Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond Centre--MarpoleMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,380	55,405	60,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,260	7,255	7,010	12.3	13.1	11.5
0 to 4 years	4,585	2,285	2,300	3.9	4.1	3.8
5 to 9 years	4,965	2,530	2,435	4.3	4.6	4.0
10 to 14 years	4,710	2,440	2,270	4.0	4.4	3.7
15 to 64 years	79,195	37,685	41,510	68.0	68.0	68.1
15 to 19 years	5,275	2,705	2,570	4.5	4.9	4.2
20 to 24 years	7,735	3,920	3,815	6.6	7.1	6.3
25 to 29 years	9,780	4,830	4,955	8.4	8.7	8.1
30 to 34 years	9,470	4,775	4,700	8.1	8.6	7.7
35 to 39 years	8,015	3,935	4,075	6.9	7.1	6.7
40 to 44 years	6,680	3,185	3,495	5.7	5.7	5.7
45 to 49 years	7,000	3,010	3,990	6.0	5.4	6.5
50 to 54 years	8,300	3,630	4,670	7.1	6.6	7.7
55 to 59 years	8,765	4,040	4,725	7.5	7.3	7.7
60 to 64 years	8,175	3,655	4,525	7.0	6.6	7.4
65 years and over	22,920	10,470	12,455	19.7	18.9	20.4
65 to 69 years	7,355	3,485	3,875	6.3	6.3	6.4
70 to 74 years	6,170	2,890	3,280	5.3	5.2	5.4
75 to 79 years	3,565	1,630	1,935	3.1	2.9	3.2
80 to 84 years	2,745	1,230	1,515	2.4	2.2	2.5
85 years and over	3,090	1,235	1,855	2.7	2.2	3.0
85 to 89 years	1,855	840	1,010	1.6	1.5	1.7
90 to 94 years	980	330	650	0.8	0.6	1.1
95 to 99 years	215	55	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.3	13.1	11.5	12.3	13.1	11.5
15 to 64 years	68.0	68.0	68.1	68.0	68.0	68.1
65 years and over	19.7	18.9	20.4	19.7	18.9	20.4
85 years and over	2.7	2.2	3.0	2.7	2.2	3.0
Average age of the population	43.3	42.2	44.3	43.3	42.2	44.3
Median age of the population	42.8	40.4	44.8	42.8	40.4	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,805	...	...	26.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,250	...	...	2.6	...	...
Row house	5,460	...	...	11.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,560	...	...	5.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,175	...	...	29.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,935	...	...	24.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	14,465	...	...	30.0	...	...
2 persons	15,845	...	...	32.8	...	...
3 persons	8,455	...	...	17.5	...	...
4 persons	6,080	...	...	12.6	...	...
5 or more persons	3,400	...	...	7.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,070	54,875	60,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,115	48,155	53,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	57,575	28,315	29,255	56.4	58.8	54.2
Married	52,015	25,540	26,470	50.9	53.0	49.1
Living common-law	5,555	2,770	2,785	5.4	5.8	5.2
Living common law - Never married	4,350	2,145	2,205	4.3	4.5	4.1
Living common law - Separated	225	130	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	905	460	440	0.9	1.0	0.8
Living common law - Widowed	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	44,545	19,835	24,710	43.6	41.2	45.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,050	16,055	14,995	30.4	33.3	27.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,445	915	1,530	2.4	1.9	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,350	2,045	4,300	6.2	4.2	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,700	820	3,880	4.6	1.7	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,745	...	...	51.1	...	...
3 persons	8,605	...	...	26.3	...	...
4 persons	5,925	...	...	18.1	...	...
5 or more persons	1,490	...	...	4.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,970	...	...	82.3	...	...
Married couples	24,190	...	...	73.8	...	...
With children⁶	13,660	...	...	41.7	...	...
Without children	10,530	...	...	32.1	...	...
Common-law couples	2,775	...	...	8.5	...	...
With children⁶	560	...	...	1.7	...	...
Without children	2,215	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,800	...	...	17.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,850	...	...	14.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	950	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,075	54,880	60,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	90,815	44,110	46,710	78.9	80.4	77.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,940	26,950	26,985	46.9	49.1	44.8
Parents in one-parent families	5,800	950	4,845	5.0	1.7	8.0
Children⁶	31,080	16,205	14,870	27.0	29.5	24.7
In a two-parent family	23,080	11,985	11,090	20.1	21.8	18.4
In a one-parent family	8,000	4,220	3,785	7.0	7.7	6.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	24,255	10,775	13,485	21.1	19.6	22.4
Living alone	14,465	6,375	8,080	12.6	11.6	13.4
Living with other relatives⁷	4,000	1,365	2,635	3.5	2.5	4.4
Living with non-relatives only	5,790	3,030	2,765	5.0	5.5	4.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,885	...	...	55.7	...	...
Couple-family households	22,400	...	...	46.4	...	...
With children⁶	11,865	...	...	24.6	...	...
Without children	10,535	...	...	21.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,485	...	...	9.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,065	...	...	4.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	500	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,620	...	...	3.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,715	...	...	5.6	...	...
