Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver KingswayMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,495	56,740	59,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,460	7,480	6,980	12.4	13.2	11.7
0 to 4 years	4,645	2,370	2,275	4.0	4.2	3.8
5 to 9 years	4,895	2,550	2,335	4.2	4.5	3.9
10 to 14 years	4,930	2,555	2,375	4.2	4.5	4.0
15 to 64 years	82,600	40,555	42,045	70.9	71.5	70.4
15 to 19 years	5,485	2,840	2,645	4.7	5.0	4.4
20 to 24 years	8,355	4,185	4,160	7.2	7.4	7.0
25 to 29 years	11,005	5,600	5,405	9.4	9.9	9.0
30 to 34 years	10,270	5,175	5,090	8.8	9.1	8.5
35 to 39 years	9,025	4,500	4,525	7.7	7.9	7.6
40 to 44 years	7,765	3,780	3,990	6.7	6.7	6.7
45 to 49 years	7,560	3,500	4,055	6.5	6.2	6.8
50 to 54 years	7,750	3,665	4,085	6.7	6.5	6.8
55 to 59 years	8,190	3,900	4,285	7.0	6.9	7.2
60 to 64 years	7,200	3,405	3,795	6.2	6.0	6.4
65 years and over	19,440	8,710	10,725	16.7	15.4	17.9
65 to 69 years	6,190	2,895	3,295	5.3	5.1	5.5
70 to 74 years	4,845	2,220	2,625	4.2	3.9	4.4
75 to 79 years	2,920	1,285	1,635	2.5	2.3	2.7
80 to 84 years	2,545	1,065	1,480	2.2	1.9	2.5
85 years and over	2,935	1,240	1,690	2.5	2.2	2.8
85 to 89 years	1,805	820	985	1.5	1.4	1.6
90 to 94 years	855	345	510	0.7	0.6	0.9
95 to 99 years	235	70	170	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.4	13.2	11.7	12.4	13.2	11.7
15 to 64 years	70.9	71.5	70.4	70.9	71.5	70.4
65 years and over	16.7	15.4	17.9	16.7	15.4	17.9
85 years and over	2.5	2.2	2.8	2.5	2.2	2.8
Average age of the population	41.7	40.6	42.7	41.7	40.6	42.7
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	44,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	8,695	...	...	19.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	600	...	...	1.3	...	...
Row house	940	...	...	2.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	18,615	...	...	41.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,905	...	...	22.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,415	...	...	12.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	320	...	...	0.7	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	44,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,660	...	...	26.2	...	...
2 persons	13,860	...	...	31.2	...	...
3 persons	7,730	...	...	17.4	...	...
4 persons	6,620	...	...	14.9	...	...
5 or more persons	4,615	...	...	10.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,620	56,270	59,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,040	49,265	52,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,360	26,045	26,320	51.3	52.9	49.9
Married	44,205	22,020	22,185	43.3	44.7	42.0
Living common-law	8,155	4,020	4,135	8.0	8.2	7.8
Living common law - Never married	6,910	3,375	3,535	6.8	6.9	6.7
Living common law - Separated	185	115	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,005	510	495	1.0	1.0	0.9
Living common law - Widowed	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	49,680	23,225	26,455	48.7	47.1	50.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,940	19,250	17,695	36.2	39.1	33.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,360	1,005	1,355	2.3	2.0	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,530	2,125	3,400	5.4	4.3	6.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,850	850	4,005	4.8	1.7	7.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,755	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,005	...	...	48.8	...	...
3 persons	7,530	...	...	24.5	...	...
4 persons	6,420	...	...	20.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,805	...	...	5.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,755	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,175	...	...	81.9	...	...
Married couples	21,095	...	...	68.6	...	...
With children⁶	12,750	...	...	41.5	...	...
Without children	8,345	...	...	27.1	...	...
Common-law couples	4,080	...	...	13.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,085	...	...	3.5	...	...
Without children	2,985	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,585	...	...	18.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,525	...	...	14.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,065	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,620	56,270	59,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	87,710	43,095	44,615	75.9	76.6	75.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,345	25,090	25,255	43.5	44.6	42.6
Parents in one-parent families	5,585	1,065	4,525	4.8	1.9	7.6
Children⁶	31,780	16,940	14,835	27.5	30.1	25.0
In a two-parent family	23,790	12,625	11,165	20.6	22.4	18.8
In a one-parent family	7,990	4,315	3,675	6.9	7.7	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,910	13,175	14,735	24.1	23.4	24.8
Living alone	11,660	5,445	6,215	10.1	9.7	10.5
Living with other relatives⁷	5,170	1,860	3,310	4.5	3.3	5.6
Living with non-relatives only	11,085	5,870	5,210	9.6	10.4	8.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	44,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,065	...	...	51.8	...	...
Couple-family households	19,305	...	...	43.4	...	...
With children⁶	10,695	...	...	24.0	...	...
Without children	8,610	...	...	19.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,760	...	...	8.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,505	...	...	5.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	565	...	...	1.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,520	...	...	5.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,180	...	...	9.4	...	...
