Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Fraser Valley, Regional district (RD)More information: British Columbia [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	324,005	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	295,934	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.5	...	...	9.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	124,988	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	118,217	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	24.3	...	...	24.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	13,319.34	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	324,005	161,070	162,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	56,890	29,415	27,470	17.6	18.3	16.9
0 to 4 years	17,385	8,955	8,425	5.4	5.6	5.2
5 to 9 years	19,410	9,990	9,420	6.0	6.2	5.8
10 to 14 years	20,095	10,475	9,620	6.2	6.5	5.9
15 to 64 years	204,215	102,580	101,635	63.0	63.7	62.4
15 to 19 years	18,915	9,885	9,035	5.8	6.1	5.5
20 to 24 years	18,600	9,635	8,965	5.7	6.0	5.5
25 to 29 years	19,650	9,990	9,655	6.1	6.2	5.9
30 to 34 years	21,420	10,850	10,570	6.6	6.7	6.5
35 to 39 years	22,545	11,305	11,240	7.0	7.0	6.9
40 to 44 years	20,275	10,080	10,195	6.3	6.3	6.3
45 to 49 years	19,460	9,675	9,780	6.0	6.0	6.0
50 to 54 years	19,935	9,900	10,030	6.2	6.1	6.2
55 to 59 years	21,620	10,760	10,865	6.7	6.7	6.7
60 to 64 years	21,805	10,505	11,300	6.7	6.5	6.9
65 years and over	62,900	29,075	33,820	19.4	18.1	20.8
65 to 69 years	19,280	9,130	10,145	6.0	5.7	6.2
70 to 74 years	16,815	7,945	8,865	5.2	4.9	5.4
75 to 79 years	11,545	5,505	6,045	3.6	3.4	3.7
80 to 84 years	7,720	3,495	4,225	2.4	2.2	2.6
85 years and over	7,535	2,990	4,540	2.3	1.9	2.8
85 to 89 years	4,570	2,000	2,575	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	2,295	830	1,460	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	585	145	440	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	85	10	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.6	18.3	16.9	17.6	18.3	16.9
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.7	62.4	63.0	63.7	62.4
65 years and over	19.4	18.1	20.8	19.4	18.1	20.8
85 years and over	2.3	1.9	2.8	2.3	1.9	2.8
Average age of the population	41.5	40.5	42.4	41.5	40.5	42.4
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0	40.8	39.6	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	118,215	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	59,345	...	...	50.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,495	...	...	3.0	...	...
Row house	11,785	...	...	10.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	15,830	...	...	13.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	23,360	...	...	19.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,450	...	...	1.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	125	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,825	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	29,935	...	...	25.3	...	...
2 persons	39,550	...	...	33.5	...	...
3 persons	16,510	...	...	14.0	...	...
4 persons	16,055	...	...	13.6	...	...
5 or more persons	16,165	...	...	13.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	317,675	157,440	160,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	267,115	131,650	135,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	157,430	78,780	78,650	58.9	59.8	58.1
Married	135,195	67,715	67,480	50.6	51.4	49.8
Living common-law	22,235	11,065	11,170	8.3	8.4	8.2
Living common law - Never married	15,070	7,590	7,480	5.6	5.8	5.5
Living common law - Separated	1,425	730	695	0.5	0.6	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	5,085	2,505	2,575	1.9	1.9	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	650	240	415	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	109,685	52,875	56,805	41.1	40.2	41.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	69,715	39,255	30,465	26.1	29.8	22.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	7,610	3,330	4,285	2.8	2.5	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	16,950	6,775	10,170	6.3	5.1	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	15,400	3,515	11,885	5.8	2.7	8.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	89,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	45,910	...	...	51.0	...	...
3 persons	17,670	...	...	19.6	...	...
4 persons	17,340	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	9,075	...	...	10.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	89,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	76,170	...	...	84.6	...	...
Married couples	65,055	...	...	72.3	...	...
With children⁶	34,095	...	...	37.9	...	...
Without children	30,965	...	...	34.4	...	...
Common-law couples	11,115	...	...	12.4	...	...
With children⁶	4,390	...	...	4.9	...	...
Without children	6,730	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	13,825	...	...	15.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	10,570	...	...	11.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,250	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	317,675	157,445	160,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	263,500	131,540	131,965	82.9	83.5	82.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	152,340	76,045	76,295	48.0	48.3	47.6
Parents in one-parent families	13,820	3,250	10,570	4.4	2.1	6.6
Children⁶	97,340	52,245	45,095	30.6	33.2	28.1
In a two-parent family	75,670	40,305	35,365	23.8	25.6	22.1
In a one-parent family	21,670	11,940	9,730	6.8	7.6	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	54,170	25,905	28,270	17.1	16.5	17.6
Living alone	29,935	13,670	16,260	9.4	8.7	10.1
Living with other relatives⁷	10,385	4,425	5,965	3.3	2.8	3.7
Living with non-relatives only	13,850	7,805	6,045	4.4	5.0	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	68,555	...	...	58.0	...	...
Couple-family households	59,245	...	...	50.1	...	...
With children⁶	29,075	...	...	24.6	...	...
Without children	30,170	...	...	25.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	9,310	...	...	7.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	7,350	...	...	6.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,685	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,680	...	...	4.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,010	...	...	4.2	...	...
