.8	1.1
Philippines	6,005	2,355	3,650	8.7	7.4	9.8
Viet Nam	1,135	455	675	1.6	1.4	1.8
Bangladesh	160	80	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	4,800	2,425	2,380	7.0	7.6	6.4
Pakistan	470	240	235	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	155	80	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,520	1,295	2,225	5.1	4.1	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,210	710	500	1.8	2.2	1.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,830	4,625	5,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,360	615	750	13.8	13.3	14.4
Brazil	130	50	75	1.3	1.1	1.4
Colombia	115	35	75	1.2	0.8	1.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	125	55	65	1.3	1.2	1.2
United States of America	785	370	410	8.0	8.0	7.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	165	75	90	1.7	1.6	1.7
Europe	1,260	670	595	12.8	14.5	11.4
France	70	45	30	0.7	1.0	0.6
Germany	110	55	60	1.1	1.2	1.2
Ireland⁹⁶	65	40	25	0.7	0.9	0.5
Italy	45	35	10	0.5	0.8	0.2
Russian Federation	60	15	45	0.6	0.3	0.9
Ukraine	70	30	45	0.7	0.6	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	510	315	190	5.2	6.8	3.7
Other places of birth in Europe	330	140	190	3.4	3.0	3.7
Africa	815	410	410	8.3	8.9	7.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	20	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Eritrea	50	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	80	35	40	0.8	0.8	0.8
Morocco	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Nigeria	185	95	90	1.9	2.1	1.7
Somalia	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	30	0.8	0.9	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	80	35	45	0.8	0.8	0.9
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	235	120	115	2.4	2.6	2.2
Asia	6,205	2,795	3,410	63.1	60.4	65.5
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.5	0.4	0.6
China⁹⁰	1,180	465	715	12.0	10.1	13.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	0	0.3	0.3	0.0
India	1,205	640	560	12.3	13.8	10.8
Iran⁸⁸	85	40	45	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iraq	65	35	35	0.7	0.8	0.7
Israel	25	10	15	0.3	0.2	0.3
Japan	195	50	145	2.0	1.1	2.8
Jordan	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	275	120	160	2.8	2.6	3.1
Lebanon	55	20	40	0.6	0.4	0.8
Nepal	75	50	30	0.8	1.1	0.6
Pakistan	105	55	45	1.1	1.2	0.9
Philippines	1,700	740	960	17.3	16.0	18.4
Saudi Arabia	35	10	30	0.4	0.2	0.6
Sri Lanka	20	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	465	245	225	4.7	5.3	4.3
Turkey	140	80	60	1.4	1.7	1.2
United Arab Emirates	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Viet Nam	165	40	125	1.7	0.9	2.4
Other places of birth in Asia	260	105	150	2.6	2.3	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	180	140	40	1.8	3.0	0.8
Australia	125	90	35	1.3	1.9	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	50	45	10	0.5	1.0	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	354,975	171,410	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	83,800	39,220	44,575	23.6	22.9	24.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	76,895	36,820	40,075	21.7	21.5	21.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	194,285	95,370	98,915	54.7	55.6	53.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	45,965	21,285	24,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,200	12,450	12,745	54.8	58.5	51.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,520	6,445	5,075	25.1	30.3	20.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,680	6,010	7,670	29.8	28.2	31.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,515	6,575	9,940	35.9	30.9	40.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,865	2,090	1,775	8.4	9.8	7.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	385	170	220	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	45,965	21,285	24,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	950	520	425	2.1	2.4	1.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,150	3,515	4,635	17.7	16.5	18.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,150	1,020	1,120	4.7	4.8	4.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,710	1,710	2,000	8.1	8.0	8.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	270	85	180	0.6	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	30,735	14,425	16,315	66.9	67.8	66.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	354,975	171,410	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	63,125	29,955	33,170	17.8	17.5	18.1
South Asian	13,390	6,855	6,540	3.8	4.0	3.6
Chinese	17,020	8,005	9,010	4.8	4.7	4.9
Black	4,935	2,570	2,365	1.4	1.5	1.3
Filipino	8,300	3,450	4,850	2.3	2.0	2.6
Arab	1,955	1,045	910	0.6	0.6	0.5
Latin American	3,785	1,740	2,045	1.1	1.0	1.1
Southeast Asian	3,735	1,700	2,040	1.1	1.0	1.1
West Asian	1,500	740	765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	2,320	1,125	1,195	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	3,180	1,240	1,935	0.9	0.7	1.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	785	390	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,220	1,100	1,120	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	291,855	141,455	150,400	82.2	82.5	81.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	354,980	171,415	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	38,115	19,290	18,820	10.7	11.3	10.3
English	110,250	52,950	57,300	31.1	30.9	31.2
Irish	64,910	29,720	35,190	18.3	17.3	19.2
Scottish	83,105	39,325	43,780	23.4	22.9	23.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	28,490	13,275	15,215	8.0	7.7	8.3
German	43,645	20,655	22,980	12.3	12.0	12.5
Chinese	17,670	8,350	9,315	5.0	4.9	5.1
Italian	11,765	5,475	6,285	3.3	3.2	3.4
Indian (India)	8,890	4,510	4,380	2.5	2.6	2.4
Ukrainian	17,040	8,065	8,975	4.8	4.7	4.9
Dutch	15,385	7,350	8,035	4.3	4.3	4.4
Polish	11,470	5,450	6,020	3.2	3.2	3.3
Québécois	850	425	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	22,945	10,845	12,100	6.5	6.3	6.6
Filipino	8,255	3,435	4,815	2.3	2.0	2.6
French Canadian	4,015	1,935	2,075	1.1	1.1	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,375	3,815	3,565	2.1	2.2	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	6,535	3,170	3,370	1.8	1.8	1.8
Métis	5,900	2,650	3,255	1.7	1.5	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	9,705	4,930	4,775	2.7	2.9	2.6
Russian	7,815	3,605	4,205	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	11,725	5,465	6,265	3.3	3.2	3.4
Welsh	12,210	5,630	6,580	3.4	3.3	3.6
Portuguese	3,710	1,840	1,865	1.0	1.1	1.0
American	7,250	3,390	3,860	2.0	2.0	2.1