One-person households	14,460	...	...	30.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100,830	47,630	53,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,515	46,035	51,480	96.7	96.7	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	31,000	33,200	36,000	31,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,530	46,045	51,485	96.7	96.7	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,000	33,200	29,400	31,000	33,200	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,445	40,605	44,845	84.7	85.3	84.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,000	32,000	22,800	27,000	32,000	22,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,840	32,085	32,760	64.3	67.4	61.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,600	36,400	27,600	31,600	36,400	27,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,130	38,145	45,985	83.4	80.1	86.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,600	8,000	7,000	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,965	3,450	4,515	7.9	7.2	8.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,295	14,455	15,840	30.0	30.3	29.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,500	10,000	10,000	10,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,730	47,495	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,480	45,950	51,530	96.8	96.7	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,920	51,160	41,240	45,920	51,160	41,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,495	45,955	51,535	96.8	96.8	96.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,040	42,800	35,720	39,040	42,800	35,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,160	40,415	44,740	84.5	85.1	84.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,600	49,160	36,640	42,600	49,160	36,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,765	32,045	32,725	64.3	67.5	61.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,720	50,680	38,840	44,720	50,680	38,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,200	38,080	46,115	83.6	80.2	86.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,090	9,530	10,560	10,090	9,530	10,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,835	3,360	4,480	7.8	7.1	8.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,705	7,080	6,490	5,705	7,080
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,630	14,620	16,010	30.4	30.8	30.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,170	10,120	10,220	10,170	10,120	10,220
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,730	47,495	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,640	14,655	11,985	26.4	30.9	22.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	64,500	56,800	60,000	64,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,400	79,600	65,700	73,400	79,600	65,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,155	12,805	15,350	28.0	27.0	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,700	17,800	14,600	15,700	17,800	14,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,360	28,200	24,800	26,360	28,200	24,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.0	84.6	77.0	81.0	84.6	77.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.6	69.2	59.8	64.6	69.2	59.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.0	15.4	22.9	19.0	15.4	22.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.5	7.5	9.5	8.5	7.5	9.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.0	6.3	7.7	7.0	6.3	7.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100,830	47,630	53,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,305	1,590	1,715	3.3	3.3	3.2
With total income	97,520	46,035	51,480	96.7	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,640	6,505	8,140	15.0	14.1	15.8
$10,000 to $19,999	13,425	6,080	7,345	13.8	13.2	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	16,655	7,260	9,390	17.1	15.8	18.2
$30,000 to $39,999	12,315	5,270	7,045	12.6	11.4	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	9,725	4,390	5,335	10.0	9.5	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7,360	3,430	3,930	7.5	7.5	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,620	2,810	2,810	5.8	6.1	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	2,205	2,000	4.3	4.8	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,235	1,770	1,470	3.3	3.8	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,435	1,360	1,075	2.5	2.9	2.1
$100,000 and over	7,900	4,955	2,950	8.1	10.8	5.7
$100,000 to $149,999	5,210	3,125	2,085	5.3	6.8	4.1
$150,000 and over	2,690	1,830	860	2.8	4.0	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100,830	47,630	53,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,290	1,585	1,705	3.3	3.3	3.2
With after-tax income	97,530	46,045	51,485	96.7	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,020	6,660	8,365	15.4	14.5	16.2
$10,000 to $19,999	13,820	6,300	7,525	14.2	13.7	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	18,450	8,025	10,420	18.9	17.4	20.2
$30,000 to $39,999	13,815	6,030	7,790	14.2	13.1	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	10,695	4,935	5,760	11.0	10.7	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,675	3,735	3,940	7.9	8.1	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	5,470	2,875	2,600	5.6	6.2	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,710	2,065	1,645	3.8	4.5	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,705	1,520	1,190	2.8	3.3	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,730	1,005	720	1.8	2.2	1.4
$100,000 and over	4,440	2,910	1,535	4.6	6.3	3.0
$100,000 to $124,999	2,195	1,375	820	2.3	3.0	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,245	1,525	715	2.3	3.3	1.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100,830	47,630	53,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	35,985	15,550	20,435	35.7	32.6	38.4
With employment income	64,840	32,085	32,760	64.3	67.3	61.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,965	4,440	5,530	15.4	13.8	16.9
$5,000 to $9,999	6,830	3,040	3,790	10.5	9.5	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	8,535	3,945	4,595	13.2	12.3	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	6,065	2,825	3,245	9.4	8.8	9.9
$30,000 to $39,999	5,975	2,720	3,255	9.2	8.5	9.9
$40,000 to $49,999	5,635	2,660	2,975	8.7	8.3	9.1
$50,000 to $59,999	4,915	2,430	2,480	7.6	7.6	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	3,950	2,090	1,860	6.1	6.5	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	2,940	1,650	1,290	4.5	5.1	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,385	1,350	1,035	3.7	4.2	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	1,910	1,110	805	3.0	3.4	2.5
$100,000 and over	5,735	3,825	1,910	8.8	11.9	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,675	1,670	1,005	4.1	5.2	3.1
$125,000 and over	3,055	2,155	900	4.7	6.7	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100,830	47,630	53,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,985	44,215	49,765	93.2	92.8	93.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	34,000	27,000	29,800	34,000	27,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,115	44,265	49,855	93.3	92.9	93.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,800	31,000	25,600	27,800	31,000	25,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,560	40,135	44,425	83.9	84.3	83.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,200	35,200	26,000	30,200	35,200	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,000	32,415	33,585	65.5	68.1	63.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,400	33,200	38,000	29,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,815	29,210	38,605	67.3	61.3	72.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620	900	2,660	1,620	900	2,660
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,710	1,430	2,280	3.7	3.0	4.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,960	6,200	5,640	4,960	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,730	47,495	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,950	44,085	49,860	93.3	92.8	93.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,360	49,160	38,280	43,360	49,160	38,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,080	44,130	49,950	93.4	92.9	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,600	40,720	32,960	36,600	40,720	32,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,090	39,820	44,265	83.5	83.8	83.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,520	50,360	37,360	43,520	50,360	37,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,780	32,200	33,585	65.3	67.8	63.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,680	51,040	38,600	44,680	51,040	38,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,990	29,340	38,655	67.5	61.8	72.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,110	5,505	6,560	6,110	5,505	6,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,690	1,460	2,235	3.7	3.1	4.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	6,275	8,150	7,410	6,275	8,150
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,730	47,495	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,360	14,525	11,835	26.2	30.6	22.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,000	60,000	51,600	56,000	60,000	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,300	74,800	60,300	68,300	74,800	60,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,210	11,810	14,400	26.0	24.9	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	25,400	22,200	23,800	25,400	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,960	35,880	30,520	32,960	35,880	30,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	92.6	86.8	89.8	92.6	86.8
Employment income (%)	72.2	75.8	68.0	72.2	75.8	68.0
