Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver Island and CoastMore information: British Columbia [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	864,864	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	799,400	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.2	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	412,133	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	381,864	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	10.3	...	...	10.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	84,052.49	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	864,860	420,430	444,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	113,355	57,970	55,390	13.1	13.8	12.5
0 to 4 years	32,755	16,685	16,070	3.8	4.0	3.6
5 to 9 years	39,825	20,270	19,560	4.6	4.8	4.4
10 to 14 years	40,775	21,015	19,760	4.7	5.0	4.4
15 to 64 years	524,985	256,865	268,125	60.7	61.1	60.3
15 to 19 years	39,520	20,370	19,150	4.6	4.8	4.3
20 to 24 years	43,105	21,830	21,280	5.0	5.2	4.8
25 to 29 years	48,195	24,370	23,830	5.6	5.8	5.4
30 to 34 years	52,555	25,940	26,620	6.1	6.2	6.0
35 to 39 years	54,855	27,055	27,805	6.3	6.4	6.3
40 to 44 years	51,360	25,270	26,095	5.9	6.0	5.9
45 to 49 years	49,210	23,950	25,260	5.7	5.7	5.7
50 to 54 years	53,135	25,470	27,670	6.1	6.1	6.2
55 to 59 years	63,215	29,970	33,250	7.3	7.1	7.5
60 to 64 years	69,825	32,650	37,180	8.1	7.8	8.4
65 years and over	226,520	105,600	120,920	26.2	25.1	27.2
65 to 69 years	69,630	32,560	37,070	8.1	7.7	8.3
70 to 74 years	62,585	30,040	32,550	7.2	7.1	7.3
75 to 79 years	41,660	20,040	21,620	4.8	4.8	4.9
80 to 84 years	26,000	12,185	13,815	3.0	2.9	3.1
85 years and over	26,650	10,780	15,870	3.1	2.6	3.6
85 to 89 years	15,865	6,970	8,895	1.8	1.7	2.0
90 to 94 years	8,185	3,035	5,150	0.9	0.7	1.2
95 to 99 years	2,295	710	1,585	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	300	70	235	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.1	13.8	12.5	13.1	13.8	12.5
15 to 64 years	60.7	61.1	60.3	60.7	61.1	60.3
65 years and over	26.2	25.1	27.2	26.2	25.1	27.2
85 years and over	3.1	2.6	3.6	3.1	2.6	3.6
Average age of the population	46.2	45.3	47.1	46.2	45.3	47.1
Median age of the population	48.0	46.4	49.2	48.0	46.4	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	381,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	207,305	...	...	54.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	16,215	...	...	4.2	...	...
Row house	20,685	...	...	5.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	38,335	...	...	10.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	70,670	...	...	18.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	16,405	...	...	4.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	790	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	11,460	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	381,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	121,120	...	...	31.7	...	...
2 persons	151,300	...	...	39.6	...	...
3 persons	49,235	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	38,795	...	...	10.2	...	...
5 or more persons	21,425	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	845,950	411,795	434,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	751,510	362,465	389,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	435,355	217,260	218,095	57.9	59.9	56.1
Married	341,800	170,640	171,160	45.5	47.1	44.0
Living common-law	93,555	46,620	46,940	12.4	12.9	12.1
Living common law - Never married	64,640	32,365	32,280	8.6	8.9	8.3
Living common law - Separated	3,680	1,925	1,760	0.5	0.5	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	22,550	11,230	11,315	3.0	3.1	2.9
Living common law - Widowed	2,690	1,100	1,585	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	316,155	145,200	170,950	42.1	40.1	43.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	189,740	102,735	87,005	25.2	28.3	22.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,500	8,950	11,550	2.7	2.5	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	61,245	23,360	37,885	8.1	6.4	9.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	44,670	10,160	34,510	5.9	2.8	8.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	248,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	155,465	...	...	62.6	...	...
3 persons	44,975	...	...	18.1	...	...
4 persons	35,705	...	...	14.4	...	...
5 or more persons	12,145	...	...	4.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	248,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	212,205	...	...	85.5	...	...
Married couples	165,460	...	...	66.6	...	...
With children⁶	66,100	...	...	26.6	...	...
Without children	99,360	...	...	40.0	...	...
Common-law couples	46,745	...	...	18.8	...	...
With children⁶	14,235	...	...	5.7	...	...
Without children	32,505	...	...	13.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	36,085	...	...	14.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	27,215	...	...	11.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	8,870	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	845,950	411,795	434,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	653,290	323,165	330,125	77.2	78.5	76.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	424,410	211,760	212,655	50.2	51.4	49.0
Parents in one-parent families	36,080	8,870	27,215	4.3	2.2	6.3
Children⁶	192,795	102,535	90,260	22.8	24.9	20.8
In a two-parent family	140,225	73,950	66,280	16.6	18.0	15.3
In a one-parent family	52,570	28,590	23,980	6.2	6.9	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	192,665	88,640	104,025	22.8	21.5	24.0
Living alone	121,120	52,235	68,885	14.3	12.7	15.9
Living with other relatives⁷	19,250	8,170	11,075	2.3	2.0	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	52,295	28,225	24,065	6.2	6.9	5.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	381,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	214,935	...	...	56.3	...	...
Couple-family households	187,650	...	...	49.1	...	...
With children⁶	69,645	...	...	18.2	...	...
Without children	118,005	...	...	30.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	27,285	...	...	7.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,355	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,055	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	14,500	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	19,900	...	...	5.2	...	...