Spanish	3,840	1,700	2,145	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	8,620	3,910	4,715	2.4	2.3	2.6
Hungarian	4,160	1,985	2,175	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	950	430	520	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistani	685	345	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,385	730	655	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	3,460	1,775	1,685	1.0	1.0	0.9
Punjabi	1,475	735	740	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,245	1,030	1,215	0.6	0.6	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	940	500	435	0.3	0.3	0.2
Greek	2,080	990	1,085	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	790	375	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,680	730	950	0.5	0.4	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,840	795	1,045	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	2,345	1,180	1,165	0.7	0.7	0.6
Romanian	2,215	1,015	1,205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	810	425	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,255	615	640	0.4	0.4	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	725	395	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	5,650	2,655	3,000	1.6	1.5	1.6
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,335	660	670	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	1,285	625	660	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austrian	4,155	1,945	2,215	1.2	1.1	1.2
Belgian	2,075	1,010	1,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	760	390	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	1,900	925	975	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	1,135	585	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,420	1,060	1,360	0.7	0.6	0.7
Finnish	3,065	1,545	1,520	0.9	0.9	0.8
Sri Lankan	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,715	845	870	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	3,610	1,405	2,205	1.0	0.8	1.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	540	300	245	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	540	240	295	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,045	1,460	1,590	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	330	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	380	205	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	690	305	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	2,460	1,210	1,250	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombian	700	320	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	230	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,610	770	840	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syrian	530	275	255	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	215	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	375	190	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	660	340	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	570	270	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	475	280	195	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	405	175	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	450	210	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	535	265	270	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	385	180	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	700	345	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algerian	75	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	735	390	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	235	140	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	730	350	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,155	510	645	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somali	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	705	295	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	240	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	165	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	490	245	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	225	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	230	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	250	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,010	555	455	0.3	0.3	0.2
South African	1,190	545	645	0.3	0.3	0.4
Australian	1,440	735	710	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	165	110	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	425	180	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	265	140	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	295	120	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	295	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	340	135	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	275	120	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	260	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	250	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	405	165	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,105	530	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	205	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	180	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israeli	300	170	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	200	80	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	465	185	280	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	345	150	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	320	180	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	385	185	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	405	190	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	155	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	135	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	545	260	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	450	200	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	225	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	550	260	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	790	355	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	1,770	840	935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ecuadorian	130	30	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	65	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	495	185	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	160	90	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jatt	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	320	175	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	560	245	315	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	220	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	185	85	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	820	355	465	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sudanese	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	275	120	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	285	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	105	85	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	95	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	115	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	95	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	95	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	200	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	354,975	171,410	183,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,930	1,640	2,285	1.1	1.0	1.2