One-person households	11,660	...	...	26.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	101,170	48,795	52,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,240	47,320	50,915	97.1	97.0	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,000	34,800	37,200	40,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,300	47,355	50,940	97.2	97.0	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	32,400	34,000	36,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,050	42,375	44,675	86.0	86.8	85.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,200	27,600	32,000	37,200	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,815	36,200	36,620	72.0	74.2	69.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	41,200	32,000	36,400	41,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,810	38,440	45,375	82.8	78.8	86.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,600	9,000	8,000	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,600	4,705	5,900	10.5	9.6	11.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,600	5,480	5,480	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,405	15,560	16,845	32.0	31.9	32.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,000	10,000	10,000	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,215	47,125	51,090	97.3	97.1	97.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,560	53,650	43,880	48,560	53,650	43,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,270	47,165	51,110	97.3	97.2	97.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,520	44,880	38,440	41,520	44,880	38,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,005	42,070	44,935	86.2	86.7	85.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	51,300	38,760	44,800	51,300	38,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,465	35,825	36,635	71.8	73.8	69.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,320	53,500	41,240	47,320	53,500	41,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,885	38,330	45,555	83.1	79.0	86.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,380	9,670	10,970	10,380	9,670	10,970
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,640	4,630	6,015	10.5	9.5	11.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,770	6,970	6,450	5,770	6,970
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,320	15,315	17,000	32.0	31.6	32.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,730	9,660	9,800	9,730	9,660	9,800
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,155	17,345	14,810	31.8	35.8	28.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	65,500	57,600	61,600	65,500	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,900	80,000	66,700	73,900	80,000	66,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,850	14,140	16,710	30.5	29.1	31.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	20,600	17,800	19,000	20,600	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,000	30,600	25,760	28,000	30,600	25,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.8	85.4	77.8	81.8	85.4	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.8	75.8	67.4	71.8	75.8	67.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.2	14.7	22.3	18.2	14.7	22.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.9	1.4	1.1	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.0	6.9	9.2	8.0	6.9	9.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.6	5.9	7.4	6.6	5.9	7.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	101,170	48,795	52,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,930	1,470	1,460	2.9	3.0	2.8
With total income	98,240	47,320	50,915	97.1	97.0	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,575	4,435	5,140	9.7	9.4	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	12,185	5,590	6,595	12.4	11.8	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	17,520	7,595	9,930	17.8	16.0	19.5
$30,000 to $39,999	13,475	5,995	7,475	13.7	12.7	14.7
$40,000 to $49,999	10,840	5,020	5,820	11.0	10.6	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	8,550	4,090	4,460	8.7	8.6	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,355	3,320	3,030	6.5	7.0	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	4,675	2,485	2,185	4.8	5.3	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,440	1,845	1,590	3.5	3.9	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,835	1,520	1,315	2.9	3.2	2.6
$100,000 and over	8,795	5,425	3,370	9.0	11.5	6.6
$100,000 to $149,999	5,835	3,380	2,450	5.9	7.1	4.8
$150,000 and over	2,960	2,045	920	3.0	4.3	1.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	101,170	48,795	52,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,875	1,440	1,430	2.8	3.0	2.7
With after-tax income	98,295	47,355	50,945	97.2	97.0	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,850	4,565	5,280	10.0	9.6	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	12,550	5,790	6,760	12.8	12.2	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	19,935	8,725	11,210	20.3	18.4	22.0
$30,000 to $39,999	15,280	6,885	8,395	15.5	14.5	16.5
$40,000 to $49,999	12,015	5,725	6,290	12.2	12.1	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	8,730	4,435	4,295	8.9	9.4	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,875	3,065	2,805	6.0	6.5	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,270	2,320	1,950	4.3	4.9	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,010	1,570	1,440	3.1	3.3	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,880	1,050	835	1.9	2.2	1.6
$100,000 and over	4,910	3,220	1,690	5.0	6.8	3.3
$100,000 to $124,999	2,480	1,535	940	2.5	3.2	1.8
$125,000 and over	2,425	1,685	745	2.5	3.6	1.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	101,170	48,795	52,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,350	12,595	15,755	28.0	25.8	30.1
With employment income	72,815	36,205	36,620	72.0	74.2	69.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,755	3,995	4,760	12.0	11.0	13.0
$5,000 to $9,999	6,525	2,885	3,640	9.0	8.0	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	9,315	4,125	5,195	12.8	11.4	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	7,210	3,345	3,865	9.9	9.2	10.6
$30,000 to $39,999	7,090	3,350	3,740	9.7	9.3	10.2
$40,000 to $49,999	6,850	3,360	3,495	9.4	9.3	9.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,160	3,090	3,075	8.5	8.5	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,765	2,570	2,195	6.6	7.1	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,610	2,010	1,600	5.0	5.6	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,920	1,600	1,320	4.0	4.4	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,415	1,270	1,135	3.3	3.5	3.1
$100,000 and over	7,200	4,600	2,600	9.9	12.7	7.1
$100,000 to $124,999	3,350	1,955	1,400	4.6	5.4	3.8
$125,000 and over	3,845	2,650	1,195	5.3	7.3	3.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	101,170	48,795	52,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	95,070	45,595	49,475	94.0	93.4	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	38,000	31,200	34,000	38,000	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	95,190	45,630	49,560	94.1	93.5	94.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	34,400	28,800	31,200	34,400	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,850	41,720	44,130	84.9	85.5	84.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	39,200	30,400	34,400	39,200	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,415	36,260	37,155	72.6	74.3	70.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,200	37,200	42,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,485	28,515	37,965	65.7	58.4	72.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,920	1,170	3,200	1,920	1,170	3,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,330	2,250	3,080	5.3	4.6	5.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	5,080	6,600	5,880	5,080	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,990	45,430	49,555	94.1	93.6	94.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,120	50,440	40,200	45,120	50,440	40,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,115	45,470	49,650	94.2	93.7	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,240	41,960	34,880	38,240	41,960	34,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,740	41,485	44,255	84.9	85.5	84.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,920	51,160	39,080	44,920	51,160	39,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,995	35,920	37,080	72.3	74.0	70.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,520	52,450	40,800	46,520	52,450	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,635	28,445	38,190	66.0	58.6	72.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,945	6,890	6,490	5,945	6,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,520	2,305	3,220	5.5	4.8	6.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,270	6,235	8,000	7,270	6,235	8,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,770	17,160	14,610	31.5	35.4	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	60,800	53,200	56,800	60,800	53,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,100	74,200	61,000	68,100	74,200	61,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,850	13,195	15,660	28.6	27.2	29.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,600	27,400	24,400	25,600	27,400	24,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,640	36,400	31,320	33,640	36,400	31,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.0	92.6	86.8	90.0	92.6	86.8
Employment income (%)	79.2	82.2	76.0	79.2	82.2	76.0
Government transfers (%)	10.1	7.4	13.2	10.1	7.4	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	44,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,660	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	44,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,300	...	...	107,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,800	...	...	91,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,800	...	...	51,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,100	...	...	127,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,700	...	...	108,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	44,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	715	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	425	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	770	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,770	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,320	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,370	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,730	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,555	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,420	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,025	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,950	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,925	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,620	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,480	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,110	...	...	43.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,135	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,965	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,945	...	...	11.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,065	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	44,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	815	...	