One-person households	121,120	...	...	31.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	732,860	353,960	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	715,715	345,360	370,360	97.7	97.6	97.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	37,200	41,600	47,200	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	716,195	345,615	370,585	97.7	97.6	97.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,800	34,400	38,000	42,800	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	649,235	316,240	332,995	88.6	89.3	87.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	41,600	28,400	34,400	41,600	28,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	478,400	239,825	238,570	65.3	67.8	63.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,800	30,600	36,000	42,800	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	604,295	278,140	326,160	82.5	78.6	86.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	11,500	12,000	11,800	11,500	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	59,260	28,350	30,910	8.1	8.0	8.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	172,645	80,770	91,875	23.6	22.8	24.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	732,895	353,995	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	715,445	345,520	369,920	97.6	97.6	97.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,750	60,050	45,960	52,750	60,050	45,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	715,970	345,790	370,180	97.7	97.7	97.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,840	50,080	39,920	44,840	50,080	39,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	649,050	316,340	332,705	88.6	89.4	87.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,160	55,550	39,200	47,160	55,550	39,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	478,385	240,575	237,815	65.3	68.0	62.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,480	53,850	39,080	46,480	53,850	39,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	603,210	277,825	325,390	82.3	78.5	85.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,820	11,420	12,160	11,820	11,420	12,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,630	27,950	30,680	8.0	7.9	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,510	6,165	6,830	6,510	6,165	6,830
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	171,500	80,165	91,335	23.4	22.6	24.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,870	8,670	9,050	8,870	8,670	9,050
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	732,895	353,995	378,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	208,365	114,850	93,520	28.4	32.4	24.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	68,500	56,800	62,800	68,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,800	78,500	63,550	71,800	78,500	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	204,280	93,470	110,810	27.9	26.4	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,200	17,400	19,400	22,200	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,800	35,120	25,320	29,800	35,120	25,320
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	84.8	76.8	81.2	84.8	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.9	62.4	54.6	58.9	62.4	54.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.9	15.3	23.3	18.9	15.3	23.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.2	1.0	0.8	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.1	6.3	5.1	4.1	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	3.4	4.9	4.0	3.4	4.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	732,860	353,965	378,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	17,140	8,605	8,540	2.3	2.4	2.3
With total income	715,715	345,355	370,360	97.7	97.6	97.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	54,910	23,960	30,945	7.7	6.9	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	80,845	32,530	48,315	11.3	9.4	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	111,130	46,095	65,030	15.5	13.3	17.6
$30,000 to $39,999	96,005	41,785	54,215	13.4	12.1	14.6
$40,000 to $49,999	84,280	38,345	45,940	11.8	11.1	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	68,890	32,595	36,295	9.6	9.4	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	53,535	28,115	25,425	7.5	8.1	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	41,475	23,310	18,170	5.8	6.7	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	31,295	18,285	13,010	4.4	5.3	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	23,830	14,125	9,705	3.3	4.1	2.6
$100,000 and over	69,515	46,215	23,305	9.7	13.4	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	47,840	30,780	17,060	6.7	8.9	4.6
$150,000 and over	21,680	15,435	6,240	3.0	4.5	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	732,860	353,965	378,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	16,665	8,350	8,315	2.3	2.4	2.2
With after-tax income	716,195	345,610	370,580	97.7	97.6	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	58,480	25,085	33,400	8.2	7.3	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	84,230	33,870	50,355	11.8	9.8	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	125,175	52,480	72,695	17.5	15.2	19.6
$30,000 to $39,999	110,800	49,235	61,570	15.5	14.2	16.6
$40,000 to $49,999	95,395	44,405	50,995	13.3	12.8	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	72,575	37,185	35,385	10.1	10.8	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	52,745	29,620	23,125	7.4	8.6	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	37,465	22,015	15,450	5.2	6.4	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	25,770	15,620	10,150	3.6	4.5	2.7
$90,000 to $99,999	16,155	10,150	6,005	2.3	2.9	1.6
$100,000 and over	37,405	25,955	11,450	5.2	7.5	3.1
$100,000 to $124,999	19,425	13,180	6,250	2.7	3.8	1.7
$125,000 and over	17,980	12,775	5,205	2.5	3.7	1.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	732,860	353,965	378,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	254,465	114,135	140,330	34.7	32.2	37.0
With employment income	478,400	239,830	238,570	65.3	67.8	63.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	72,220	33,640	38,585	15.1	14.0	16.2
$5,000 to $9,999	37,900	16,205	21,695	7.9	6.8	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	56,095	24,355	31,745	11.7	10.2	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	46,105	20,580	25,525	9.6	8.6	10.7
$30,000 to $39,999	43,660	19,905	23,760	9.1	8.3	10.0
$40,000 to $49,999	41,880	19,420	22,460	8.8	8.1	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	38,795	18,560	20,230	8.1	7.7	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	31,825	17,300	14,525	6.7	7.2	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	26,000	15,185	10,810	5.4	6.3	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	21,375	12,730	8,650	4.5	5.3	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	17,110	10,295	6,815	3.6	4.3	2.9
$100,000 and over	45,420	31,655	13,770	9.5	13.2	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	22,925	14,920	8,005	4.8	6.2	3.4
$125,000 and over	22,495	16,735	5,760	4.7	7.0	2.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	732,860	353,960	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	699,955	336,930	363,025	95.5	95.2	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	34,400	39,600	46,400	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	701,355	337,210	364,145	95.7	95.3	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,200	31,200	35,600	41,200	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	644,825	313,330	331,500	88.0	88.5	87.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,800	29,400	35,200	42,800	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	507,785	253,755	254,025	69.3	71.7	67.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	40,800	29,200	34,000	40,800	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	499,345	218,135	281,205	68.1	61.6	74.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,000	9,400	8,700	9,000	9,400	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	45,750	21,890	23,865	6.2	6.2	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	5,080	5,480	5,280	5,080	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	732,895	353,995	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	700,180	337,255	362,925	95.5	95.3	95.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,680	58,900	43,000	50,680	58,900	43,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	701,510	337,530	363,975	95.7	95.3	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,640	48,800	36,960	42,640	48,800	36,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	644,710	313,540	331,170	88.0	88.6	87.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	56,600	39,040	47,600	56,600	39,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	507,875	254,435	253,440	69.3	71.9	66.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,480	52,000	36,920	44,480	52,000	36,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	498,510	217,180	281,335	68.0	61.4	74.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,630	9,760	9,530	9,630	9,760	9,530
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	45,415	21,375	24,040	6.2	6.0	6.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,920	6,350	7,430	6,920	6,350	7,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	732,895	353,995	378,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	206,870	113,945	92,925	28.2	32.2	24.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	65,500	52,400	58,800	65,500	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600	75,000	58,400	67,600	75,000	58,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	195,385	89,175	106,210	26.7	25.2	28.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,800	28,800	22,000	24,800	28,800	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,040	41,880	29,320	35,040	41,880	29,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.4	89.4	82.8	86.4	89.4	82.8
Employment income (%)	63.7	66.6	59.9	63.7	66.6	59.9
Government transfers (%)	13.5	10.7	17.2	13.5	10.7	17.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	381,865	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	121,120	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	260,750	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	381,880	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...	98,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	121,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,500	...	...	52,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,520	...	...	44,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	260,845	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,300	...	...	120,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,400	...	...	102,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	381,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,940	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,940	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,245	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,035	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,480	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	12,765	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	13,220	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	15,285	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,730	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,655	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	30,260	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	28,905	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	26,960	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	24,370	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	22,020	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	143,060	...	...	37.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	44,330	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	31,755	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	36,715	...	...	9.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	30,255	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	381,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,580	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,030	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,380	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,395	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	17,270	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	14,670	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	15,450	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	17,770	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	18,090	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,845	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	34,900	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	32,725	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	29,790	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	26,725	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	23,330	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	114,905	...	...	30.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	43,940	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	28,450	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	42,515	...	...	11.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	245,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	122,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	81,040	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	33,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	173,415	80,465	92,950	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	39,600	37,600	38,800	39,600	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,400	35,200	35,600	36,400	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	245,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...	119,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,600	...	...	101,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,500	...	...	92,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	81,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,400	...	...	152,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,600	...	...	127,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	33,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	173,215	79,965	93,250	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,120	49,600	46,840	48,120	49,600	46,840
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,280	41,720	40,880	41,280	41,720	40,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	845,955	411,800	434,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	136,955	70,205	66,750	16.2	17.0	15.4
0 to 5 years	40,470	20,595	19,875	4.8	5.0	4.6
18 to 64 years	494,730	240,365	254,370	58.5	58.4	58.6
65 years and over	214,265	101,230	113,030	25.3	24.6	26.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	87,480	40,350	47,130	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	15,930	8,270	7,655	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,805	2,490	2,310	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	46,355	21,985	24,370	...	...	...