Christian	116,615	51,545	65,070	32.9	30.1	35.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,825	10,510	12,320	6.4	6.1	6.7
Anabaptist	400	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	18,020	7,655	10,360	5.1	4.5	5.6
Baptist	4,170	1,855	2,320	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	37,330	16,885	20,445	10.5	9.9	11.1
Christian Orthodox	2,150	1,005	1,145	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	1,295	525	770	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,150	505	645	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	2,990	1,295	1,700	0.8	0.8	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	735	330	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,750	1,240	1,510	0.8	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	2,770	1,205	1,560	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	485	240	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	12,405	4,795	7,605	3.5	2.8	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	7,150	3,315	3,840	2.0	1.9	2.1
Hindu	3,095	1,665	1,425	0.9	1.0	0.8
Jewish	2,610	1,235	1,370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Muslim	4,915	2,595	2,325	1.4	1.5	1.3
Sikh	5,030	2,475	2,560	1.4	1.4	1.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	650	275	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	5,485	2,160	3,325	1.5	1.3	1.8
No religion and secular perspectives	212,655	107,815	104,835	59.9	62.9	57.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	352,545	170,085	182,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	296,240	143,020	153,225	84.0	84.1	84.0
Movers	56,305	27,065	29,245	16.0	15.9	16.0
Non-migrants	34,770	16,885	17,880	9.9	9.9	9.8
Migrants	21,535	10,175	11,355	6.1	6.0	6.2
Internal migrants	18,080	8,625	9,455	5.1	5.1	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	11,255	5,245	6,010	3.2	3.1	3.3
Interprovincial migrants	6,825	3,380	3,440	1.9	2.0	1.9
External migrants	3,460	1,550	1,905	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	341,240	164,420	176,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	186,235	89,270	96,970	54.6	54.3	54.8
Movers	155,005	75,150	79,855	45.4	45.7	45.2
Non-migrants	42,130	20,920	21,205	12.3	12.7	12.0
Migrants	112,870	54,220	58,650	33.1	33.0	33.2
Internal migrants	97,320	46,665	50,655	28.5	28.4	28.6
Intraprovincial migrants	73,000	34,740	38,255	21.4	21.1	21.6
Interprovincial migrants	24,315	11,920	12,395	7.1	7.2	7.0
External migrants	15,555	7,560	7,995	4.6	4.6	4.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	309,320	148,080	161,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	36,060	19,245	16,815	11.7	13.0	10.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	273,260	128,835	144,420	88.3	87.0	89.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	190,990	92,565	98,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,945	8,240	5,700	7.3	8.9	5.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	177,045	84,325	92,720	92.7	91.1	94.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	309,315	148,080	161,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,065	16,190	14,875	10.0	10.9	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	85,240	41,855	43,385	27.6	28.3	26.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	193,010	90,040	102,975	62.4	60.8	63.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	85,665	41,385	44,280	27.7	27.9	27.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	20,830	15,480	5,355	6.7	10.5	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,430	4,750	3,680	2.7	3.2	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,405	10,730	1,675	4.0	7.2	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	54,890	22,135	32,760	17.7	14.9	20.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,940	3,775	6,165	3.2	2.5	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	107,350	48,645	58,695	34.7	32.9	36.4
Bachelor's degree	65,675	29,055	36,620	21.2	19.6	22.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,715	2,820	3,890	2.2	1.9	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,890	1,685	1,205	0.9	1.1	0.7
Master's degree	26,120	11,385	14,735	8.4	7.7	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,955	3,705	2,245	1.9	2.5	1.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	190,990	92,570	98,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,160	6,570	4,590	5.8	7.1	4.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	44,705	24,080	20,630	23.4	26.0	21.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	135,120	61,925	73,200	70.7	66.9	74.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	57,780	28,605	29,175	30.3	30.9	29.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	13,810	10,425	3,390	7.2	11.3	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,415	3,130	2,280	2.8	3.4	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,395	7,290	1,110	4.4	7.9	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	37,535	15,570	21,970	19.7	16.8	22.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,435	2,615	3,820	3.4	2.8	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	77,340	33,325	44,020	40.5	36.0	44.7
Bachelor's degree	48,390	20,930	27,455	25.3	22.6	27.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,600	1,820	2,780	2.4	2.0	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,920	955	970	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	19,070	7,745	11,330	10.0	8.4	11.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,365	1,875	1,490	1.8	2.0	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	309,320	148,080	161,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	116,305	58,040	58,260	37.6	39.2	36.1
Education	13,745	3,745	10,000	4.4	2.5	6.2