Government transfers (%)	10.2	7.5	13.3	10.2	7.5	13.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	63,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,460	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...	37,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,780	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,220	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,800	...	...	92,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,900	...	...	78,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	14,465	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,160	...	...	47,160	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,480	...	...	39,480	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,400	...	...	112,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,810	...	...	3.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	740	...	...	1.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	815	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,280	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,455	...	...	5.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,785	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,965	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,225	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,960	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,965	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,580	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,445	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,090	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,805	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,485	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,835	...	...	32.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,850	...	...	10.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,340	...	...	6.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,815	...	...	7.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,830	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,955	...	...	4.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	760	...	...	1.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	835	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,330	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,560	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,980	...	...	4.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,170	...	...	4.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,485	...	...	5.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,290	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,195	...	...	4.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,095	...	...	8.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,855	...	...	8.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,360	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,045	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,450	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,890	...	...	26.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,670	...	...	9.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,970	...	...	6.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,250	...	...	10.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,050	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,950	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,265	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	20,250	9,405	10,850	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	36,000	32,800	34,000	36,000	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,000	33,200	31,000	32,000	33,200	31,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,015	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,600	...	...	112,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...	95,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,200	...	...	79,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,275	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,400	...	...	141,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,500	...	...	118,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,200	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,300	...	...	68,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	20,155	9,300	10,855	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,320	45,560	41,360	43,320	45,560	41,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,840	37,680	36,160	36,840	37,680	36,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,070	54,875	60,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,275	8,815	8,465	15.0	16.1	14.1
0 to 5 years	5,545	2,800	2,745	4.8	5.1	4.6
18 to 64 years	75,925	35,985	39,935	66.0	65.6	66.3
65 years and over	21,875	10,080	11,795	19.0	18.4	19.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	21,830	10,050	11,780	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,495	1,820	1,670	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,080	580	500	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,510	6,200	7,310	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,830	2,030	2,800	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	19.0	18.3	19.6	19.0	18.3	19.6
0 to 17 years (%)	20.2	20.6	19.8	20.2	20.6	19.8
0 to 5 years (%)	19.6	20.8	18.3	19.6	20.8	18.3
18 to 64 years (%)	17.8	17.2	18.3	17.8	17.2	18.3
65 years and over (%)	22.1	20.1	23.7	22.1	20.1	23.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,070	54,875	60,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,275	8,815	8,465	15.0	16.1	14.1
0 to 5 years	5,545	2,800	2,745	4.8	5.1	4.6
18 to 64 years	75,925	35,985	39,935	66.0	65.6	66.3
65 years and over	21,875	10,080	11,795	19.0	18.4	19.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,845	7,090	7,755	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,220	1,205	1,020	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	670	365	300	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,400	4,930	5,465	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,225	960	1,270	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.9	12.9	12.9	12.9	12.9	12.9
0 to 17 years (%)	12.9	13.6	12.0	12.9	13.6	12.0
0 to 5 years (%)	12.1	13.1	11.0	12.1	13.1	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.7
65 years and over (%)	10.2	9.5	10.7	10.2	9.5	10.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,070	54,880	60,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	65,595	30,720	34,880	57.0	56.0	57.9
In bottom decile	20,440	9,565	10,875	17.8	17.4	18.1
In second decile	13,265	6,060	7,205	11.5	11.0	12.0
In third decile	11,320	5,290	6,030	9.8	9.6	10.0
In fourth decile	10,360	4,905	5,455	9.0	8.9	9.1
In fifth decile	10,215	4,900	5,315	8.9	8.9	8.8
In top half of the distribution	49,475	24,160	25,315	43.0	44.0	42.1
In sixth decile	9,770	4,655	5,110	8.5	8.5	8.5
In seventh decile	9,640	4,635	5,010	8.4	8.4	8.3
In eighth decile	9,565	4,695	4,870	8.3	8.6	8.1
In ninth decile	9,690	4,805	4,890	8.4	8.8	8.1
In top decile	10,810	5,380	5,430	9.4	9.8	9.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,070	...	...	115,070	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.380	...	...	0.380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.492	...	...	0.492	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.341	...	...	0.341	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,440	55,015	60,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	98,230	47,660	50,565	85.1	86.6	83.7
French only	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
English and French	4,940	2,340	2,605	4.3	4.3	4.3
Neither English nor French	12,210	4,985	7,225	10.6	9.1	12.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,440	55,015	60,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	101,960	49,400	52,565	88.3	89.8	87.0
French	745	400	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
English and French	685	310	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	12,050	4,905	7,140	10.4	8.9	11.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,440	55,015	60,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	107,915	51,450	56,465	93.5	93.5	93.4
Official languages	34,255	18,030	16,225	29.7	32.8	26.9
English	33,600	17,685	15,910	29.1	32.1	26.3
French	655	345	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Non-official languages	73,655	33,415	40,240	63.8	60.7	66.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	73,645	33,415	40,235	63.8	60.7	66.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,085	580	510	0.9	1.1	0.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,005	530	470	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	750	400	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	545	225	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	535	220	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,065	2,115	2,945	4.4	3.8	4.9
Bikol	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	290	125	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,050	1,690	2,360	3.5	3.1	3.9
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	430	235	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	195	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,260	4,055	4,205	7.2	7.4	7.0
Albanian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,995	940	1,055	1.7	1.7	1.7
Baltic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,980	925	1,050	1.7	1.7	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,130	525	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	170	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	650	335	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	425	215	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
German	405	200	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,310	1,655	1,655	2.9	3.0	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages	2,580	1,295	1,285	2.2	2.4	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	180	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	535	280	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,100	540	560	1.0	1.0	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	380	190	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	730	365	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	660	330	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	515	260	250	0.4	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,085	1,010	1,080	1.8	1.8	1.8
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	505	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Spanish	1,290	610	675	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,350	500	845	1.2	0.9	1.4
Korean	1,085	480	610	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	55,110	24,880	30,235	47.7	45.2	50.0
Chinese languages	55,050	24,850	30,205	47.7	45.2	50.0
Hakka	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	27,795	12,430	15,360	24.1	22.6	25.4
Min Dong	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,460	645	815	1.3	1.2	1.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	475	190	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Yue (Cantonese)	24,910	11,375	13,535	21.6	20.7	22.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burmese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	225	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,525	3,565	3,960	6.5	6.5	6.6
English and French	210	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,250	2,985	3,265	5.4	5.4	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	915	390	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,440	55,015	60,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	37,080	19,155	17,925	32.1	34.8	29.7
French	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official language	31,055	13,820	17,240	26.9	25.1	28.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	31,055	13,815	17,240	26.9	25.1	28.5
English and French	510	240	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	42,200	19,830	22,370	36.6	36.0	37.0
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	765	350	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	3,605	1,510	2,100	3.1	2.7	3.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,440	55,015	60,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,220	50,730	55,490	92.0	92.2	91.8
Official languages	51,415	25,975	25,440	44.5	47.2	42.1
English	51,150	25,830	25,320	44.3	47.0	41.9
French	270	150	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Non-official languages	54,800	24,755	30,045	47.5	45.0	49.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,805	24,755	30,045	47.5	45.0	49.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	625	305	315	0.5	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	580	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	425	210	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	235	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	230	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,915	1,290	1,620	2.5	2.3	2.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,460	1,085	1,370	2.1	2.0	2.3