65 years and over	25,195	10,095	15,100	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.3	9.8	10.9	10.3	9.8	10.9
0 to 17 years (%)	11.6	11.8	11.5	11.6	11.8	11.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.9	12.1	11.6	11.9	12.1	11.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.4	9.2	9.6	9.4	9.2	9.6
65 years and over (%)	11.8	10.0	13.4	11.8	10.0	13.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	826,245	401,900	424,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	132,070	67,630	64,440	16.0	16.8	15.2
0 to 5 years	39,050	19,880	19,170	4.7	4.9	4.5
18 to 64 years	483,250	234,625	248,620	58.5	58.4	58.6
65 years and over	210,925	99,650	111,275	25.5	24.8	26.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	32,365	16,375	15,995	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,125	2,590	2,535	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,250	665	580	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	23,820	12,245	11,570	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,420	1,540	1,880	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.9	4.1	3.8	3.9	4.1	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.9
0 to 5 years (%)	3.2	3.4	3.0	3.2	3.4	3.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.9	5.2	4.7	4.9	5.2	4.7
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	845,955	411,800	434,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	414,780	196,610	218,165	49.0	47.7	50.3
In bottom decile	86,075	41,025	45,050	10.2	10.0	10.4
In second decile	81,380	37,170	44,205	9.6	9.0	10.2
In third decile	80,880	38,165	42,720	9.6	9.3	9.8
In fourth decile	82,010	39,425	42,585	9.7	9.6	9.8
In fifth decile	84,430	40,825	43,610	10.0	9.9	10.0
In top half of the distribution	431,175	215,185	215,985	51.0	52.3	49.7
In sixth decile	85,550	41,970	43,575	10.1	10.2	10.0
In seventh decile	86,360	42,790	43,570	10.2	10.4	10.0
In eighth decile	87,610	43,855	43,755	10.4	10.6	10.1
In ninth decile	89,615	45,120	44,490	10.6	11.0	10.2
In top decile	82,035	41,445	40,595	9.7	10.1	9.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	845,950	...	...	845,950	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.324	...	...	0.324	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.436	...	...	0.436	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	855,300	416,265	439,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	777,715	382,030	395,680	90.9	91.8	90.1
French only	270	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	72,445	32,055	40,390	8.5	7.7	9.2
Neither English nor French	4,870	2,065	2,800	0.6	0.5	0.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	855,300	416,265	439,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	836,490	407,500	428,990	97.8	97.9	97.7
French	12,630	6,145	6,490	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and French	1,595	720	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Neither English nor French	4,575	1,900	2,680	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	855,300	416,265	439,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	838,645	408,585	430,065	98.1	98.2	98.0
Official languages	750,575	368,715	381,865	87.8	88.6	87.0
English	737,405	362,335	375,070	86.2	87.0	85.4
French	13,175	6,380	6,795	1.5	1.5	1.5
Non-official languages	88,070	39,870	48,200	10.3	9.6	11.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,095	530	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	280	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	615	320	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	265	165	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	86,975	39,340	47,635	10.2	9.5	10.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,175	1,705	1,470	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,950	1,600	1,350	0.3	0.4	0.3
Amharic	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,380	1,305	1,075	0.3	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,530	1,120	1,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,330	1,030	1,300	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,590	2,895	4,700	0.9	0.7	1.1
Bikol	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	385	135	250	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	355	135	220	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	165	45	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,060	2,310	3,745	0.7	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,060	600	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	555	330	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	235	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	47,780	22,365	25,415	5.6	5.4	5.8
Albanian	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	7,945	3,495	4,450	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baltic languages	185	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	7,765	3,400	4,360	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	745	350	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,995	870	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	1,985	815	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,305	590	715	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	805	370	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	385	180	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	315	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,055	455	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	16,235	7,340	8,895	1.9	1.8	2.0
Frisian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	9,240	4,070	5,165	1.1	1.0	1.2
German	8,850	3,895	4,950	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pennsylvania German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	340	145	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5,030	2,375	2,655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	675	340	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	4,160	1,940	2,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,910	865	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	975	445	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	475	190	285	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	555	320	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	11,965	6,095	5,870	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	10,175	5,170	5,010	1.2	1.2	1.1
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	365	205	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	435	210	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,575	890	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,655	3,265	3,385	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	530	270	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,785	925	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,630	830	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,375	695	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,700	4,925	5,780	1.3	1.2	1.3
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,200	1,095	1,100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	2,240	1,005	1,240	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	505	250	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,725	2,550	3,175	0.7	0.6	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,375	655	1,715	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	3,060	1,350	1,705	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	590	305	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,575	6,905	8,670	1.8	1.7	2.0
Chinese languages	15,440	6,835	8,610	1.8	1.6	2.0
Hakka	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	8,860	3,870	4,990	1.0	0.9	1.1
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	325	125	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,845	2,675	3,175	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	240	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	590	120	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	545	100	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	425	250	170	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	375	230	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,900	885	1,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	645	280	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,145	565	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,650	7,680	8,970	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and French	3,860	1,850	2,015	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	11,000	5,080	5,920	1.3	1.2	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	265	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	345	150	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,175	465	705	0.1	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	855,300	416,265	439,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	763,100	373,945	389,155	89.2	89.8	88.6
French	2,335	1,115	1,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	17,705	8,320	9,385	2.1	2.0	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,600	8,265	9,330	2.1	2.0	2.1
English and French	9,630	4,340	5,290	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	58,525	26,760	31,770	6.8	6.4	7.2
French and non-official language(s)	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,530	1,105	1,415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,365	630	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	855,300	416,265	439,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	843,120	410,665	432,455	98.6	98.7	98.5
Official languages	807,260	393,680	413,575	94.4	94.6	94.2
English	803,635	391,950	411,690	94.0	94.2	93.8
French	3,620	1,735	1,885	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	35,860	16,980	18,880	4.2	4.1	4.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,690	16,900	18,785	4.2	4.1	4.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,775	895	880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,665	840	825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,420	735	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,505	710	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,395	660	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,675	1,655	2,020	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	180	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,095	1,380	1,715	0.4	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	560	310	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	315	185	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,430	6,985	7,440	1.7	1.7	1.7
Albanian	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,160	1,010	1,155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,150	1,005	1,145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	410	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	945	435	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	320	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	185	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,700	810	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	935	430	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	885	405	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	645	325	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	6,645	3,355	3,285	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	5,680	2,880	2,800	0.7	0.7	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	765	445	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,000	1,975	2,030	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	960	475	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	870	430	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	745	370	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,650	1,675	1,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	385	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	825	360	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,295	1,075	1,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	795	300	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,150	1,010	1,140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	315	180	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	255	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,685	4,485	5,200	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese languages	9,610	4,440	5,170	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hakka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,175	2,870	3,305	0.7	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,145	1,435	1,710	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	155	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	300	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,175	5,600	6,580	1.4	1.3	1.5