13. Education	13,745	3,745	10,000	4.4	2.5	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,315	3,425	4,885	2.7	2.3	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	595	440	160	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	7,715	2,990	4,725	2.5	2.0	2.9
Humanities	13,195	5,170	8,020	4.3	3.5	5.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,595	290	1,305	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	3,875	1,210	2,665	1.3	0.8	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,880	1,145	1,735	0.9	0.8	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	540	175	370	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	855	560	300	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	815	515	300	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,170	1,200	970	0.7	0.8	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	460	70	380	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	29,755	11,030	18,720	9.6	7.4	11.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	725	230	495	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,820	995	1,815	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,380	265	3,115	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	4,140	1,575	2,565	1.3	1.1	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	880	310	570	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	5,695	1,655	4,035	1.8	1.1	2.5
45. Social sciences	12,115	5,995	6,120	3.9	4.0	3.8
Business, management and public administration	35,740	14,450	21,290	11.6	9.8	13.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,025	1,080	2,940	1.3	0.7	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	31,665	13,345	18,325	10.2	9.0	11.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,125	5,390	4,735	3.3	3.6	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,695	2,100	2,595	1.5	1.4	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,745	780	955	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	270	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,165	2,300	860	1.0	1.6	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	255	80	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,540	5,840	2,695	2.8	3.9	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,325	4,685	1,645	2.0	3.2	1.0
25. Library science	745	140	605	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,230	835	395	0.4	0.6	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	240	185	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	29,695	26,665	3,030	9.6	18.0	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,445	880	560	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	7,305	6,120	1,185	2.4	4.1	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,655	5,920	735	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,400	7,175	220	2.4	4.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,090	3,905	185	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	2,780	2,655	130	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,420	2,380	2,045	1.4	1.6	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,310	1,095	1,220	0.7	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,110	1,285	825	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	30,105	6,855	23,245	9.7	4.6	14.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,250	1,095	1,160	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	26,820	5,180	21,640	8.7	3.5	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,000	580	425	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,290	5,045	4,245	3.0	3.4	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,545	2,050	3,495	1.8	1.4	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	220	195	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	230	210	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,710	1,135	580	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,575	1,450	125	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	190,985	92,565	98,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	55,865	30,640	25,225	29.3	33.1	25.6
Education	7,520	1,920	5,600	3.9	2.1	5.7
13. Education	7,520	1,920	5,600	3.9	2.1	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,990	2,405	3,580	3.1	2.6	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	370	250	120	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	5,620	2,160	3,465	2.9	2.3	3.5
Humanities	8,690	3,290	5,400	4.6	3.6	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	165	880	0.5	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	2,540	740	1,805	1.3	0.8	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,075	810	1,265	1.1	0.9	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	335	135	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	625	420	205	0.3	0.5	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	395	245	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,410	735	680	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270	50	220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,055	7,605	14,455	11.5	8.2	14.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	600	185	415	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,365	790	1,580	1.2	0.9	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,515	220	2,300	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	3,060	965	2,095	1.6	1.0	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	660	220	440	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	3,840	985	2,850	2.0	1.1	2.9
45. Social sciences	9,005	4,235	4,775	4.7	4.6	4.9
Business, management and public administration	25,815	10,215	15,600	13.5	11.0	15.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,780	720	2,060	1.5	0.8	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	23,010	9,485	13,525	12.0	10.2	13.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,890	3,325	3,565	3.6	3.6	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,340	1,370	1,975	1.7	1.5	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,190	490	700	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,005	1,340	660	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	40	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,625	4,760	1,865	3.5	5.1	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,415	4,085	1,330	2.8	4.4	1.4