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	275	155	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,350	2,065	2,285	3.8	3.8	3.8
Albanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,125	520	605	1.0	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,115	520	600	1.0	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Russian	785	365	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,900	900	1,005	1.6	1.6	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,460	685	775	1.3	1.2	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	280	140	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	625	280	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	260	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	440	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,155	570	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	730	370	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	755	330	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Korean	705	325	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	44,640	20,030	24,610	38.7	36.4	40.7
Chinese languages	44,600	20,015	24,590	38.6	36.4	40.7
Hakka	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	23,310	10,485	12,820	20.2	19.1	21.2
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	885	395	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	19,950	8,915	11,040	17.3	16.2	18.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,220	4,285	4,935	8.0	7.8	8.2
English and French	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	8,595	4,000	4,600	7.4	7.3	7.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	460	200	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,440	55,015	60,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	75,675	36,500	39,175	65.6	66.3	64.8
English	17,395	8,185	9,215	15.1	14.9	15.3
French	520	235	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	16,230	7,530	8,705	14.1	13.7	14.4
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,225	7,525	8,700	14.1	13.7	14.4
English and French	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,125	1,415	1,710	2.7	2.6	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	410	180	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,950	905	1,040	1.7	1.6	1.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	114,900	54,800	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,825	49,870	52,955	89.5	91.0	88.1
English	102,775	49,850	52,920	89.4	91.0	88.1
French	5,015	2,430	2,585	4.4	4.4	4.3
Non-official languages	87,630	40,260	47,365	76.3	73.5	78.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	87,610	40,260	47,355	76.2	73.5	78.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,840	965	875	1.6	1.8	1.5
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	115	80	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	95	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,740	890	845	1.5	1.6	1.4
Amharic	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,205	630	575	1.0	1.1	1.0
Aramaic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	440	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	340	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	710	320	395	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,560	3,225	4,335	6.6	5.9	7.2
Bikol	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	275	95	185	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	195	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	500	235	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	420	195	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kankanaey	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	185	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	105	25	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,780	2,895	3,880	5.9	5.3	6.5
Waray-Waray	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	695	390	305	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kannada	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	190	130	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	365	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,475	6,015	6,455	10.9	11.0	10.7
Albanian	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,535	1,155	1,375	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,530	1,155	1,375	2.2	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,570	710	860	1.4	1.3	1.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	475	210	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	265	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	370	150	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,305	640	665	1.1	1.2	1.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	915	440	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
German	900	430	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	245	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Danish	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	130	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,070	2,530	2,545	4.4	4.6	4.2
Indo-Aryan languages	4,115	2,045	2,070	3.6	3.7	3.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	395	160	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hindi	1,890	990	900	1.6	1.8	1.5
Kacchi	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,765	855	915	1.5	1.6	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Urdu	770	385	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	980	495	490	0.9	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Parsi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	930	475	450	0.8	0.9	0.7
Dari	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	805	420	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,680	1,775	1,910	3.2	3.2	3.2
Catalan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	355	160	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	640	300	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Romanian	225	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,730	1,340	1,390	2.4	2.4	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,505	1,120	1,390	2.2	2.0	2.3
Korean	1,230	485	745	1.1	0.9	1.2
Mongolian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	275	140	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	160	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	63,015	28,845	34,165	54.8	52.6	56.8
Chinese languages	62,940	28,810	34,125	54.8	52.6	56.8
Hakka	315	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mandarin	42,145	19,025	23,110	36.7	34.7	38.5
Min Dong	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,990	1,300	1,695	2.6	2.4	2.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	735	310	425	0.6	0.6	0.7
Yue (Cantonese)	31,755	14,425	17,325	27.6	26.3	28.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	205	80	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	385	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	75	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,905	54,805	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,105	535	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,060	515	550	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	685	340	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis	370	165	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	113,790	54,265	59,525	99.0	99.0	99.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	114,905	54,805	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	475	245	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,425	54,560	59,865	99.6	99.6	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,215	...	...	62.7	...	...
Renter	18,000	...	...	37.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	22,025	...	...	45.7	...	...
Not condominium	26,195	...	...	54.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	580	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	11,475	...	...	23.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,145	...	...	31.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,790	...	...	20.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,225	...	...	23.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	26,940	...	...	55.9	...	...
5 rooms	6,630	...	...	13.7	...	...
6 rooms	4,450	...	...	9.2	...	...
7 rooms	3,245	...	...	6.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,955	...	...	14.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,115	...	...	95.6	...	...
More than one person per room	2,100	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,170	...	...	91.6	...	...
Not suitable	4,050	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,040	...	...	6.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,475	...	...	21.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,240	...	...	17.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,175	...	...	17.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,390	...	...	5.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,755	...	...	7.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,010	...	...	10.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,130	...	...	14.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,695	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,525	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,755	...	...	53.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,040	...	...	39.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,425	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,800	...	...	3.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,935	...	...	16.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,340	...	...	15.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,490	...	...	17.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,680	...	...	20.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,865	...	...	16.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,530	...	...	7.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,580	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	48,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,265	...	...	61.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	18,730	...	...	39.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	13,915	...	...	29.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	23,200	...	...	48.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	16,935	...	...	35.1	...	...
Not suitable only	2,715	...	...	5.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,490	...	...	3.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,020	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	725	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	255	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	25,020	...	...	51.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	43,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,065	...	...	23.3	...	...