English and French	1,390	605	785	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	10,335	4,785	5,550	1.2	1.1	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	855,295	416,265	439,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	793,250	388,045	405,200	92.7	93.2	92.3
English	15,890	7,595	8,295	1.9	1.8	1.9
French	7,490	3,345	4,140	0.9	0.8	0.9
Non-official language	31,520	13,970	17,545	3.7	3.4	4.0
Indigenous³⁹	1,145	525	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	30,375	13,450	16,925	3.6	3.2	3.9
English and French	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,125	1,035	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,645	725	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,140	1,435	1,705	0.4	0.3	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	845,975	411,780	434,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	841,110	409,620	431,485	99.4	99.5	99.4
English	840,905	409,545	431,360	99.4	99.5	99.3
French	72,105	31,880	40,225	8.5	7.7	9.3
Non-official languages	133,460	60,905	72,555	15.8	14.8	16.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,970	1,770	2,200	0.5	0.4	0.5
Algonquian languages	375	150	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	160	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	1,450	655	790	0.2	0.2	0.2
Halkomelem	935	430	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lillooet	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	270	110	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	1,685	770	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haisla	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	270	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	725	310	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	635	285	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	129,735	59,255	70,480	15.3	14.4	16.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,015	2,590	2,430	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber languages	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,780	2,485	2,295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	360	165	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,430	1,825	1,605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	795	400	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	275	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,470	1,530	1,940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	295	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,170	1,390	1,775	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10,860	4,215	6,645	1.3	1.0	1.5
Bikol	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	200	75	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	590	205	385	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	215	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	655	245	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	455	165	285	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	280	115	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	9,615	3,685	5,935	1.1	0.9	1.4
Waray-Waray	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	445	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	350	160	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,670	900	770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	735	415	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	625	340	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	470	255	210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	79,040	36,970	42,070	9.3	9.0	9.7
Albanian	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10,075	4,710	5,370	1.2	1.1	1.2
Baltic languages	235	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	100	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	9,880	4,595	5,295	1.2	1.1	1.2
Belarusian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	865	405	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,445	1,130	1,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	3,365	1,530	1,825	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,865	900	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,155	550	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	665	325	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	465	225	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,450	690	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	395	175	220	0.0	0.0	0.1
Irish	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	70	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	24,705	11,220	13,485	2.9	2.7	3.1
Frisian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15,840	7,240	8,600	1.9	1.8	2.0
German	15,550	7,105	8,440	1.8	1.7	1.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	455	160	290	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,925	3,215	3,715	0.8	0.8	0.9
Afrikaans	1,815	975	840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	5,000	2,195	2,805	0.6	0.5	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,925	1,305	1,620	0.3	0.3	0.4
Danish	1,310	575	735	0.2	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	785	380	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	990	455	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	965	490	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	16,180	8,345	7,830	1.9	2.0	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	14,275	7,395	6,880	1.7	1.8	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	575	285	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	705	370	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	6,385	3,455	2,935	0.8	0.8	0.7
Kacchi	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	335	185	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	415	215	200	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,110	4,595	4,515	1.1	1.1	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,080	570	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	85	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,990	1,005	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,860	935	925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	90	65	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,615	805	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	29,935	13,555	16,385	3.5	3.3	3.8
Catalan	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,740	2,140	2,600	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	3,635	1,700	1,940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	565	260	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	22,780	10,250	12,530	2.7	2.5	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	160	100	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5,175	2,000	3,175	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korean	3,730	1,700	2,030	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,635	865	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	160	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	65	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	540	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	255	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	320	215	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,750	620	1,130	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	1,545	505	1,045	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	130	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	18,330	8,385	9,940	2.2	2.0	2.3
Chinese languages	18,045	8,220	9,825	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hakka	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,265	5,510	6,760	1.4	1.3	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	735	290	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	7,535	3,390	4,145	0.9	0.8	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	290	170	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	880	300	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	855	275	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	895	470	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	800	425	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,335	1,135	1,205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	150	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	785	405	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,425	685	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	845,975	411,780	434,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	68,475	33,070	35,405	8.1	8.0	8.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	66,070	32,010	34,060	7.8	7.8	7.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	44,310	21,610	22,695	5.2	5.2	5.2
Métis	21,365	10,225	11,140	2.5	2.5	2.6
Inuk (Inuit)	400	175	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,255	545	710	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,145	515	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	777,505	378,715	398,790	91.9	92.0	91.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	845,975	411,780	434,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	34,590	16,950	17,640	4.1	4.1	4.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	811,385	394,830	416,560	95.9	95.9	95.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	263,975	...	...	69.1	...	...
Renter	115,875	...	...	30.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	2,025	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	57,125	...	...	15.0	...	...
Not condominium	324,750	...	...	85.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	4,625	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	58,005	...	...	15.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	110,310	...	...	28.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	122,040	...	...	32.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	86,895	...	...	22.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	120,140	...	...	31.5	...	...
5 rooms	62,210	...	...	16.3	...	...
6 rooms	54,435	...	...	14.3	...	...
7 rooms	44,150	...	...	11.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	100,945	...	...	26.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	377,130	...	...	98.8	...	...
More than one person per room	4,750	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	367,770	...	...	96.3	...	...
Not suitable	14,110	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	65,815	...	...	17.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	111,825	...	...	29.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	53,670	...	...	14.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	57,015	...	...	14.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	19,165	...	...	5.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	25,570	...	...	6.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	19,265	...	...	5.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	29,550	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	358,940	...	...	94.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	22,935	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	187,420	...	...	49.1	...	...
Two-maintainer household	174,950	...	...	45.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	19,510	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	10,465	...	...	2.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	43,525	...	...	11.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	55,770	...	...	14.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	57,480	...	...	15.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	76,970	...	...	20.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	79,850	...	...	20.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	42,920	...	...	11.2	...	...
85 years and over	14,900	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	372,395	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	286,840	...	...	77.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	85,555	...	...	23.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	76,905	...	...	20.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	381,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	112,970	...	...	29.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	77,330	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not suitable only	10,285	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	15,925	...	...	4.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,415	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,605	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,200	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	205	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	268,910	...	...	70.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	363,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	40,935	...	...	11.3	...	...