...	1.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	430	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,880	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,485	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,575	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,905	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,770	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,685	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,480	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,500	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,185	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,890	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,575	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,190	...	...	36.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,375	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,690	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,125	...	...	16.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,870	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	22,745	11,315	11,425	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,800	35,600	36,800	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,600	32,400	33,200	33,600	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,200	...	...	126,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,400	...	...	107,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,405	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,300	...	...	103,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,850	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,600	...	...	157,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,800	...	...	132,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,755	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,700	...	...	75,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	23,015	11,450	11,565	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,920	45,360	42,520	43,920	45,360	42,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,360	39,200	37,520	38,360	39,200	37,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,620	56,270	59,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,585	9,120	8,465	15.2	16.2	14.3
0 to 5 years	5,615	2,885	2,730	4.9	5.1	4.6
18 to 64 years	79,185	38,710	40,475	68.5	68.8	68.2
65 years and over	18,845	8,440	10,405	16.3	15.0	17.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,520	5,520	5,995	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,635	860	780	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	505	270	230	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,795	3,375	3,425	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,085	1,290	1,795	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.0	9.8	10.1	10.0	9.8	10.1
0 to 17 years (%)	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.0	9.5	8.4	9.0	9.5	8.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	8.7	8.5	8.6	8.7	8.5
65 years and over (%)	16.4	15.3	17.2	16.4	15.3	17.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,620	56,270	59,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,585	9,120	8,465	15.2	16.2	14.3
0 to 5 years	5,615	2,885	2,735	4.9	5.1	4.6
18 to 64 years	79,190	38,710	40,475	68.5	68.8	68.2
65 years and over	18,845	8,440	10,405	16.3	15.0	17.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,820	4,485	4,340	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	930	470	460	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	275	145	135	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,690	3,510	3,180	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,205	510	695	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.6	8.0	7.3	7.6	8.0	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.2	5.4	5.3	5.2	5.4
0 to 5 years (%)	4.9	5.0	4.9	4.9	5.0	4.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	9.1	7.9	8.5	9.1	7.9
65 years and over (%)	6.4	6.0	6.7	6.4	6.0	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,620	56,275	59,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	55,605	26,725	28,880	48.1	47.5	48.7
In bottom decile	12,610	6,220	6,390	10.9	11.1	10.8
In second decile	11,250	5,270	5,980	9.7	9.4	10.1
In third decile	10,540	4,980	5,565	9.1	8.8	9.4
In fourth decile	10,375	5,040	5,335	9.0	9.0	9.0
In fifth decile	10,820	5,210	5,610	9.4	9.3	9.5
In top half of the distribution	60,020	29,545	30,465	51.9	52.5	51.3
In sixth decile	10,905	5,360	5,550	9.4	9.5	9.4
In seventh decile	11,275	5,490	5,785	9.8	9.8	9.7
In eighth decile	12,510	6,070	6,440	10.8	10.8	10.9
In ninth decile	12,710	6,325	6,385	11.0	11.2	10.8
In top decile	12,615	6,310	6,305	10.9	11.2	10.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,620	...	...	115,620	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.324	...	...	0.324	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.434	...	...	0.434	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287	...	...	0.287	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,730	56,325	59,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	97,580	48,720	48,860	84.3	86.5	82.3
French only	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	7,045	3,200	3,850	6.1	5.7	6.5
Neither English nor French	11,060	4,390	6,670	9.6	7.8	11.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,730	56,325	59,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	103,290	51,240	52,055	89.3	91.0	87.6
French	1,030	530	505	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and French	430	210	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	10,970	4,345	6,620	9.5	7.7	11.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,730	56,325	59,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	108,020	52,660	55,365	93.3	93.5	93.2
Official languages	48,150	25,485	22,665	41.6	45.2	38.2
English	47,205	24,995	22,210	40.8	44.4	37.4
French	945	490	460	0.8	0.9	0.8
Non-official languages	59,870	27,170	32,700	51.7	48.2	55.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,860	27,165	32,700	51.7	48.2	55.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	645	375	270	0.6	0.7	0.5
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	560	340	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Amharic	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Arabic	340	210	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,395	2,375	3,015	4.7	4.2	5.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	5,290	2,330	2,960	4.6	4.1	5.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	9,255	3,805	5,450	8.0	6.8	9.2
Bikol	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	225	80	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	830	350	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
Indonesian	260	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,305	2,990	4,315	6.3	5.3	7.3
Waray-Waray	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	800	450	350	0.7	0.8	0.6
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	505	250	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	140	100	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,235	6,540	6,695	11.4	11.6	11.3
Albanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,420	665	755	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,395	650	740	1.2	1.2	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	335	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	395	175	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	375	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	805	375	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	555	255	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	530	250	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Afrikaans	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	5,695	2,905	2,790	4.9	5.2	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	5,065	2,560	2,505	4.4	4.5	4.2
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	285	170	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,260	625	630	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kacchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,810	1,360	1,445	2.4	2.4	2.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	625	345	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	545	290	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Dari	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	445	240	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,980	2,435	2,540	4.3	4.3	4.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	765	360	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	1,510	715	795	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,600	1,315	1,290	2.2	2.3	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,070	325	740	0.9	0.6	1.2
Korean	1,125	435	685	1.0	0.8	1.2
Mongolian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	27,655	12,520	15,140	23.9	22.2	25.5
Chinese languages	27,505	12,440	15,060	23.8	22.1	25.4
Hakka	190	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	4,455	1,840	2,610	3.8	3.3	4.4
Min Dong	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	425	180	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	22,095	10,195	11,905	19.1	18.1	20.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	65	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	160	55	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	180	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,705	3,670	4,040	6.7	6.5	6.8
English and French	370	200	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	6,495	3,110	3,380	5.6	5.5	5.7
French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	655	270	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,730	56,325	59,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	51,685	26,900	24,790	44.7	47.8	41.7
French	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	21,955	9,665	12,290	19.0	17.2	20.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	21,955	9,665	12,290	19.0	17.2	20.7
English and French	1,005	505	500	0.9	0.9	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	37,725	17,750	19,970	32.6	31.5	33.6
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	595	280	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	2,500	1,095	1,400	2.2	1.9	2.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,730	56,325	59,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,825	52,140	54,680	92.3	92.6	92.1
Official languages	67,915	34,610	33,305	58.7	61.4	56.1
English	67,525	34,415	33,110	58.3	61.1	55.7
French	390	195	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	38,910	17,530	21,380	33.6	31.1	36.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,905	17,530	21,375	33.6	31.1	36.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	295	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,740	1,660	2,080	3.2	2.9	3.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,685	1,635	2,050	3.2	2.9	3.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,575	2,385	3,185	4.8	4.2	5.4
Bikol	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	450	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,555	1,935	2,615	3.9	3.4	4.4
Waray-Waray	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	550	280	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	380	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,850	3,340	3,515	5.9	5.9	5.9