25. Library science	330	70	265	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	725	485	240	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	120	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	20,520	18,125	2,395	10.7	19.6	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,020	555	465	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,400	4,400	1,000	2.8	4.8	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,290	3,765	525	2.2	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,310	5,125	185	2.8	5.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,740	2,615	125	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	1,745	1,655	90	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,270	1,570	1,700	1.7	1.7	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,725	755	970	0.9	0.8	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,545	825	725	0.8	0.9	0.7
Health and related fields	20,820	4,965	15,860	10.9	5.4	16.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,710	820	895	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	18,480	3,830	14,650	9.7	4.1	14.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	610	310	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,850	3,720	3,135	3.6	4.0	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,100	1,570	2,525	2.1	1.7	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	125	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	130	125	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,390	910	480	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,080	980	100	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	190,985	92,565	98,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,865	30,640	25,225	29.3	33.1	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	135,125	61,925	73,195	70.8	66.9	74.4
Location of study inside Canada	111,870	51,590	60,280	58.6	55.7	61.2
Same as province or territory of residence	82,175	37,255	44,920	43.0	40.2	45.6
Different than province or territory of residence	29,695	14,340	15,360	15.5	15.5	15.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	23,250	10,335	12,915	12.2	11.2	13.1
Americas	5,915	2,725	3,190	3.1	2.9	3.2
United States of America	4,295	1,990	2,300	2.2	2.1	2.3
Mexico	455	195	255	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	405	190	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	210	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	335	145	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	5,890	2,875	3,015	3.1	3.1	3.1
Belgium	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	320	140	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	390	160	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	220	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	105	40	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	120	45	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	260	90	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	245	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,000	1,525	1,480	1.6	1.6	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	610	325	275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Africa	885	435	450	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigeria	95	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	375	185	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	295	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	9,495	3,695	5,800	5.0	4.0	5.9
Iran⁸⁸	340	140	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,605	640	965	0.8	0.7	1.0
Taiwan	185	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	585	110	475	0.3	0.1	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	690	265	425	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,900	1,005	1,890	1.5	1.1	1.9
Viet Nam	155	45	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,890	950	930	1.0	1.0	0.9
Pakistan	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	495	170	325	0.3	0.2	0.3
Oceania	1,060	600	465	0.6	0.6	0.5
Australia	830	455	375	0.4	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	220	145	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	309,315	148,080	161,240	...	...	...
In the labour force	197,275	99,640	97,635	...	...	...
Employed	183,640	92,700	90,935	...	...	...
Unemployed	13,645	6,940	6,705	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	112,040	48,440	63,600	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.8	67.3	60.6	63.8	67.3	60.6
Employment rate	59.4	62.6	56.4	59.4	62.6	56.4
Unemployment rate	6.9	7.0	6.9	6.9	7.0	6.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	309,320	148,080	161,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	110,830	48,130	62,700	35.8	32.5	38.9
Worked	198,485	99,950	98,540	64.2	67.5	61.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	104,780	57,455	47,325	33.9	38.8	29.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	93,705	42,490	51,215	30.3	28.7	31.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.5	40.9	41.7	42.5	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	197,280	99,640	97,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,005	1,500	1,510	1.5	1.5	1.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	194,270	98,145	96,125	98.5	98.5	98.4
Employee	162,530	80,005	82,525	82.4	80.3	84.5
Permanent position	136,820	68,185	68,635	69.4	68.4	70.3
Temporary position	25,710	11,820	13,895	13.0	11.9	14.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	8,310	3,895	4,420	4.2	3.9	4.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	17,400	7,925	9,475	8.8	8.0	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	31,745	18,140	13,595	16.1	18.2	13.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	197,280	99,640	97,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,005	1,500	1,510	1.5	1.5	1.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	194,270	98,145	96,125	98.5	98.5	98.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,820	1,715	1,100	1.4	1.7	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	34,735	10,775	23,965	17.6	10.8	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	17,825	13,525	4,300	9.0	13.6	4.4
3 Health occupations	17,920	4,235	13,680	9.1	4.3	14.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	30,245	11,800	18,445	15.3	11.8	18.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,065	3,490	4,580	4.1	3.5	4.7
6 Sales and service occupations	49,510	23,540	25,965	25.1	23.6	26.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	26,600	24,055	2,545	13.5	24.1	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,460	2,555	910	1.8	2.6	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,085	2,450	635	1.6	2.5	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	197,280	99,640	97,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,005	1,500	1,510	1.5	1.5	1.5