Not in core need	322,810	...	...	88.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	258,520	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.9	...	...	53.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.7	...	...	15.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,080	...	...	1,080	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,412	...	...	1,412	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	776,000	...	...	776,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	114,835	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.8	...	...	10.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.3	...	...	39.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.0	...	...	24.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,352	...	...	1,352	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,025	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.9	...	...	11.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	452	...	...	452	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	478	...	...	478	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	845,980	411,780	434,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	30,355	15,055	15,305	3.6	3.7	3.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	30,010	14,890	15,120	3.5	3.6	3.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	26,245	12,995	13,255	3.1	3.2	3.1
Métis single ancestry	3,615	1,840	1,770	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	150	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	350	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	44,320	20,760	23,560	5.2	5.0	5.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	42,865	20,120	22,745	5.1	4.9	5.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,365	13,785	15,575	3.5	3.3	3.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,110	6,140	6,965	1.5	1.5	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	395	190	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,455	645	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,390	605	780	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	771,295	375,965	395,330	91.2	91.3	91.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	845,980	411,780	434,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	800,710	390,835	409,870	94.6	94.9	94.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	132,500	68,200	64,305	15.7	16.6	14.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	668,205	322,635	345,565	79.0	78.4	79.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	45,270	20,945	24,325	5.4	5.1	5.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	845,980	411,780	434,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	698,720	343,165	355,555	82.6	83.3	81.9
Immigrants⁸¹	134,730	62,460	72,265	15.9	15.2	16.6
Before 1980	55,455	26,075	29,385	6.6	6.3	6.8
1980 to 1990	15,420	7,125	8,290	1.8	1.7	1.9
1991 to 2000	15,565	6,855	8,710	1.8	1.7	2.0
2001 to 2010	20,670	9,430	11,240	2.4	2.3	2.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,620	12,975	14,645	3.3	3.2	3.4
2011 to 2015	11,975	5,640	6,330	1.4	1.4	1.5
2016 to 2021	15,645	7,335	8,315	1.8	1.8	1.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,535	6,155	6,375	1.5	1.5	1.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	134,725	62,460	72,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	15,310	7,475	7,830	11.4	12.0	10.8
5 to 14 years	24,220	12,115	12,105	18.0	19.4	16.8
15 to 24 years	27,000	11,810	15,190	20.0	18.9	21.0
25 to 44 years	56,275	25,665	30,610	41.8	41.1	42.4
45 years and over	11,925	5,390	6,530	8.9	8.6	9.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	134,725	62,460	72,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	21,080	9,240	11,840	15.6	14.8	16.4
Brazil	610	280	335	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	695	290	405	0.5	0.5	0.6
El Salvador	365	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.2
Guyana	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	550	265	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	1,440	610	830	1.1	1.0	1.1
Peru	250	85	170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	405	150	250	0.3	0.2	0.3
United States of America	13,900	6,075	7,825	10.3	9.7	10.8
Other places of birth in Americas	2,525	1,150	1,380	1.9	1.8	1.9
Europe	62,815	30,380	32,440	46.6	48.6	44.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	645	300	345	0.5	0.5	0.5
France	1,285	545	745	1.0	0.9	1.0
Germany	6,600	3,015	3,590	4.9	4.8	5.0
Greece	430	245	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hungary	865	430	435	0.6	0.7	0.6
Italy	1,405	795	610	1.0	1.3	0.8
Netherlands	3,855	1,805	2,045	2.9	2.9	2.8
Poland	1,710	845	865	1.3	1.4	1.2
Portugal	1,175	555	620	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romania	660	335	325	0.5	0.5	0.4
Russian Federation	1,025	450	580	0.8	0.7	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	795	385	415	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	34,080	16,630	17,450	25.3	26.6	24.1
Other places of birth in Europe	7,675	3,760	3,915	5.7	6.0	5.4
Africa	6,420	3,260	3,160	4.8	5.2	4.4
Algeria	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	270	185	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	185	100	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	340	155	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Morocco	190	110	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	495	235	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	2,610	1,285	1,325	1.9	2.1	1.8
Other places of birth in Africa	2,105	1,055	1,050	1.6	1.7	1.5
Asia	41,345	17,940	23,405	30.7	28.7	32.4
Afghanistan	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	1,265	675	595	0.9	1.1	0.8
Iraq	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	200	100	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	875	440	440	0.6	0.7	0.6
Turkey	355	210	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	8,480	3,680	4,795	6.3	5.9	6.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,640	800	840	1.2	1.3	1.2
Korea, South⁹²	2,425	1,095	1,330	1.8	1.8	1.8
Taiwan	930	345	580	0.7	0.6	0.8
Philippines	9,080	3,445	5,630	6.7	5.5	7.8
Viet Nam	2,230	960	1,270	1.7	1.5	1.8
Bangladesh	205	90	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	7,145	3,575	3,570	5.3	5.7	4.9
Pakistan	585	300	285	0.4	0.5	0.4
Sri Lanka	245	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	5,465	1,970	3,500	4.1	3.2	4.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,055	1,640	1,415	2.3	2.6	2.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	15,650	7,330	8,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,360	1,060	1,295	15.1	14.5	15.6
Brazil	170	65	105	1.1	0.9	1.3
Colombia	145	45	95	0.9	0.6	1.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	25	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	200	90	110	1.3	1.2	1.3
United States of America	1,445	685	765	9.2	9.3	9.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	320	140	185	2.0	1.9	2.2
Europe	2,445	1,260	1,180	15.6	17.2	14.2
France	185	85	95	1.2	1.2	1.1
Germany	195	90	100	1.2	1.2	1.2
Ireland⁹⁶	140	85	50	0.9	1.2	0.6
Italy	70	50	15	0.4	0.7	0.2
Russian Federation	80	25	55	0.5	0.3	0.7
Ukraine	95	40	60	0.6	0.5	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,020	615	410	6.5	8.4	4.9
Other places of birth in Europe	660	265	390	4.2	3.6	4.7
Africa	1,305	660	645	8.3	9.0	7.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	25	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	80	45	30	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	80	35	40	0.5	0.5	0.5
Morocco	30	10	20	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	330	155	170	2.1	2.1	2.0
Somalia	40	10	25	0.3	0.1	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	195	105	85	1.2	1.4	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	80	35	45	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	385	205	180	2.5	2.8	2.2
Asia	9,140	4,100	5,040	58.4	55.9	60.6
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Bangladesh	65	25	35	0.4	0.3	0.4
China⁹⁰	1,730	720	1,010	11.1	9.8	12.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	60	35	20	0.4	0.5	0.2
India	1,770	955	815	11.3	13.0	9.8
Iran⁸⁸	110	50	60	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iraq	75	40	35	0.5	0.5	0.4
Israel	25	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Japan	280	65	220	1.8	0.9	2.6
Jordan	40	10	25	0.3	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	495	210	285	3.2	2.9	3.4
Lebanon	55	20	40	0.4	0.3	0.5
Nepal	110	55	55	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pakistan	110	70	45	0.7	1.0	0.5
Philippines	2,475	1,055	1,415	15.8	14.4	17.0
Saudi Arabia	60	15	40	0.4	0.2	0.5
Sri Lanka	30	20	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	750	385	365	4.8	5.3	4.4
Turkey	145	85	65	0.9	1.2	0.8
United Arab Emirates	45	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.2
Viet Nam	275	90	190	1.8	1.2	2.3
Other places of birth in Asia	405	145	260	2.6	2.0	3.1
Oceania and other⁹³	400	250	155	2.6	3.4	1.9
Australia	250	165	90	1.6	2.3	1.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	145	85	60	0.9	1.2	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	845,975	411,780	434,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	159,580	74,605	84,975	18.9	18.1	19.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	168,030	81,550	86,480	19.9	19.8	19.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	518,375	255,630	262,745	61.3	62.1	60.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	79,270	36,385	42,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	42,995	21,040	21,955	54.2	57.8	51.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	19,585	11,090	8,490	24.7	30.5	19.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	23,415	9,950	13,465	29.5	27.3	31.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	29,330	11,740	17,595	37.0	32.3	41.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,295	3,335	2,960	7.9	9.2	6.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	650	275	375	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	79,270	36,385	42,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,415	755	660	1.8	2.1	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	14,980	6,800	8,185	18.9	18.7	19.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,330	1,515	1,820	4.2	4.2	4.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,865	2,585	3,280	7.4	7.1	7.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	680	215	465	0.9	0.6	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	53,000	24,520	28,480	66.9	67.4	66.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	845,975	411,780	434,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	96,090	45,180	50,910	11.4	11.0	11.7
South Asian	20,540	10,440	10,100	2.4	2.5	2.3
Chinese	23,135	10,850	12,285	2.7	2.6	2.8
Black	8,165	4,140	4,025	1.0	1.0	0.9
Filipino	12,915	5,305	7,610	1.5	1.3	1.8
Arab	2,645	1,405	1,240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin American	5,875	2,610	3,265	0.7	0.6	0.8
Southeast Asian	6,365	2,865	3,505	0.8	0.7	0.8
West Asian	2,045	1,060	990	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korean	4,000	1,910	2,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	5,405	2,160	3,240	0.6	0.5	0.7
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,465	725	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	3,535	1,720	1,815	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	749,890	366,600	383,285	88.6	89.0	88.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	845,975	411,780	434,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	98,740	50,275	48,460	11.7	12.2	11.2
English	271,425	130,600	140,830	32.1	31.7	32.4
Irish	155,620	71,845	83,775	18.4	17.4	19.3
Scottish	202,450	96,365	106,085	23.9	23.4	24.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	73,175	33,995	39,180	8.6	8.3	9.0
German	109,985	52,260	57,720	13.0	12.7	13.3
Chinese	24,790	11,645	13,145	2.9	2.8	3.0
Italian	27,605	13,495	14,110	3.3	3.3	3.2
Indian (India)	13,875	7,035	6,840	1.6	1.7	1.6
Ukrainian	41,585	19,610	21,975	4.9	4.8	5.1
Dutch	40,035	19,365	20,670	4.7	4.7	4.8
Polish	26,725	12,395	14,330	3.2	3.0	3.3
Québécois	1,695	860	830	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	51,500	24,685	26,815	6.1	6.0	6.2
Filipino	12,830	5,320	7,515	1.5	1.3	1.7
French Canadian	9,655	4,540	5,115	1.1	1.1	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	17,080	8,725	8,350	2.0	2.1	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	27,810	13,470	14,345	3.3	3.3	3.3
Métis	18,470	8,755	9,720	2.2	2.1	2.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	23,800	11,955	11,840	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian	18,105	8,485	9,620	2.1	2.1	2.2
Norwegian	31,565	14,775	16,790	3.7	3.6	3.9