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	545	250	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	540	250	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,345	1,670	1,680	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	2,970	1,480	1,490	2.6	2.6	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	645	325	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,790	875	920	1.5	1.6	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	375	185	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	260	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,720	1,310	1,405	2.4	2.3	2.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	325	140	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Portuguese	935	445	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,425	715	710	1.2	1.3	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	500	180	325	0.4	0.3	0.5
Korean	620	260	355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,510	9,155	11,355	17.7	16.3	19.1
Chinese languages	20,415	9,115	11,300	17.6	16.2	19.0
Hakka	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	3,230	1,405	1,825	2.8	2.5	3.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	180	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	16,715	7,510	9,210	14.4	13.3	15.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,905	4,180	4,720	7.7	7.4	7.9
English and French	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	8,400	3,945	4,455	7.3	7.0	7.5
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	275	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,730	56,325	59,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,365	40,200	41,165	70.3	71.4	69.3
English	12,655	5,930	6,725	10.9	10.5	11.3
French	845	425	425	0.7	0.8	0.7
Non-official language	16,635	7,830	8,805	14.4	13.9	14.8
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,615	7,820	8,800	14.4	13.9	14.8
English and French	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,135	1,000	1,135	1.8	1.8	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	315	140	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,690	775	920	1.5	1.4	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,395	55,985	59,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,205	51,560	52,645	90.3	92.1	88.6
English	104,165	51,545	52,625	90.3	92.1	88.6
French	6,895	3,075	3,820	6.0	5.5	6.4
Non-official languages	74,640	34,115	40,525	64.7	60.9	68.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	74,605	34,100	40,505	64.7	60.9	68.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,305	710	590	1.1	1.3	1.0
Berber languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	190	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	150	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,110	640	470	1.0	1.1	0.8
Amharic	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	630	410	215	0.5	0.7	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	385	195	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,755	2,980	3,780	5.9	5.3	6.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	6,675	2,940	3,735	5.8	5.3	6.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	12,200	4,910	7,295	10.6	8.8	12.3
Bikol	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	360	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	320	120	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ilocano	1,315	550	760	1.1	1.0	1.3
Indonesian	385	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	150	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	11,355	4,510	6,845	9.8	8.1	11.5
Waray-Waray	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	215	80	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,105	615	490	1.0	1.1	0.8
Kannada	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	160	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	725	370	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Telugu	225	160	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
Tulu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,990	9,495	9,495	16.5	17.0	16.0
Albanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,780	805	970	1.5	1.4	1.6
Baltic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,750	805	945	1.5	1.4	1.6
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	365	150	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	585	240	345	0.5	0.4	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	495	255	240	0.4	0.5	0.4
Bosnian	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	300	165	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ukrainian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	140	95	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Irish	135	95	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,530	790	745	1.3	1.4	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,180	625	550	1.0	1.1	0.9
German	1,140	600	540	1.0	1.1	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	245	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Afrikaans	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dutch	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	60	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	435	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	7,820	4,090	3,735	6.8	7.3	6.3
Indo-Aryan languages	7,080	3,710	3,370	6.1	6.6	5.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	295	185	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	310	170	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hindi	3,505	1,865	1,640	3.0	3.3	2.8
Kacchi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	155	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,845	1,950	1,890	3.3	3.5	3.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Urdu	470	265	205	0.4	0.5	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	790	410	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	55	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	680	350	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	605	310	295	0.5	0.6	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,765	3,735	4,035	6.7	6.7	6.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,180	540	635	1.0	1.0	1.1
Portuguese	1,785	855	935	1.5	1.5	1.6
Romanian	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,110	2,455	2,655	4.4	4.4	4.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,840	755	1,085	1.6	1.3	1.8
Korean	1,400	500	900	1.2	0.9	1.5
Mongolian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	280	150	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	32,905	15,035	17,870	28.5	26.9	30.1
Chinese languages	32,690	14,925	17,765	28.3	26.7	29.9
Hakka	290	135	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mandarin	11,475	4,765	6,710	9.9	8.5	11.3
Min Dong	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	810	355	450	0.7	0.6	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	27,210	12,655	14,555	23.6	22.6	24.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	155	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	335	120	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Lao	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	300	105	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	265	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	235	135	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	150	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,400	55,985	59,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,050	1,005	1,045	1.8	1.8	1.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,930	940	985	1.7	1.7	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,205	580	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Métis	690	360	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	113,345	54,980	58,365	98.2	98.2	98.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,400	55,985	59,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	880	445	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,515	55,535	58,975	99.2	99.2	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	25,125	...	...	56.5	...	...
Renter	19,325	...	...	43.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,260	...	...	23.1	...	...
Not condominium	34,195	...	...	76.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	865	...	...	1.9	...	...
1 bedroom	9,420	...	...	21.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,005	...	...	27.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,165	...	...	20.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,000	...	...	29.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	21,250	...	...	47.8	...	...
5 rooms	6,155	...	...	13.8	...	...
6 rooms	4,400	...	...	9.9	...	...
7 rooms	3,600	...	...	8.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	9,045	...	...	20.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,435	...	...	95.5	...	...
More than one person per room	2,020	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	40,120	...	...	90.3	...	...
Not suitable	4,335	...	...	9.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,065	...	...	20.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,040	...	...	18.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,765	...	...	10.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,800	...	...	17.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,205	...	...	7.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,195	...	...	7.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,380	...	...	7.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,995	...	...	11.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	42,040	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,410	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,900	...	...	47.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,530	...	...	41.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,030	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	44,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,665	...	...	3.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,040	...	...	18.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,935	...	...	17.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,925	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,250	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,175	...	...	13.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,885	...	...	6.5	...	...
85 years and over	1,575	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	44,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,165	...	...	72.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,160	...	...	27.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,500	...	...	23.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	44,455	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,265	...	...	38.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,745	...	...	24.2	...	...
Not suitable only	3,395	...	...	7.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,540	...	...	3.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	720	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	650	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	27,185	...	...	61.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,665	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,160	...	...	16.8	...	...