Not in core need	33,110	...	...	76.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,215	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.1	...	...	53.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.2	...	...	35.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	18.5	...	...	18.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,858	...	...	1,858	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,290,000	...	...	1,290,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,005	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.6	...	...	12.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	45.6	...	...	45.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.5	...	...	31.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,596	...	...	1,596	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	114,900	54,800	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	320	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	310	145	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	770	400	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	750	395	355	0.7	0.7	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	585	320	260	0.5	0.6	0.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,810	54,265	59,550	99.1	99.0	99.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	114,905	54,805	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,080	43,365	46,715	78.4	79.1	77.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,910	7,710	7,200	13.0	14.1	12.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	75,175	35,655	39,520	65.4	65.1	65.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	24,825	11,440	13,380	21.6	20.9	22.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	114,905	54,805	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	37,840	19,860	17,980	32.9	36.2	29.9
Immigrants⁸¹	70,460	31,725	38,735	61.3	57.9	64.5
Before 1980	6,340	3,075	3,270	5.5	5.6	5.4
1980 to 1990	8,315	3,860	4,450	7.2	7.0	7.4
1991 to 2000	21,360	9,540	11,825	18.6	17.4	19.7
2001 to 2010	17,770	7,915	9,850	15.5	14.4	16.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,680	7,330	9,340	14.5	13.4	15.5
2011 to 2015	8,180	3,535	4,650	7.1	6.5	7.7
2016 to 2021	8,500	3,800	4,695	7.4	6.9	7.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,605	3,220	3,380	5.7	5.9	5.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	70,460	31,725	38,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,865	2,605	2,260	6.9	8.2	5.8
5 to 14 years	10,540	5,400	5,140	15.0	17.0	13.3
15 to 24 years	10,965	5,090	5,875	15.6	16.0	15.2
25 to 44 years	33,960	14,080	19,875	48.2	44.4	51.3
45 years and over	10,125	4,545	5,580	14.4	14.3	14.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	70,460	31,725	38,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,410	1,190	1,225	3.4	3.8	3.2
Brazil	205	85	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
El Salvador	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	335	120	215	0.5	0.4	0.6
Peru	200	75	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	100	60	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
United States of America	850	500	350	1.2	1.6	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	460	225	230	0.7	0.7	0.6
Europe	4,115	2,050	2,065	5.8	6.5	5.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	120	40	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
France	135	90	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Germany	270	160	115	0.4	0.5	0.3
Greece	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portugal	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romania	210	100	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	460	200	265	0.7	0.6	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	95	60	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	460	220	240	0.7	0.7	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,035	505	530	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	765	400	365	1.1	1.3	0.9
Africa	1,315	630	685	1.9	2.0	1.8
Algeria	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	155	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrea	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopia	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	210	90	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	655	325	330	0.9	1.0	0.9
Asia	62,260	27,670	34,590	88.4	87.2	89.3
Afghanistan	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	615	315	305	0.9	1.0	0.8
Iraq	200	100	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	110	65	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	105	50	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	28,115	12,045	16,070	39.9	38.0	41.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	13,705	6,430	7,275	19.5	20.3	18.8
Korea, South⁹²	780	290	485	1.1	0.9	1.3
Taiwan	4,820	2,165	2,655	6.8	6.8	6.9
Philippines	6,820	2,945	3,875	9.7	9.3	10.0
Viet Nam	705	315	390	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,795	900	890	2.5	2.8	2.3
Pakistan	425	215	210	0.6	0.7	0.5
Sri Lanka	185	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	3,585	1,625	1,960	5.1	5.1	5.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	360	190	170	0.5	0.6	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,500	3,800	4,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	510	260	245	6.0	6.8	5.2
Brazil	145	65	80	1.7	1.7	1.7
Colombia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	80	30	50	0.9	0.8	1.1
United States of America	160	85	75	1.9	2.2	1.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	105	70	35	1.2	1.8	0.7
Europe	315	175	140	3.7	4.6	3.0
France	30	20	10	0.4	0.5	0.2
Germany	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Russian Federation	35	15	15	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	35	10	25	0.4	0.3	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	25	10	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	140	65	75	1.6	1.7	1.6
Africa	195	100	95	2.3	2.6	2.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	20	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	50	20	30	0.6	0.5	0.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	30	20	0.6	0.8	0.4
Asia	7,425	3,230	4,195	87.4	85.0	89.3
Afghanistan	20	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bangladesh	55	35	20	0.6	0.9	0.4
China⁹⁰	4,285	1,730	2,550	50.4	45.5	54.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	460	235	225	5.4	6.2	4.8
India	545	285	265	6.4	7.5	5.6
Iran⁸⁸	130	75	55	1.5	2.0	1.2
Iraq	25	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Israel	20	20	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Japan	75	10	70	0.9	0.3	1.5
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	165	40	125	1.9	1.1	2.7
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	50	25	25	0.6	0.7	0.5
Philippines	1,045	500	540	12.3	13.2	11.5
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	80	45	35	0.9	1.2	0.7
Turkey	20	15	10	0.2	0.4	0.2
United Arab Emirates	25	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.4
Viet Nam	60	20	35	0.7	0.5	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	350	155	190	4.1	4.1	4.0
Oceania and other⁹³	45	30	20	0.5	0.8	0.4
Australia	35	20	10	0.4	0.5	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	10	0.1	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	114,905	54,805	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	78,705	35,900	42,805	68.5	65.5	71.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,505	12,165	11,345	20.5	22.2	18.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	12,690	6,740	5,950	11.0	12.3	9.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	64,120	28,650	35,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	45,495	21,175	24,320	71.0	73.9	68.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	17,160	9,615	7,545	26.8	33.6	21.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	28,335	11,555	16,780	44.2	40.3	47.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,770	5,615	9,160	23.0	19.6	25.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,260	1,180	1,080	3.5	4.1	3.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,595	685	910	2.5	2.4	2.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	64,120	28,650	35,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	945	545	405	1.5	1.9	1.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,400	1,510	2,890	6.9	5.3	8.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,030	1,445	1,585	4.7	5.0	4.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,625	1,990	2,635	7.2	6.9	7.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	140	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	50,975	23,100	27,875	79.5	80.6	78.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	114,900	54,800	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	92,665	43,285	49,385	80.6	79.0	82.2
South Asian	5,695	2,885	2,810	5.0	5.3	4.7
Chinese	66,690	30,940	35,750	58.0	56.5	59.5
Black	1,040	525	510	0.9	1.0	0.8
Filipino	7,390	3,300	4,090	6.4	6.0	6.8
Arab	1,100	580	520	1.0	1.1	0.9
Latin American	1,560	720	840	1.4	1.3	1.4
Southeast Asian	1,555	715	840	1.4	1.3	1.4
West Asian	900	460	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Korean	1,230	515	715	1.1	0.9	1.2
Japanese	2,050	915	1,135	1.8	1.7	1.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	335	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	3,130	1,585	1,545	2.7	2.9	2.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	22,240	11,520	10,715	19.4	21.0	17.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	114,905	54,800	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	3,880	2,020	1,865	3.4	3.7	3.1