Welsh	29,225	13,535	15,690	3.5	3.3	3.6
Portuguese	6,095	2,970	3,125	0.7	0.7	0.7
American	16,805	8,095	8,705	2.0	2.0	2.0
Spanish	7,775	3,505	4,270	0.9	0.9	1.0
Swedish	23,775	10,940	12,835	2.8	2.7	3.0
Hungarian	10,315	4,965	5,355	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	2,150	1,000	1,150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	890	440	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,460	1,290	1,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	6,075	2,975	3,100	0.7	0.7	0.7
Punjabi	2,345	1,170	1,175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	4,000	1,875	2,120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,350	715	635	0.2	0.2	0.1
Greek	3,805	1,810	1,995	0.4	0.4	0.5
Jamaican	1,490	750	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,600	1,070	1,530	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	5,140	2,310	2,830	0.6	0.6	0.7
Korean	4,000	1,955	2,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	4,800	2,255	2,545	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	1,370	715	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,795	925	870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,630	865	765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	14,540	7,035	7,500	1.7	1.7	1.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	5,230	2,535	2,690	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sikh	1,955	975	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	9,590	4,485	5,110	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belgian	5,005	2,370	2,635	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,145	595	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	3,555	1,675	1,880	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	2,525	1,255	1,270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	5,910	2,805	3,105	0.7	0.7	0.7
Finnish	8,675	4,175	4,495	1.0	1.0	1.0
Sri Lankan	445	225	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,485	1,705	1,785	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	6,345	2,555	3,795	0.8	0.6	0.9
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	805	405	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,355	660	695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	7,580	3,680	3,905	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	455	215	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	560	310	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,095	470	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	6,485	3,125	3,355	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombian	985	435	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	355	190	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	3,875	1,855	2,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	955	450	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	415	210	205	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afghan	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	670	310	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,210	620	590	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	1,250	590	655	0.1	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	1,235	705	530	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	585	255	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	915	460	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	850	415	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	715	365	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	980	495	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	570	270	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	285	130	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,075	540	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	635	300	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	465	285	180	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	1,715	825	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,315	1,045	1,270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	965	420	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	405	180	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Caribbean	235	80	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	735	370	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	355	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	395	205	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	510	240	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	250	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,885	1,005	885	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	2,550	1,200	1,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	3,500	1,725	1,775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	295	170	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	990	460	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	565	265	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	360	145	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	555	255	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	455	185	270	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	405	180	230	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	340	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	775	380	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	810	350	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,140	1,095	1,050	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Brunswicker	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	220	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	530	270	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	595	300	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,320	555	765	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	525	230	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	805	370	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	260	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	755	375	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,215	615	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	720	380	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	295	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	365	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,100	540	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	975	410	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	340	160	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	1,250	625	625	0.1	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,560	740	820	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	4,670	2,390	2,280	0.6	0.6	0.5
Ecuadorian	190	60	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	435	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	980	420	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	470	265	205	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jatt	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	585	310	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	955	355	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	175	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	375	200	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	50	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	300	140	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	325	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	325	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,755	850	905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	410	120	285	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	380	170	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	585	295	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	245	180	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	155	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	135	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	145	90	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	140	95	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	765	365	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	355	160	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	185	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	105	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	170	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	845,975	411,785	434,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,570	2,670	3,900	0.8	0.6	0.9
Christian	275,410	121,840	153,570	32.6	29.6	35.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	56,635	26,180	30,460	6.7	6.4	7.0
Anabaptist	1,185	595	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	41,235	17,580	23,660	4.9	4.3	5.4
Baptist	10,710	4,795	5,910	1.3	1.2	1.4
Catholic	82,020	36,985	45,040	9.7	9.0	10.4
Christian Orthodox	3,535	1,680	1,855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jehovah's Witness	4,950	2,135	2,815	0.6	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	2,475	1,110	1,365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lutheran	8,530	3,600	4,935	1.0	0.9	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,510	685	820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,800	3,070	3,730	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	6,120	2,700	3,420	0.7	0.7	0.8
Reformed	1,140	545	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	32,345	12,840	19,505	3.8	3.1	4.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	16,210	7,340	8,870	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	4,715	2,510	2,200	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jewish	4,005	1,910	2,095	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	6,650	3,415	3,235	0.8	0.8	0.7
Sikh	7,835	3,840	3,995	0.9	0.9	0.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	4,085	1,920	2,170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other religions and spiritual traditions	12,565	4,835	7,725	1.5	1.2	1.8
No religion and secular perspectives	524,150	268,840	255,310	62.0	65.3	58.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	840,165	408,690	431,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	721,700	351,550	370,150	85.9	86.0	85.8
Movers	118,470	57,140	61,330	14.1	14.0	14.2
Non-migrants	64,405	31,280	33,130	7.7	7.7	7.7
Migrants	54,060	25,860	28,205	6.4	6.3	6.5
Internal migrants	48,350	23,310	25,040	5.8	5.7	5.8
Intraprovincial migrants	34,405	16,480	17,920	4.1	4.0	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	13,945	6,830	7,115	1.7	1.7	1.6
External migrants	5,705	2,545	3,165	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	813,325	395,020	418,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	454,880	221,075	233,800	55.9	56.0	55.9
Movers	358,445	173,950	184,500	44.1	44.0	44.1
Non-migrants	103,640	50,595	53,050	12.7	12.8	12.7
Migrants	254,805	123,355	131,450	31.3	31.2	31.4
Internal migrants	229,750	111,295	118,460	28.2	28.2	28.3
Intraprovincial migrants	178,165	85,895	92,275	21.9	21.7	22.1
Interprovincial migrants	51,585	25,405	26,180	6.3	6.4	6.3
External migrants	25,055	12,055	12,995	3.1	3.1	3.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	732,895	353,995	378,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	110,850	61,600	49,250	15.1	17.4	13.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	622,045	292,395	329,645	84.9	82.6	87.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	436,480	210,650	225,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	45,515	27,175	18,340	10.4	12.9	8.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	390,970	183,475	207,495	89.6	87.1	91.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	732,895	354,000	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	93,140	50,390	42,750	12.7	14.2	11.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	216,310	104,210	112,100	29.5	29.4	29.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	423,440	199,395	224,050	57.8	56.3	59.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	230,225	113,630	116,595	31.4	32.1	30.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	66,010	49,495	16,515	9.0	14.0	4.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	26,515	15,165	11,355	3.6	4.3	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	39,500	34,330	5,165	5.4	9.7	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	138,320	54,740	83,580	18.9	15.5	22.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,895	9,395	16,495	3.5	2.7	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	193,210	85,765	107,455	26.4	24.2	28.4
Bachelor's degree	118,835	51,465	67,370	16.2	14.5	17.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,230	5,425	7,805	1.8	1.5	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,555	3,285	2,270	0.8	0.9	0.6