Not in core need	35,500	...	...	83.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,125	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	51.4	...	...	51.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.4	...	...	11.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,798	...	...	1,798	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,500,000	...	...	1,500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,468,000	...	...	1,468,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,325	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.5	...	...	8.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.8	...	...	32.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.9	...	...	23.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,450	...	...	1,450	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,498	...	...	1,498	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,395	55,980	59,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	715	325	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	685	325	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	575	265	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis single ancestry	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,640	855	785	1.4	1.5	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,555	840	720	1.3	1.5	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,120	580	540	1.0	1.0	0.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	435	260	175	0.4	0.5	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,040	54,795	58,245	98.0	97.9	98.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,400	55,985	59,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	96,615	47,080	49,540	83.7	84.1	83.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,265	8,485	7,780	14.1	15.2	13.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	80,345	38,595	41,750	69.6	68.9	70.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,780	8,905	9,875	16.3	15.9	16.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,400	55,985	59,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	52,405	27,345	25,060	45.4	48.8	42.2
Immigrants⁸¹	55,845	24,965	30,880	48.4	44.6	52.0
Before 1980	9,290	4,415	4,875	8.1	7.9	8.2
1980 to 1990	10,325	4,735	5,590	8.9	8.5	9.4
1991 to 2000	14,515	6,315	8,200	12.6	11.3	13.8
2001 to 2010	9,940	4,315	5,620	8.6	7.7	9.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,780	5,190	6,595	10.2	9.3	11.1
2011 to 2015	5,310	2,355	2,955	4.6	4.2	5.0
2016 to 2021	6,470	2,830	3,640	5.6	5.1	6.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,145	3,675	3,475	6.2	6.6	5.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	55,845	24,965	30,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,250	1,590	1,660	5.8	6.4	5.4
5 to 14 years	7,340	3,765	3,580	13.1	15.1	11.6
15 to 24 years	11,520	5,135	6,380	20.6	20.6	20.7
25 to 44 years	26,655	11,600	15,055	47.7	46.5	48.8
45 years and over	7,085	2,880	4,205	12.7	11.5	13.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	55,845	24,965	30,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,195	1,555	1,640	5.7	6.2	5.3
Brazil	295	165	125	0.5	0.7	0.4
Colombia	95	25	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
El Salvador	290	135	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyana	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	510	250	260	0.9	1.0	0.8
Peru	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	970	475	495	1.7	1.9	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	665	325	345	1.2	1.3	1.1
Europe	5,025	2,550	2,470	9.0	10.2	8.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	100	45	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	150	80	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
France	215	105	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Germany	230	90	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Greece	185	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	600	270	335	1.1	1.1	1.1
Netherlands	85	65	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Poland	230	105	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portugal	645	305	340	1.2	1.2	1.1
Romania	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	165	55	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	110	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	160	75	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,100	630	465	2.0	2.5	1.5
Other places of birth in Europe	880	500	385	1.6	2.0	1.2
Africa	895	470	420	1.6	1.9	1.4
Algeria	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ethiopia	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	160	80	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	370	200	175	0.7	0.8	0.6
Asia	45,540	19,790	25,750	81.5	79.3	83.4
Afghanistan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	425	215	210	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iraq	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	60	40	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	90	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	105	70	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
China⁹⁰	14,815	6,200	8,615	26.5	24.8	27.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,175	2,540	2,635	9.3	10.2	8.5
Korea, South⁹²	755	235	520	1.4	0.9	1.7
Taiwan	950	435	515	1.7	1.7	1.7
Philippines	10,920	4,435	6,485	19.6	17.8	21.0
Viet Nam	5,280	2,365	2,915	9.5	9.5	9.4
Bangladesh	145	75	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
India	2,875	1,430	1,445	5.1	5.7	4.7
Pakistan	200	105	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
Sri Lanka	510	230	280	0.9	0.9	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	3,155	1,320	1,835	5.6	5.3	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,200	600	595	2.1	2.4	1.9
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,470	2,830	3,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	720	355	360	11.1	12.5	9.9
Brazil	220	125	95	3.4	4.4	2.6
Colombia	25	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	140	60	80	2.2	2.1	2.2
United States of America	190	110	85	2.9	3.9	2.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	10	25	0.5	0.4	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	110	45	70	1.7	1.6	1.9
Europe	885	460	420	13.7	16.3	11.5
France	55	20	35	0.9	0.7	1.0
Germany	45	20	25	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	180	115	65	2.8	4.1	1.8
Italy	40	20	20	0.6	0.7	0.5
Russian Federation	45	0	40	0.7	0.0	1.1
Ukraine	50	20	30	0.8	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	225	135	90	3.5	4.8	2.5
Other places of birth in Europe	235	125	110	3.6	4.4	3.0
Africa	170	90	75	2.6	3.2	2.1
Algeria	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	20	15	10	0.3	0.5	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Morocco	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	35	15	10	0.5	0.5	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	20	10	0.5	0.7	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	20	10	0.5	0.7	0.3
Asia	4,635	1,890	2,745	71.6	66.8	75.4
Afghanistan	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	15	15	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	870	265	605	13.4	9.4	16.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	35	55	1.4	1.2	1.5
India	590	320	270	9.1	11.3	7.4
Iran⁸⁸	85	55	30	1.3	1.9	0.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	15	15	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Japan	150	40	110	2.3	1.4	3.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	205	45	155	3.2	1.6	4.3
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	15	15	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Pakistan	50	30	20	0.8	1.1	0.5
Philippines	1,605	685	920	24.8	24.2	25.3
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	45	15	30	0.7	0.5	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	80	45	35	1.2	1.6	1.0
Turkey	40	25	10	0.6	0.9	0.3
United Arab Emirates	25	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Viet Nam	400	110	290	6.2	3.9	8.0
Other places of birth in Asia	300	125	170	4.6	4.4	4.7
Oceania and other⁹³	70	35	35	1.1	1.2	1.0
Australia	55	35	20	0.9	1.2	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,395	55,985	59,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,520	29,385	35,135	55.9	52.5	59.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,805	16,130	14,680	26.7	28.8	24.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	20,070	10,465	9,600	17.4	18.7	16.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	46,560	20,555	26,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	22,905	10,330	12,580	49.2	50.3	48.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,050	4,895	6,160	23.7	23.8	23.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,850	5,435	6,420	25.5	26.4	24.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	17,910	7,200	10,710	38.5	35.0	41.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,630	2,510	2,115	9.9	12.2	8.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,115	520	600	2.4	2.5	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	46,560	20,555	26,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,380	800	580	3.0	3.9	2.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	6,410	1,945	4,470	13.8	9.5	17.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,195	575	620	2.6	2.8	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,575	1,100	1,475	5.5	5.4	5.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	170	65	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	34,830	16,075	18,755	74.8	78.2	72.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,395	55,980	59,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	81,585	38,300	43,285	70.7	68.4	72.9
South Asian	9,450	5,035	4,420	8.2	9.0	7.4
Chinese	36,740	17,295	19,445	31.8	30.9	32.7
Black	1,570	765	810	1.4	1.4	1.4
Filipino	14,560	6,300	8,265	12.6	11.3	13.9
Arab	410	265	145	0.4	0.5	0.2
Latin American	3,120	1,580	1,540	2.7	2.8	2.6