English	5,955	3,070	2,880	5.2	5.6	4.8
Irish	4,010	1,990	2,020	3.5	3.6	3.4
Scottish	4,975	2,500	2,475	4.3	4.6	4.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,990	1,080	910	1.7	2.0	1.5
German	3,340	1,730	1,605	2.9	3.2	2.7
Chinese	58,355	27,115	31,245	50.8	49.5	52.0
Italian	1,105	590	525	1.0	1.1	0.9
Indian (India)	3,320	1,705	1,610	2.9	3.1	2.7
Ukrainian	1,725	775	955	1.5	1.4	1.6
Dutch	880	470	405	0.8	0.9	0.7
Polish	1,120	570	550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Québécois	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,450	770	690	1.3	1.4	1.1
Filipino	7,555	3,445	4,110	6.6	6.3	6.8
French Canadian	340	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	895	470	420	0.8	0.9	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	410	240	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Métis	225	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	905	480	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Russian	1,620	820	800	1.4	1.5	1.3
Norwegian	770	390	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Welsh	630	285	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	380	160	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
American	525	295	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Spanish	1,355	645	715	1.2	1.2	1.2
Swedish	595	285	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungarian	495	245	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pakistani	520	250	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	305	115	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jewish	1,185	520	665	1.0	0.9	1.1
Punjabi	520	260	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Vietnamese	1,045	515	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	640	330	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Greek	255	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,630	1,610	2,020	3.2	2.9	3.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,350	590	760	1.2	1.1	1.3
Romanian	395	200	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	145	105	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian	680	360	315	0.6	0.7	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	400	200	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	360	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	390	195	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Belgian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	650	335	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mennonite	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Swiss	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatian	335	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	2,585	1,175	1,410	2.2	2.1	2.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	525	285	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	245	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	240	135	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	240	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	85	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Guyanese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	5,415	2,605	2,810	4.7	4.8	4.7
Ontarian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	245	135	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkish	310	185	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	300	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	125	95	30	0.1	0.2	0.0
Taiwanese	4,115	1,850	2,265	3.6	3.4	3.8
Iraqi	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	565	235	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	265	145	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	250	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Congolese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	90	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peruvian	210	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albanian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	70	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jatt	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	230	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dominican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	220	85	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Honduran	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azorean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	114,905	54,800	60,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,440	2,570	3,865	5.6	4.7	6.4
Christian	34,835	15,430	19,400	30.3	28.2	32.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,550	5,255	6,295	10.1	9.6	10.5
Anabaptist	190	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Anglican	1,415	600	815	1.2	1.1	1.4
Baptist	1,245	520	725	1.1	0.9	1.2
Catholic	14,330	6,440	7,895	12.5	11.8	13.1
Christian Orthodox	910	405	505	0.8	0.7	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	360	130	235	0.3	0.2	0.4
Latter Day Saints	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	490	170	315	0.4	0.3	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	565	245	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Reformed	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	1,165	460	710	1.0	0.8	1.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,905	835	1,070	1.7	1.5	1.8
Hindu	1,370	680	685	1.2	1.2	1.1
Jewish	1,350	610	735	1.2	1.1	1.2
Muslim	3,670	1,840	1,830	3.2	3.4	3.0
Sikh	1,680	845	835	1.5	1.5	1.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,000	435	565	0.9	0.8	0.9
No religion and secular perspectives	64,545	32,370	32,170	56.2	59.1	53.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,075	54,390	59,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	96,960	46,055	50,905	85.0	84.7	85.3
Movers	17,115	8,335	8,780	15.0	15.3	14.7
Non-migrants	9,370	4,570	4,805	8.2	8.4	8.0
Migrants	7,745	3,765	3,975	6.8	6.9	6.7
Internal migrants	4,555	2,295	2,265	4.0	4.2	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	3,430	1,690	1,735	3.0	3.1	2.9
Interprovincial migrants	1,125	600	525	1.0	1.1	0.9
External migrants	3,185	1,470	1,715	2.8	2.7	2.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,260	52,495	57,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,930	29,395	33,535	57.1	56.0	58.1
Movers	47,330	23,105	24,225	42.9	44.0	41.9
Non-migrants	20,780	10,000	10,780	18.8	19.0	18.7
Migrants	26,550	13,100	13,445	24.1	25.0	23.3
Internal migrants	15,745	7,830	7,910	14.3	14.9	13.7
Intraprovincial migrants	12,070	5,935	6,135	10.9	11.3	10.6
Interprovincial migrants	3,670	1,895	1,780	3.3	3.6	3.1
External migrants	10,805	5,275	5,535	9.8	10.0	9.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,730	47,495	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,435	5,360	6,075	11.4	11.3	11.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,295	42,130	47,165	88.6	88.7	88.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,925	30,845	35,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,075	1,995	2,080	6.2	6.5	5.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	61,845	28,850	32,995	93.8	93.5	94.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,735	47,490	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,845	4,985	5,860	10.8	10.5	11.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	27,440	13,110	14,330	27.2	27.6	26.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,445	29,395	33,055	62.0	61.9	62.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,235	10,325	11,910	22.1	21.7	22.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,495	2,310	1,185	3.5	4.9	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,835	1,105	730	1.8	2.3	1.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,660	1,205	460	1.6	2.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,630	5,705	7,920	13.5	12.0	14.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,110	2,310	2,800	5.1	4.9	5.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	40,215	19,070	21,145	39.9	40.2	39.7
Bachelor's degree	28,220	12,870	15,350	28.0	27.1	28.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,275	1,050	1,235	2.3	2.2	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	800	430	365	0.8	0.9	0.7
Master's degree	7,800	4,030	3,770	7.7	8.5	7.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,115	695	420	1.1	1.5	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,920	30,845	35,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,745	1,805	1,935	5.7	5.9	5.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,015	6,895	7,125	21.3	22.4	20.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,165	22,145	26,020	73.1	71.8	74.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,905	7,225	8,680	24.1	23.4	24.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,265	1,465	800	3.4	4.7	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,220	730	485	1.9	2.4	1.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,045	735	310	1.6	2.4	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,795	4,065	5,730	14.9	13.2	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,845	1,690	2,155	5.8	5.5	6.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,260	14,920	17,340	48.9	48.4	49.4