Master's degree	46,175	19,945	26,225	6.3	5.6	6.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,420	5,640	3,780	1.3	1.6	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	436,485	210,650	225,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	36,135	21,470	14,670	8.3	10.2	6.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	116,775	60,080	56,700	26.8	28.5	25.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	283,575	129,105	154,465	65.0	61.3	68.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	150,285	73,795	76,495	34.4	35.0	33.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	41,905	31,365	10,540	9.6	14.9	4.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,775	9,510	7,265	3.8	4.5	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	25,130	21,855	3,280	5.8	10.4	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	91,725	36,300	55,425	21.0	17.2	24.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,655	6,125	10,525	3.8	2.9	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	133,285	55,310	77,975	30.5	26.3	34.5
Bachelor's degree	84,240	35,075	49,170	19.3	16.7	21.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,575	3,275	5,295	2.0	1.6	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,750	1,865	1,885	0.9	0.9	0.8
Master's degree	31,695	12,495	19,200	7.3	5.9	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,030	2,605	2,425	1.2	1.2	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	732,895	353,995	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	309,455	154,605	154,850	42.2	43.7	40.9
Education	32,925	8,665	24,260	4.5	2.4	6.4
13. Education	32,925	8,665	24,260	4.5	2.4	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	17,150	6,935	10,210	2.3	2.0	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,410	1,030	380	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	15,735	5,905	9,830	2.1	1.7	2.6
Humanities	23,470	9,245	14,225	3.2	2.6	3.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,540	510	2,030	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	6,985	2,205	4,775	1.0	0.6	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,395	2,020	3,375	0.7	0.6	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	840	285	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,540	975	565	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,875	1,125	750	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	3,545	1,975	1,570	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	745	145	600	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	53,120	19,095	34,020	7.2	5.4	9.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,245	375	870	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,835	1,835	3,005	0.7	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,070	680	7,385	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	7,215	2,560	4,655	1.0	0.7	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,535	565	975	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	10,210	2,975	7,235	1.4	0.8	1.9
45. Social sciences	20,005	10,105	9,905	2.7	2.9	2.6
Business, management and public administration	74,490	27,540	46,950	10.2	7.8	12.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,075	1,920	6,155	1.1	0.5	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	66,315	25,590	40,725	9.0	7.2	10.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,575	10,000	8,575	2.5	2.8	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,760	4,095	4,665	1.2	1.2	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,190	1,490	1,700	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	410	165	245	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	5,525	4,035	1,490	0.8	1.1	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	685	215	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,175	9,310	4,860	1.9	2.6	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,625	7,595	3,030	1.4	2.1	0.8
25. Library science	1,310	210	1,100	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,925	1,265	660	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	325	245	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	78,720	72,530	6,195	10.7	20.5	1.6
04. Architecture and related services	2,570	1,620	945	0.4	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	13,145	11,290	1,855	1.8	3.2	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	15,995	14,255	1,735	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	21,875	21,215	660	3.0	6.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,040	15,470	570	2.2	4.4	0.2
48. Precision production	9,055	8,665	395	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,675	7,965	5,710	1.9	2.3	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,825	3,165	3,665	0.9	0.9	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,845	4,810	2,040	0.9	1.4	0.5
Health and related fields	70,680	13,820	56,865	9.6	3.9	15.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,740	2,210	2,530	0.6	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	63,955	10,460	53,495	8.7	3.0	14.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	160	30	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,830	1,120	705	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	26,305	14,240	12,065	3.6	4.0	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	15,480	5,175	10,300	2.1	1.5	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	315	270	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	495	435	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,595	2,510	1,090	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,415	5,850	570	0.9	1.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	165	50	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	436,480	210,650	225,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	152,910	81,545	71,365	35.0	38.7	31.6
Education	17,385	4,175	13,215	4.0	2.0	5.9
13. Education	17,385	4,175	13,215	4.0	2.0	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	12,015	4,740	7,280	2.8	2.3	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	865	610	255	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	11,150	4,125	7,025	2.6	2.0	3.1
Humanities	14,705	5,555	9,150	3.4	2.6	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,610	290	1,320	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	4,320	1,250	3,065	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,595	1,330	2,275	0.8	0.6	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	465	170	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,090	695	395	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	975	565	410	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,225	1,155	1,065	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	425	90	330	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	38,110	12,540	25,575	8.7	6.0	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,005	295	715	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,895	1,370	2,520	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,000	540	5,460	1.4	0.3	2.4
22. Legal professions and studies	5,070	1,440	3,630	1.2	0.7	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,125	400	725	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	6,665	1,665	5,000	1.5	0.8	2.2
45. Social sciences	14,350	6,830	7,520	3.3	3.2	3.3
Business, management and public administration	51,390	18,415	32,975	11.8	8.7	14.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,445	1,185	4,260	1.2	0.6	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	45,885	17,220	28,665	10.5	8.2	12.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,140	5,820	6,320	2.8	2.8	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,950	2,485	3,460	1.4	1.2	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,205	965	1,240	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	320	120	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,320	2,165	1,150	0.8	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	340	85	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,495	7,265	3,230	2.4	3.4	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,735	6,395	2,340	2.0	3.0	1.0
25. Library science	580	90	490	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	995	635	365	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	140	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	50,515	45,640	4,875	11.6	21.7	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	1,675	900	775	0.4	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	8,905	7,340	1,560	2.0	3.5	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,700	8,455	1,250	2.2	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	14,780	14,225	550	3.4	6.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,920	9,500	420	2.3	4.5	0.2
48. Precision production	5,495	5,195	300	1.3	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,870	5,215	4,655	2.3	2.5	2.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,920	2,060	2,860	1.1	1.0	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,950	3,155	1,790	1.1	1.5	0.8
Health and related fields	48,180	9,810	38,370	11.0	4.7	17.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,505	1,600	1,910	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	43,385	7,555	35,820	9.9	3.6	15.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	110	10	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,180	645	535	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	18,640	9,890	8,755	4.3	4.7	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,210	3,835	7,375	2.6	1.8	3.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	170	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	235	210	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,730	1,860	865	0.6	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,255	3,805	450	1.0	1.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	120	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	436,480	210,650	225,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	152,910	81,545	71,365	35.0	38.7	31.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	283,570	129,100	154,465	65.0	61.3	68.4
Location of study inside Canada	244,255	111,500	132,760	56.0	52.9	58.8
Same as province or territory of residence	181,585	81,615	99,965	41.6	38.7	44.3
Different than province or territory of residence	62,670	29,880	32,790	14.4	14.2	14.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	39,315	17,605	21,715	9.0	8.4	9.6
Americas	10,610	4,865	5,745	2.4	2.3	2.5
United States of America	8,330	3,900	4,435	1.9	1.9	2.0
Mexico	680	285	395	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	505	205	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	245	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	140	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	540	230	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	11,235	5,510	5,720	2.6	2.6	2.5
Belgium	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	555	285	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	940	415	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	425	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	270	105	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	200	70	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romania	190	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	400	150	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	370	155	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	330	170	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,895	2,995	2,900	1.4	1.4	1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	225	120	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	1,140	590	545	0.3	0.3	0.2
Africa	1,560	810	750	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	160	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	855	435	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	365	185	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	13,970	5,340	8,640	3.2	2.5	3.8
Iran⁸⁸	430	175	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,410	940	1,465	0.6	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	270	85	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	125	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	880	160	720	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,100	435	660	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	4,260	1,430	2,830	1.0	0.7	1.3
Viet Nam	260	80	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,710	1,360	1,350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pakistan	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	750	250	500	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	1,935	1,080	855	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	1,490	810	680	0.3	0.4	0.3
New Zealand	425	270	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	732,895	354,000	378,900	...	...	...