Southeast Asian	7,830	3,580	4,250	6.8	6.4	7.2
West Asian	750	405	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Korean	1,385	495	890	1.2	0.9	1.5
Japanese	1,755	710	1,050	1.5	1.3	1.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	545	255	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	3,475	1,635	1,850	3.0	2.9	3.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	33,810	17,685	16,125	29.3	31.6	27.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,395	55,985	59,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,555	3,090	2,470	4.8	5.5	4.2
English	9,360	4,720	4,640	8.1	8.4	7.8
Irish	7,395	3,695	3,700	6.4	6.6	6.2
Scottish	7,695	3,895	3,805	6.7	7.0	6.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,555	1,830	1,725	3.1	3.3	2.9
German	5,810	2,865	2,950	5.0	5.1	5.0
Chinese	35,840	16,790	19,050	31.1	30.0	32.1
Italian	2,880	1,440	1,440	2.5	2.6	2.4
Indian (India)	5,345	2,935	2,410	4.6	5.2	4.1
Ukrainian	2,280	1,150	1,130	2.0	2.1	1.9
Dutch	1,670	920	750	1.4	1.6	1.3
Polish	1,800	825	980	1.6	1.5	1.6
Québécois	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,140	1,240	900	1.9	2.2	1.5
Filipino	13,910	6,025	7,880	12.1	10.8	13.3
French Canadian	440	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,320	715	600	1.1	1.3	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	780	415	365	0.7	0.7	0.6
Métis	655	340	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,320	675	645	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian	1,525	735	790	1.3	1.3	1.3
Norwegian	1,310	635	675	1.1	1.1	1.1
Welsh	1,070	520	550	0.9	0.9	0.9
Portuguese	1,610	795	810	1.4	1.4	1.4
American	725	345	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	1,980	830	1,150	1.7	1.5	1.9
Swedish	820	400	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hungarian	575	265	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pakistani	330	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	315	175	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Jewish	1,455	755	700	1.3	1.3	1.2
Punjabi	1,215	680	535	1.1	1.2	0.9
Vietnamese	7,230	3,305	3,925	6.3	5.9	6.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	260	165	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	710	365	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	255	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,150	1,460	1,685	2.7	2.6	2.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	295	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	1,555	605	950	1.3	1.1	1.6
Romanian	335	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanese	180	125	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	515	275	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	290	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	535	270	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	555	285	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Austrian	510	290	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Belgian	240	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	735	390	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mexican	1,295	720	575	1.1	1.3	1.0
Mennonite	340	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	420	215	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatian	570	300	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	2,210	930	1,280	1.9	1.7	2.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	470	195	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	375	220	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Muslim	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	450	235	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	285	165	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Icelandic	285	145	150	0.2	0.3	0.3
Colombian	270	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	445	235	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Guyanese	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afghan	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	115	85	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	250	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ojibway	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,610	765	840	1.4	1.4	1.4
Ontarian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	250	145	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	210	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algerian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	615	325	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigerian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwanese	870	410	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
Iraqi	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	675	315	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	190	65	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	145	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	45	45	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Albanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	65	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	415	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Northern Irish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	290	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ecuadorian	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	510	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jatt	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	260	90	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dominican	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sudanese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	360	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tigrinya	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Goan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	135	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oromo	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,395	55,980	59,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	7,250	3,050	4,195	6.3	5.4	7.1
Christian	36,545	16,570	19,975	31.7	29.6	33.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,205	3,770	4,435	7.1	6.7	7.5
Anabaptist	255	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Anglican	925	430	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baptist	795	360	440	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catholic	21,380	9,690	11,695	18.5	17.3	19.7
Christian Orthodox	955	440	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	430	190	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	75	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	375	160	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	600	260	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Reformed	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	700	320	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,590	710	880	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hindu	3,385	1,790	1,595	2.9	3.2	2.7
Jewish	1,365	675	685	1.2	1.2	1.2
Muslim	2,460	1,355	1,100	2.1	2.4	1.9
Sikh	3,080	1,550	1,525	2.7	2.8	2.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,010	405	605	0.9	0.7	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	60,280	30,575	29,705	52.2	54.6	50.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,485	55,500	58,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	98,445	47,580	50,865	86.0	85.7	86.2
Movers	16,035	7,920	8,115	14.0	14.3	13.8
Non-migrants	10,935	5,290	5,650	9.6	9.5	9.6
Migrants	5,100	2,635	2,465	4.5	4.7	4.2
Internal migrants	3,120	1,570	1,550	2.7	2.8	2.6
Intraprovincial migrants	2,265	1,140	1,125	2.0	2.1	1.9
Interprovincial migrants	855	430	425	0.7	0.8	0.7
External migrants	1,975	1,060	920	1.7	1.9	1.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,630	53,430	57,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	69,360	33,300	36,060	62.7	62.3	63.0
Movers	41,270	20,130	21,140	37.3	37.7	37.0
Non-migrants	20,100	9,770	10,325	18.2	18.3	18.1
Migrants	21,170	10,360	10,815	19.1	19.4	18.9
Internal migrants	11,275	5,325	5,955	10.2	10.0	10.4
Intraprovincial migrants	7,980	3,795	4,190	7.2	7.1	7.3
Interprovincial migrants	3,295	1,530	1,760	3.0	2.9	3.1
External migrants	9,895	5,035	4,860	8.9	9.4	8.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,550	8,275	9,275	17.4	17.1	17.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	83,435	40,240	43,190	82.6	82.9	82.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,265	33,055	35,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,940	3,580	3,360	10.2	10.8	9.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	61,325	29,470	31,855	89.8	89.2	90.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,985	48,515	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,485	7,680	8,800	16.3	15.8	16.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,430	14,530	13,900	28.2	29.9	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,075	26,310	29,765	55.5	54.2	56.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,845	11,505	11,340	22.6	23.7	21.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,095	3,420	1,675	5.0	7.0	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,655	1,525	1,130	2.6	3.1	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,435	1,890	545	2.4	3.9	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,150	6,595	7,555	14.0	13.6	14.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,600	1,490	2,110	3.6	3.1	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,225	14,805	18,425	32.9	30.5	35.1