Bachelor's degree	22,340	9,970	12,365	33.9	32.3	35.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,770	820	950	2.7	2.7	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	570	275	295	0.9	0.9	0.8
Master's degree	6,690	3,320	3,370	10.1	10.8	9.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	890	535	355	1.4	1.7	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,730	47,490	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,285	18,100	20,185	38.0	38.1	37.9
Education	2,710	585	2,130	2.7	1.2	4.0
13. Education	2,710	585	2,130	2.7	1.2	4.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,245	1,250	1,995	3.2	2.6	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	335	215	125	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,910	1,040	1,865	2.9	2.2	3.5
Humanities	4,290	1,535	2,755	4.3	3.2	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	865	235	630	0.9	0.5	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,030	275	755	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,500	525	970	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	110	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	200	125	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	395	250	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	15	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,570	3,165	5,405	8.5	6.7	10.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	40	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	850	290	560	0.8	0.6	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	870	105	765	0.9	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	925	395	530	0.9	0.8	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,480	370	1,115	1.5	0.8	2.1
45. Social sciences	4,110	1,915	2,190	4.1	4.0	4.1
Business, management and public administration	17,150	7,230	9,920	17.0	15.2	18.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	315	105	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	16,830	7,125	9,710	16.7	15.0	18.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,405	1,715	1,685	3.4	3.6	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,390	620	770	1.4	1.3	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	880	420	455	0.9	0.9	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,035	640	400	1.0	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,295	2,860	1,435	4.3	6.0	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,315	2,375	940	3.3	5.0	1.8
25. Library science	130	35	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	720	385	335	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,345	7,720	1,630	9.3	16.3	3.1
04. Architecture and related services	490	285	205	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	5,150	4,065	1,085	5.1	8.6	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,710	1,435	280	1.7	3.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	680	675	10	0.7	1.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	985	945	40	1.0	2.0	0.1
48. Precision production	330	315	15	0.3	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	910	460	450	0.9	1.0	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	515	235	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	390	220	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	6,410	1,780	4,625	6.4	3.7	8.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	500	275	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,745	1,415	4,335	5.7	3.0	8.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,105	1,095	1,010	2.1	2.3	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,520	625	900	1.5	1.3	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	140	120	20	0.1	0.3	0.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	425	335	90	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	65,925	30,845	35,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,755	8,700	9,060	26.9	28.2	25.8
Education	1,755	385	1,365	2.7	1.2	3.9
13. Education	1,755	385	1,365	2.7	1.2	3.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,545	955	1,590	3.9	3.1	4.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	225	145	90	0.3	0.5	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	2,320	820	1,505	3.5	2.7	4.3
Humanities	3,190	1,085	2,110	4.8	3.5	6.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	650	135	515	1.0	0.4	1.5
23. English language and literature/letters	770	185	585	1.2	0.6	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,140	385	755	1.7	1.2	2.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	90	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	150	95	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	270	180	90	0.4	0.6	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,840	2,450	4,390	10.4	7.9	12.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	35	125	0.2	0.1	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	730	240	490	1.1	0.8	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	645	60	580	1.0	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	730	285	450	1.1	0.9	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	30	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,215	290	925	1.8	0.9	2.6
45. Social sciences	3,245	1,510	1,740	4.9	4.9	5.0
Business, management and public administration	14,010	5,740	8,270	21.3	18.6	23.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	215	80	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,790	5,655	8,130	20.9	18.3	23.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,425	1,120	1,300	3.7	3.6	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,030	450	580	1.6	1.5	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	645	290	360	1.0	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	675	370	305	1.0	1.2	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,635	2,440	1,195	5.5	7.9	3.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,910	2,100	815	4.4	6.8	2.3
25. Library science	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	540	275	265	0.8	0.9	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,795	5,495	1,305	10.3	17.8	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	345	190	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,920	3,055	865	5.9	9.9	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,200	960	235	1.8	3.1	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	440	440	0	0.7	1.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	665	635	35	1.0	2.1	0.1
48. Precision production	225	210	15	0.3	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	740	375	365	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	405	185	220	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	340	190	150	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	4,725	1,355	3,370	7.2	4.4	9.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	400	215	180	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,220	1,085	3,130	6.4	3.5	8.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,485	740	745	2.3	2.4	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,105	450	655	1.7	1.5	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	75	60	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	295	220	75	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	65,925	30,845	35,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,755	8,700	9,060	26.9	28.2	25.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,160	22,145	26,020	73.1	71.8	74.2
Location of study inside Canada	27,690	13,330	14,365	42.0	43.2	40.9
Same as province or territory of residence	22,700	10,830	11,870	34.4	35.1	33.8
Different than province or territory of residence	4,990	2,500	2,490	7.6	8.1	7.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	20,475	8,820	11,655	31.1	28.6	33.2
Americas	2,605	1,270	1,340	4.0	4.1	3.8
United States of America	1,880	935	945	2.9	3.0	2.7
Mexico	215	85	130	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cuba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	275	135	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,035	1,065	970	3.1	3.5	2.8
Belgium	40	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	85	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	95	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	190	75	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	210	110	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	815	435	385	1.2	1.4	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	200	115	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
Africa	260	145	120	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nigeria	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	15,145	6,100	9,050	23.0	19.8	25.8
Iran⁸⁸	205	90	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	7,475	3,115	4,360	11.3	10.1	12.4
Taiwan	985	355	625	1.5	1.2	1.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,205	485	720	1.8	1.6	2.1
Japan	515	140	375	0.8	0.5	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	320	85	240	0.5	0.3	0.7
Philippines	2,780	1,075	1,705	4.2	3.5	4.9
Viet Nam	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	40	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	730	350	375	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pakistan	155	60	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	460	175	285	0.7	0.6	0.8
Oceania	420	235	185	0.6	0.8	0.5
Australia	350	195	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
New Zealand	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,730	47,495	53,240	...	...	...
In the labour force	59,415	30,050	29,365	...	...	...