In the labour force	431,830	219,565	212,265	...	...	...
Employed	399,145	202,295	196,850	...	...	...
Unemployed	32,690	17,265	15,420	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	301,065	134,430	166,635	...	...	...
Participation rate	58.9	62.0	56.0	58.9	62.0	56.0
Employment rate	54.5	57.1	52.0	54.5	57.1	52.0
Unemployment rate	7.6	7.9	7.3	7.6	7.9	7.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	732,895	353,995	378,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	296,495	132,495	164,000	40.5	37.4	43.3
Worked	436,400	221,500	214,900	59.5	62.6	56.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	215,880	119,535	96,340	29.5	33.8	25.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	220,525	101,965	118,560	30.1	28.8	31.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.5	40.3	40.9	41.5	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	431,830	219,565	212,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,380	3,745	3,635	1.7	1.7	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	424,450	215,815	208,635	98.3	98.3	98.3
Employee	343,925	169,585	174,340	79.6	77.2	82.1
Permanent position	288,265	144,170	144,100	66.8	65.7	67.9
Temporary position	55,660	25,410	30,245	12.9	11.6	14.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	16,195	7,380	8,820	3.8	3.4	4.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	39,465	18,040	21,430	9.1	8.2	10.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	80,520	46,230	34,295	18.6	21.1	16.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	431,830	219,565	212,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,380	3,745	3,635	1.7	1.7	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	424,450	215,815	208,635	98.3	98.3	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,180	3,160	2,015	1.2	1.4	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	66,015	18,345	47,665	15.3	8.4	22.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	31,710	23,970	7,740	7.3	10.9	3.6
3 Health occupations	38,310	8,295	30,015	8.9	3.8	14.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	58,460	20,885	37,580	13.5	9.5	17.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	16,225	6,835	9,390	3.8	3.1	4.4
6 Sales and service occupations	110,060	48,490	61,570	25.5	22.1	29.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	74,125	67,190	6,940	17.2	30.6	3.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	14,375	10,645	3,730	3.3	4.8	1.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	9,995	8,005	1,995	2.3	3.6	0.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	431,830	219,565	212,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,380	3,745	3,635	1.7	1.7	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	424,450	215,815	208,635	98.3	98.3	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	12,800	8,965	3,830	3.0	4.1	1.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	2,500	2,210	285	0.6	1.0	0.1
22 Utilities	1,655	1,425	230	0.4	0.6	0.1
23 Construction	39,160	34,050	5,110	9.1	15.5	2.4
31-33 Manufacturing	17,080	12,795	4,285	4.0	5.8	2.0
41 Wholesale trade	6,995	4,990	2,000	1.6	2.3	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	51,585	24,760	26,820	11.9	11.3	12.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	16,725	12,435	4,285	3.9	5.7	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	6,855	3,950	2,900	1.6	1.8	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	11,005	4,295	6,710	2.5	2.0	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,105	4,125	3,980	1.9	1.9	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	34,325	18,800	15,525	7.9	8.6	7.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	525	280	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	19,620	11,560	8,065	4.5	5.3	3.8
61 Educational services	31,930	10,445	21,480	7.4	4.8	10.1
62 Health care and social assistance	62,310	13,130	49,185	14.4	6.0	23.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	10,540	5,055	5,485	2.4	2.3	2.6
72 Accommodation and food services	30,965	13,750	17,215	7.2	6.3	8.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	18,400	7,930	10,470	4.3	3.6	4.9
91 Public administration	41,385	20,880	20,510	9.6	9.5	9.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	469,940	237,880	232,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	457,010	232,165	224,840	97.2	97.6	96.9
French	700	165	540	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,245	710	535	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,200	690	510	0.3	0.3	0.2
English and French	4,670	2,145	2,525	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,905	2,485	3,425	1.3	1.0	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	360	205	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	469,940	237,880	232,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	468,630	237,275	231,355	99.7	99.7	99.7
Official languages	466,425	236,150	230,275	99.3	99.3	99.2
English	465,020	235,825	229,190	99.0	99.1	98.8
French	1,410	325	1,085	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	2,200	1,120	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,115	1,095	1,015	0.5	0.5	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	160	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	155	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	455	225	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	95	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	175	45	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	260	165	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	880	500	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	880	500	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	565	310	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	295	180	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,310	610	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	460	220	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	810	380	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	469,940	237,880	232,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	460,140	233,570	226,570	97.9	98.2	97.6
English	1,565	535	1,025	0.3	0.2	0.4
French	3,555	1,800	1,755	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-official language	3,890	1,600	2,295	0.8	0.7	1.0
Indigenous³⁹	450	155	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	3,445	1,445	1,995	0.7	0.6	0.9
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	270	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	445	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	399,145	202,295	196,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	88,125	40,105	48,010	22.1	19.8	24.4
Worked outside Canada	755	555	205	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	62,465	46,250	16,210	15.6	22.9	8.2
Usual place of work	247,795	115,380	132,415	62.1	57.0	67.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	247,795	115,380	132,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	119,820	52,320	67,495	48.4	45.3	51.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	108,200	51,440	56,760	43.7	44.6	42.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	18,075	10,325	7,750	7.3	8.9	5.9
Commute to a different province or territory	1,710	1,300	410	0.7	1.1	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	310,265	161,635	148,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	250,870	131,965	118,905	80.9	81.6	80.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	232,770	124,095	108,675	75.0	76.8	73.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	18,100	7,865	10,235	5.8	4.9	6.9
Public transit	14,850	6,520	8,330	4.8	4.0	5.6
Walked	24,645	11,005	13,640	7.9	6.8	9.2
Bicycle	10,525	6,545	3,985	3.4	4.0	2.7
Other method	9,365	5,600	3,775	3.0	3.5	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	310,265	161,635	148,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	127,145	59,220	67,930	41.0	36.6	45.7
15 to 29 minutes	112,770	59,125	53,645	36.3	36.6	36.1
30 to 44 minutes	42,550	24,675	17,870	13.7	15.3	12.0
45 to 59 minutes	12,965	7,950	5,015	4.2	4.9	3.4
60 minutes and over	14,830	10,665	4,170	4.8	6.6	2.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	310,265	161,635	148,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	16,395	11,670	4,725	5.3	7.2	3.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	46,830	29,630	17,200	15.1	18.3	11.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	81,315	44,355	36,960	26.2	27.4	24.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	76,175	33,375	42,795	24.6	20.6	28.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	47,080	19,645	27,435	15.2	12.2	18.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	42,475	22,960	19,510	13.7	14.2	13.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	139,735	71,630	68,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,025	5,570	5,455	7.9	7.8	8.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	128,710	66,060	62,655	92.1	92.2	92.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	104,320	53,615	50,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,530	4,340	4,190	8.2	8.1	8.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,490	2,175	2,310	4.3	4.1	4.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,045	2,165	1,875	3.9	4.0	3.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	95,790	49,275	46,515	91.8	91.9	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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