Bachelor's degree	22,665	9,945	12,725	22.4	20.5	24.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,035	935	1,105	2.0	1.9	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	725	315	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	6,715	3,050	3,670	6.6	6.3	7.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,080	560	520	1.1	1.2	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,265	33,055	35,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,305	3,240	3,070	9.2	9.8	8.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,290	8,575	7,715	23.9	25.9	21.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,670	21,240	24,430	66.9	64.3	69.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,220	8,655	8,565	25.2	26.2	24.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,565	2,420	1,140	5.2	7.3	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,810	1,050	765	2.7	3.2	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,750	1,380	375	2.6	4.2	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,955	5,100	5,855	16.0	15.4	16.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,700	1,130	1,570	4.0	3.4	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,445	12,585	15,865	41.7	38.1	45.1
Bachelor's degree	19,175	8,445	10,730	28.1	25.5	30.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,720	760	960	2.5	2.3	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	595	240	355	0.9	0.7	1.0
Master's degree	6,015	2,665	3,345	8.8	8.1	9.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	945	470	470	1.4	1.4	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	44,910	22,210	22,700	44.5	45.8	43.3
Education	2,805	600	2,195	2.8	1.2	4.2
13. Education	2,805	600	2,195	2.8	1.2	4.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,220	1,890	2,330	4.2	3.9	4.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	595	400	200	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	3,620	1,485	2,135	3.6	3.1	4.1
Humanities	3,185	1,240	1,945	3.2	2.6	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	400	120	285	0.4	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	955	290	665	0.9	0.6	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	990	385	600	1.0	0.8	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	390	210	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,160	2,670	4,490	7.1	5.5	8.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165	40	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	985	370	610	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	665	85	580	0.7	0.2	1.1
22. Legal professions and studies	965	370	590	1.0	0.8	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,370	325	1,040	1.4	0.7	2.0
45. Social sciences	2,860	1,395	1,460	2.8	2.9	2.8
Business, management and public administration	12,010	4,960	7,050	11.9	10.2	13.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	480	110	365	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,500	4,830	6,670	11.4	10.0	12.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,800	1,370	1,435	2.8	2.8	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,255	515	745	1.2	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	635	270	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	770	520	250	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,500	2,485	1,015	3.5	5.1	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,950	2,220	725	2.9	4.6	1.4
25. Library science	180	20	165	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	205	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,955	7,600	1,350	8.9	15.7	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	705	395	305	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	3,485	2,745	745	3.5	5.7	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,560	1,365	200	1.5	2.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,450	1,400	50	1.4	2.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,325	1,300	25	1.3	2.7	0.0
48. Precision production	425	395	30	0.4	0.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	890	370	520	0.9	0.8	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	540	230	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	350	135	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Health and related fields	8,090	1,975	6,115	8.0	4.1	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	535	275	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,310	1,600	5,715	7.2	3.3	10.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,455	1,155	1,300	2.4	2.4	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,905	745	1,155	1.9	1.5	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	175	110	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	365	285	80	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	68,265	33,055	35,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,595	11,815	10,780	33.1	35.7	30.6
Education	2,135	475	1,660	3.1	1.4	4.7
13. Education	2,135	475	1,660	3.1	1.4	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,505	1,620	1,885	5.1	4.9	5.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	485	350	140	0.7	1.1	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	3,020	1,275	1,740	4.4	3.9	4.9
Humanities	2,580	1,000	1,575	3.8	3.0	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	90	215	0.5	0.3	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	780	225	550	1.1	0.7	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	770	290	485	1.1	0.9	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	90	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	335	190	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,110	2,265	3,850	9.0	6.9	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	140	30	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	855	305	550	1.3	0.9	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	530	60	470	0.8	0.2	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	900	335	565	1.3	1.0	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,140	265	880	1.7	0.8	2.5
45. Social sciences	2,425	1,200	1,220	3.6	3.6	3.5
Business, management and public administration	10,115	4,130	5,985	14.8	12.5	17.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	425	95	335	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,660	4,020	5,640	14.2	12.2	16.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,265	1,115	1,150	3.3	3.4	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,045	445	600	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	215	285	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	620	400	220	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,905	2,095	810	4.3	6.3	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,495	1,900	600	3.7	5.7	1.7
25. Library science	125	10	110	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	220	160	60	0.3	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,925	5,740	1,180	10.1	17.4	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	620	350	265	0.9	1.1	0.8
14. Engineering	2,885	2,230	660	4.2	6.7	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,130	940	190	1.7	2.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,085	1,065	30	1.6	3.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	935	920	15	1.4	2.8	0.0
48. Precision production	260	235	25	0.4	0.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	700	250	445	1.0	0.8	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	410	155	260	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	285	95	190	0.4	0.3	0.5
Health and related fields	6,565	1,655	4,910	9.6	5.0	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	420	220	205	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,955	1,370	4,580	8.7	4.1	13.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	180	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,865	890	975	2.7	2.7	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,460	585	880	2.1	1.8	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	130	85	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	260	210	45	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	68,265	33,055	35,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,595	11,815	10,780	33.1	35.7	30.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,670	21,240	24,430	66.9	64.3	69.4
Location of study inside Canada	30,715	14,835	15,880	45.0	44.9	45.1
Same as province or territory of residence	25,550	12,320	13,225	37.4	37.3	37.6
Different than province or territory of residence	5,170	2,515	2,655	7.6	7.6	7.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	14,950	6,405	8,545	21.9	19.4	24.3
Americas	2,580	1,290	1,285	3.8	3.9	3.6
United States of America	1,235	620	620	1.8	1.9	1.8
Mexico	505	260	240	0.7	0.8	0.7
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	465	250	215	0.7	0.8	0.6
Colombia	95	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Peru	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	195	75	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Europe	2,380	1,225	1,165	3.5	3.7	3.3
Belgium	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	195	100	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	60	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	340	210	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,020	510	510	1.5	1.5	1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	285	135	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	165	110	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Asia	9,350	3,545	5,805	13.7	10.7	16.5
Iran⁸⁸	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iraq	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	80	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,375	525	845	2.0	1.6	2.4
Taiwan	265	95	170	0.4	0.3	0.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	290	140	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japan	420	105	315	0.6	0.3	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	395	100	295	0.6	0.3	0.8
Philippines	4,370	1,510	2,860	6.4	4.6	8.1
Viet Nam	315	85	230	0.5	0.3	0.7
Bangladesh	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	940	510	430	1.4	1.5	1.2
Pakistan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	415	180	235	0.6	0.5	0.7
Oceania	465	235	235	0.7	0.7	0.7
Australia	315	155	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
New Zealand	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,985	48,515	52,465	...	...	...
In the labour force	67,265	33,825	33,435	...	...	...