All industries¹⁹¹	194,270	98,145	96,125	98.5	98.5	98.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,720	1,015	710	0.9	1.0	0.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	360	280	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	595	485	110	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	14,160	12,455	1,700	7.2	12.5	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	6,620	4,900	1,720	3.4	4.9	1.8
41 Wholesale trade	3,035	2,115	920	1.5	2.1	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	22,100	10,950	11,155	11.2	11.0	11.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,785	5,190	1,600	3.4	5.2	1.6
51 Information and cultural industries	3,555	2,090	1,465	1.8	2.1	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	5,510	2,400	3,115	2.8	2.4	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,010	2,105	1,905	2.0	2.1	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	19,000	10,900	8,095	9.6	10.9	8.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	265	145	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	8,620	5,250	3,375	4.4	5.3	3.5
61 Educational services	15,920	5,675	10,250	8.1	5.7	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	28,500	6,625	21,865	14.4	6.6	22.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,955	2,425	2,525	2.5	2.4	2.6
72 Accommodation and food services	14,470	6,940	7,530	7.3	7.0	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,825	3,125	4,700	4.0	3.1	4.8
91 Public administration	26,250	13,075	13,180	13.3	13.1	13.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	212,500	106,755	105,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	205,035	103,315	101,725	96.5	96.8	96.2
French	325	85	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	795	445	345	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	785	440	340	0.4	0.4	0.3
English and French	2,445	1,185	1,255	1.2	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,630	1,590	2,040	1.7	1.5	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	212,500	106,755	105,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	211,725	106,405	105,325	99.6	99.7	99.6
Official languages	210,305	105,690	104,620	99.0	99.0	98.9
English	209,670	105,525	104,140	98.7	98.8	98.5
French	640	165	480	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	1,425	715	700	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,410	715	690	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	300	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	105	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	115	35	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	670	370	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	670	370	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	415	215	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	245	145	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	775	350	425	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and French	255	105	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	490	240	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	212,500	106,755	105,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	206,850	104,150	102,700	97.3	97.6	97.1
English	860	325	535	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	1,905	1,020	885	0.9	1.0	0.8
Non-official language	2,310	990	1,320	1.1	0.9	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,255	970	1,285	1.1	0.9	1.2
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	170	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	340	160	175	0.2	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	183,635	92,705	90,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	49,135	22,845	26,295	26.8	24.6	28.9
Worked outside Canada	420	300	120	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	22,930	16,660	6,270	12.5	18.0	6.9
Usual place of work	111,150	52,900	58,250	60.5	57.1	64.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	111,150	52,900	58,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	45,345	20,360	24,985	40.8	38.5	42.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	63,295	30,965	32,330	56.9	58.5	55.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,055	1,285	775	1.8	2.4	1.3
Commute to a different province or territory	455	285	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	134,080	69,560	64,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	97,085	51,140	45,940	72.4	73.5	71.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	89,770	48,400	41,375	67.0	69.6	64.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,310	2,745	4,565	5.5	3.9	7.1
Public transit	10,960	4,705	6,260	8.2	6.8	9.7
Walked	14,185	6,510	7,675	10.6	9.4	11.9
Bicycle	7,695	4,805	2,885	5.7	6.9	4.5
Other method	4,160	2,395	1,760	3.1	3.4	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	134,080	69,560	64,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	46,575	22,325	24,260	34.7	32.1	37.6
15 to 29 minutes	58,565	30,860	27,705	43.7	44.4	42.9
30 to 44 minutes	21,240	11,990	9,245	15.8	17.2	14.3
45 to 59 minutes	4,425	2,390	2,035	3.3	3.4	3.2
60 minutes and over	3,275	1,995	1,280	2.4	2.9	2.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	134,080	69,560	64,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,555	3,835	1,715	4.1	5.5	2.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	20,255	12,585	7,660	15.1	18.1	11.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	36,005	19,155	16,850	26.9	27.5	26.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	32,645	14,800	17,845	24.3	21.3	27.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	20,970	9,370	11,600	15.6	13.5	18.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	18,660	9,815	8,845	13.9	14.1	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	56,545	28,885	27,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,380	2,145	2,235	7.7	7.4	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	52,165	26,740	25,425	92.3	92.6	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	41,700	21,365	20,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,350	1,665	1,690	8.0	7.8	8.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,810	865	945	4.3	4.0	4.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,540	800	740	3.7	3.7	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	38,350	19,705	18,645	92.0	92.2	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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