Employed	52,965	27,055	25,910	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,450	2,990	3,455	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	41,315	17,445	23,875	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.0	63.3	55.2	59.0	63.3	55.2
Employment rate	52.6	57.0	48.7	52.6	57.0	48.7
Unemployment rate	10.9	10.0	11.8	10.9	10.0	11.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,730	47,490	53,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	42,425	18,115	24,310	42.1	38.1	45.7
Worked	58,310	29,370	28,935	57.9	61.8	54.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,845	15,385	12,465	27.6	32.4	23.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,460	13,985	16,470	30.2	29.4	30.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.1	40.1	38.1	39.1	40.1	38.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	59,415	30,050	29,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	920	1,110	3.4	3.1	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	57,385	29,135	28,255	96.6	97.0	96.2
Employee	46,790	22,775	24,015	78.8	75.8	81.8
Permanent position	38,025	18,810	19,215	64.0	62.6	65.4
Temporary position	8,765	3,970	4,800	14.8	13.2	16.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,700	1,630	2,070	6.2	5.4	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,065	2,340	2,725	8.5	7.8	9.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,600	6,355	4,240	17.8	21.1	14.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	59,415	30,050	29,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	920	1,110	3.4	3.1	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	57,385	29,135	28,255	96.6	97.0	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	665	500	165	1.1	1.7	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,920	4,605	8,310	21.7	15.3	28.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,050	4,580	1,465	10.2	15.2	5.0
3 Health occupations	3,650	1,050	2,595	6.1	3.5	8.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,815	1,900	3,915	9.8	6.3	13.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,615	1,310	1,310	4.4	4.4	4.5
6 Sales and service occupations	17,405	8,300	9,100	29.3	27.6	31.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,505	5,685	825	10.9	18.9	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	385	305	70	0.6	1.0	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,390	895	495	2.3	3.0	1.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	59,415	30,050	29,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,030	920	1,110	3.4	3.1	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	57,385	29,135	28,255	96.6	97.0	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185	110	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	70	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	160	105	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
23 Construction	2,580	2,140	440	4.3	7.1	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	3,105	1,955	1,150	5.2	6.5	3.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,625	1,585	1,045	4.4	5.3	3.6
44-45 Retail trade	7,365	3,505	3,855	12.4	11.7	13.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,800	2,640	1,155	6.4	8.8	3.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,835	1,170	665	3.1	3.9	2.3
52 Finance and insurance	3,765	1,695	2,075	6.3	5.6	7.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,140	1,150	990	3.6	3.8	3.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,740	3,850	2,890	11.3	12.8	9.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	195	80	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,155	1,225	925	3.6	4.1	3.2
61 Educational services	4,520	1,570	2,945	7.6	5.2	10.0
62 Health care and social assistance	5,970	1,515	4,460	10.0	5.0	15.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,090	580	510	1.8	1.9	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	4,850	2,400	2,450	8.2	8.0	8.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,200	870	1,325	3.7	2.9	4.5
91 Public administration	1,990	915	1,070	3.3	3.0	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	63,810	32,050	31,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	46,730	23,990	22,745	73.2	74.9	71.6
French	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	4,310	2,185	2,125	6.8	6.8	6.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,310	2,185	2,125	6.8	6.8	6.7
English and French	405	155	245	0.6	0.5	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	11,525	5,330	6,195	18.1	16.6	19.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	670	315	360	1.0	1.0	1.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	63,810	32,050	31,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	60,985	30,810	30,175	95.6	96.1	95.0
Official languages	52,630	26,770	25,860	82.5	83.5	81.4
English	52,490	26,730	25,760	82.3	83.4	81.1
French	135	45	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	8,355	4,035	4,315	13.1	12.6	13.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,355	4,035	4,315	13.1	12.6	13.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	180	65	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	50	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,805	3,810	3,995	12.2	11.9	12.6
Chinese languages	7,805	3,810	3,995	12.2	11.9	12.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,955	2,405	2,555	7.8	7.5	8.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,830	1,400	1,430	4.4	4.4	4.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,830	1,240	1,585	4.4	3.9	5.0
English and French	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,655	1,155	1,495	4.2	3.6	4.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	115	70	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	63,810	32,050	31,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	53,230	27,145	26,085	83.4	84.7	82.1
English	2,795	1,310	1,475	4.4	4.1	4.6
French	285	130	155	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	5,260	2,560	2,700	8.2	8.0	8.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,260	2,560	2,700	8.2	8.0	8.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	755	300	455	1.2	0.9	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,405	560	840	2.2	1.7	2.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,965	27,060	25,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,155	7,540	7,615	28.6	27.9	29.4
Worked outside Canada	765	475	290	1.4	1.8	1.1
No fixed workplace address	5,465	3,875	1,590	10.3	14.3	6.1
Usual place of work	31,580	15,170	16,410	59.6	56.1	63.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,580	15,170	16,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,300	8,735	10,565	61.1	57.6	64.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,985	6,265	5,720	38.0	41.3	34.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	185	105	80	0.6	0.7	0.5
Commute to a different province or territory	115	70	45	0.4	0.5	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,045	19,045	18,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	27,305	14,935	12,375	73.7	78.4	68.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,535	14,190	10,345	66.2	74.5	57.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,770	745	2,025	7.5	3.9	11.3
Public transit	6,415	2,615	3,805	17.3	13.7	21.1
Walked	2,140	840	1,300	5.8	4.4	7.2
Bicycle	540	375	165	1.5	2.0	0.9
Other method	650	290	355	1.8	1.5	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,045	19,045	18,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,635	4,015	4,625	23.3	21.1	25.7
15 to 29 minutes	13,935	7,225	6,710	37.6	37.9	37.3
30 to 44 minutes	9,125	4,930	4,195	24.6	25.9	23.3
45 to 59 minutes	3,070	1,685	1,385	8.3	8.8	7.7
60 minutes and over	2,280	1,195	1,090	6.2	6.3	6.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,045	19,045	18,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,575	1,095	480	4.3	5.7	2.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,660	2,150	1,505	9.9	11.3	8.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,680	3,300	3,375	18.0	17.3	18.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,725	4,095	4,630	23.6	21.5	25.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,625	5,235	5,390	28.7	27.5	29.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,780	3,170	2,610	15.6	16.6	14.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,655	9,015	8,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	845	420	425	4.8	4.7	4.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,810	8,595	8,215	95.2	95.3	95.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,730	6,545	6,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	690	345	345	5.4	5.3	5.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	455	220	235	3.6	3.4	3.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	230	130	100	1.8	2.0	1.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,045	6,200	5,840	94.6	94.7	94.4

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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