Employed	60,910	30,785	30,130	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,350	3,040	3,310	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,720	14,695	19,030	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.6	69.7	63.7	66.6	69.7	63.7
Employment rate	60.3	63.5	57.4	60.3	63.5	57.4
Unemployment rate	9.4	9.0	9.9	9.4	9.0	9.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,985	48,515	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,165	15,500	19,665	34.8	31.9	37.5
Worked	65,815	33,015	32,800	65.2	68.1	62.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	33,190	17,930	15,260	32.9	37.0	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,625	15,085	17,540	32.3	31.1	33.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	41.1	39.4	40.3	41.1	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	67,265	33,825	33,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,370	690	680	2.0	2.0	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,890	33,135	32,760	98.0	98.0	98.0
Employee	57,060	27,860	29,200	84.8	82.4	87.3
Permanent position	47,115	23,340	23,770	70.0	69.0	71.1
Temporary position	9,950	4,520	5,430	14.8	13.4	16.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,830	1,700	2,125	5.7	5.0	6.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,125	2,820	3,305	9.1	8.3	9.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,835	5,275	3,555	13.1	15.6	10.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	67,265	33,825	33,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,370	690	680	2.0	2.0	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,890	33,135	32,760	98.0	98.0	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	475	310	165	0.7	0.9	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,870	3,785	7,080	16.2	11.2	21.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,295	4,680	1,625	9.4	13.8	4.9
3 Health occupations	5,315	1,270	4,045	7.9	3.8	12.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,225	2,335	4,885	10.7	6.9	14.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,830	1,945	1,885	5.7	5.8	5.6
6 Sales and service occupations	19,895	9,055	10,840	29.6	26.8	32.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,715	7,850	860	13.0	23.2	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	725	530	195	1.1	1.6	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,545	1,365	1,180	3.8	4.0	3.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	67,265	33,825	33,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,370	690	680	2.0	2.0	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	65,890	33,135	32,760	98.0	98.0	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	380	225	155	0.6	0.7	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	120	85	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	355	230	125	0.5	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	4,065	3,495	570	6.0	10.3	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	4,170	2,460	1,705	6.2	7.3	5.1
41 Wholesale trade	1,995	1,300	690	3.0	3.8	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	7,400	3,665	3,730	11.0	10.8	11.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,945	2,185	760	4.4	6.5	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	2,820	1,665	1,155	4.2	4.9	3.5
52 Finance and insurance	2,475	1,070	1,400	3.7	3.2	4.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,530	850	680	2.3	2.5	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,940	3,935	3,000	10.3	11.6	9.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,080	1,740	1,340	4.6	5.1	4.0
61 Educational services	4,985	1,910	3,075	7.4	5.6	9.2
62 Health care and social assistance	8,365	1,875	6,495	12.4	5.5	19.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,490	750	740	2.2	2.2	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	6,800	3,085	3,710	10.1	9.1	11.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,475	1,340	2,130	5.2	4.0	6.4
91 Public administration	2,370	1,180	1,195	3.5	3.5	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,710	35,960	35,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	61,360	31,270	30,085	85.6	87.0	84.2
French	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	3,360	1,605	1,755	4.7	4.5	4.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,355	1,605	1,755	4.7	4.5	4.9
English and French	570	220	350	0.8	0.6	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	5,980	2,640	3,335	8.3	7.3	9.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	310	175	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,710	35,960	35,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	70,280	35,300	34,980	98.0	98.2	97.8
Official languages	65,220	32,875	32,345	90.9	91.4	90.5
English	65,065	32,815	32,250	90.7	91.3	90.2
French	155	60	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	5,060	2,430	2,635	7.1	6.8	7.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,055	2,430	2,630	7.0	6.8	7.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	125	235	0.5	0.3	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	360	125	235	0.5	0.3	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	80	65	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	50	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	340	195	140	0.5	0.5	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	110	80	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	105	80	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	90	70	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	195	110	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	30	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	100	60	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,985	1,910	2,075	5.6	5.3	5.8
Chinese languages	3,985	1,910	2,075	5.6	5.3	5.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	765	345	415	1.1	1.0	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,185	1,545	1,640	4.4	4.3	4.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,425	655	775	2.0	1.8	2.2
English and French	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,320	600	720	1.8	1.7	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,710	35,960	35,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	65,875	33,440	32,435	91.9	93.0	90.7
English	1,210	605	610	1.7	1.7	1.7
French	430	165	270	0.6	0.5	0.8
Non-official language	3,260	1,365	1,890	4.5	3.8	5.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,260	1,365	1,890	4.5	3.8	5.3
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	320	110	210	0.4	0.3	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	550	250	300	0.8	0.7	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	60,915	30,780	30,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,205	7,380	7,825	25.0	24.0	26.0
Worked outside Canada	165	100	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	7,710	5,415	2,295	12.7	17.6	7.6
Usual place of work	37,830	17,895	19,935	62.1	58.1	66.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,830	17,895	19,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	23,250	9,830	13,420	61.5	54.9	67.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,295	7,885	6,410	37.8	44.1	32.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	205	125	80	0.5	0.7	0.4
Commute to a different province or territory	85	55	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	45,540	23,310	22,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	27,720	15,820	11,900	60.9	67.9	53.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,695	14,945	9,750	54.2	64.1	43.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,015	870	2,145	6.6	3.7	9.6
Public transit	13,545	5,525	8,015	29.7	23.7	36.1
Walked	1,950	715	1,235	4.3	3.1	5.6
Bicycle	1,610	870	735	3.5	3.7	3.3
Other method	725	380	345	1.6	1.6	1.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	45,540	23,310	22,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,500	2,980	3,520	14.3	12.8	15.8
15 to 29 minutes	18,395	9,625	8,770	40.4	41.3	39.5
30 to 44 minutes	14,140	7,625	6,510	31.0	32.7	29.3
45 to 59 minutes	3,775	1,610	2,160	8.3	6.9	9.7
60 minutes and over	2,735	1,460	1,275	6.0	6.3	5.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	45,540	23,310	22,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,125	1,395	725	4.7	6.0	3.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,435	3,815	2,620	14.1	16.4	11.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,415	4,740	4,680	20.7	20.3	21.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,295	4,595	5,700	22.6	19.7	25.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,710	4,605	5,110	21.3	19.8	23.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,555	4,160	3,400	16.6	17.8	15.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,970	9,320	8,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,265	645	615	7.0	6.9	7.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,705	8,675	8,030	93.0	93.1	92.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,975	6,760	6,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	985	505	480	7.6	7.5	7.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	625	305	320	4.8	4.5	5.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	355	195	155	2.7	2.9	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,990	6,260	5,735	92.4	92.6	92.4

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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