One-person households	29,935	...	...	25.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	260,845	128,050	132,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	252,610	123,930	128,685	96.8	96.8	96.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,800	33,200	38,400	46,800	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	252,840	124,050	128,790	96.9	96.9	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,000	31,000	35,600	42,000	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	221,150	111,490	109,660	84.8	87.1	82.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	44,000	24,600	33,200	44,000	24,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	179,195	93,195	86,005	68.7	72.8	64.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	46,800	27,400	36,000	46,800	27,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	212,880	98,415	114,465	81.6	76.9	86.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	8,500	12,000	10,500	8,500	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,640	10,060	14,580	9.4	7.9	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,040	5,560	5,480	5,040	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,620	29,120	34,510	24.4	22.7	26.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	260,785	128,185	132,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,475	123,925	128,545	96.8	96.7	96.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,360	56,700	40,280	48,360	56,700	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,705	124,060	128,645	96.9	96.8	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,880	48,040	35,960	41,880	48,040	35,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	221,080	111,390	109,685	84.8	86.9	82.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,120	53,950	34,120	44,120	53,950	34,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	179,175	93,330	85,845	68.7	72.8	64.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,840	53,800	35,160	44,840	53,800	35,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	212,740	98,525	114,215	81.6	76.9	86.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,550	10,370	12,560	11,550	10,370	12,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,495	9,895	14,600	9.4	7.7	11.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,725	7,030	6,500	5,725	7,030
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,195	29,170	34,025	24.2	22.8	25.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,640	8,350	8,880	8,640	8,350	8,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	260,785	128,185	132,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	83,300	49,850	33,450	31.9	38.9	25.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	67,000	50,800	59,200	67,000	50,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,700	73,700	56,250	66,700	73,700	56,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	70,590	31,085	39,510	27.1	24.3	29.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	22,200	15,900	18,200	22,200	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,280	33,320	22,540	27,280	33,320	22,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	85.4	72.2	79.8	85.4	72.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.8	71.4	58.3	65.8	71.4	58.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.1	14.6	27.7	20.1	14.6	27.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	2.0	1.3	0.8	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.8	4.4	7.7	5.8	4.4	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.5	5.8	4.5	3.5	5.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	260,850	128,050	132,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,235	4,120	4,115	3.2	3.2	3.1
With total income	252,610	123,930	128,680	96.8	96.8	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	22,585	9,500	13,085	8.9	7.7	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	33,115	12,960	20,155	13.1	10.5	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	41,555	16,955	24,600	16.5	13.7	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	33,695	13,900	19,795	13.3	11.2	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	28,275	12,740	15,535	11.2	10.3	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	23,200	11,785	11,415	9.2	9.5	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	17,950	10,420	7,530	7.1	8.4	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	13,600	8,605	5,000	5.4	6.9	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	10,100	6,635	3,470	4.0	5.4	2.7
$90,000 to $99,999	7,875	5,250	2,625	3.1	4.2	2.0
$100,000 and over	20,655	15,190	5,470	8.2	12.3	4.3
$100,000 to $149,999	15,045	10,770	4,275	6.0	8.7	3.3
$150,000 and over	5,615	4,415	1,195	2.2	3.6	0.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	260,850	128,050	132,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,010	3,995	4,010	3.1	3.1	3.0
With after-tax income	252,840	124,050	128,790	96.9	96.9	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	23,505	9,860	13,645	9.3	7.9	10.6
$10,000 to $19,999	34,130	13,380	20,745	13.5	10.8	16.1
$20,000 to $29,999	46,455	19,015	27,445	18.4	15.3	21.3
$30,000 to $39,999	38,600	16,495	22,100	15.3	13.3	17.2
$40,000 to $49,999	32,155	15,620	16,535	12.7	12.6	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	24,655	13,755	10,900	9.8	11.1	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	17,240	10,840	6,400	6.8	8.7	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	12,220	8,000	4,220	4.8	6.4	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	8,275	5,575	2,700	3.3	4.5	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	5,175	3,655	1,515	2.0	2.9	1.2
$100,000 and over	10,425	7,850	2,575	4.1	6.3	2.0
$100,000 to $124,999	5,845	4,310	1,540	2.3	3.5	1.2
$125,000 and over	4,575	3,545	1,035	1.8	2.9	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	260,850	128,050	132,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	81,655	34,855	46,795	31.3	27.2	35.2
With employment income	179,195	93,195	86,000	68.7	72.8	64.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	23,895	10,565	13,335	13.3	11.3	15.5
$5,000 to $9,999	14,565	5,820	8,745	8.1	6.2	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	22,435	9,210	13,230	12.5	9.9	15.4
$20,000 to $29,999	17,845	7,565	10,280	10.0	8.1	12.0
$30,000 to $39,999	17,705	7,955	9,745	9.9	8.5	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	16,305	8,130	8,180	9.1	8.7	9.5
$50,000 to $59,999	15,000	8,175	6,825	8.4	8.8	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	12,330	7,680	4,650	6.9	8.2	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	9,675	6,540	3,135	5.4	7.0	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	7,890	5,440	2,445	4.4	5.8	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	6,235	4,295	1,935	3.5	4.6	2.3
$100,000 and over	15,320	11,820	3,495	8.5	12.7	4.1
$100,000 to $124,999	8,165	6,025	2,140	4.6	6.5	2.5
$125,000 and over	7,155	5,800	1,355	4.0	6.2	1.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	260,845	128,050	132,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	245,860	120,355	125,505	94.3	94.0	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	45,200	29,400	36,000	45,200	29,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	246,400	120,445	125,950	94.5	94.1	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	40,400	27,400	32,800	40,400	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	218,920	109,875	109,045	83.9	85.8	82.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	44,800	25,600	33,600	44,800	25,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	184,570	95,150	89,420	70.8	74.3	67.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	45,600	26,800	34,800	45,600	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	172,810	73,295	99,510	66.3	57.2	74.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,850	6,360	8,400	7,850	6,360	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	19,850	7,765	12,085	7.6	6.1	9.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,800	5,600	5,280	4,800	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	260,785	128,185	132,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	245,710	120,305	125,405	94.2	93.9	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,920	55,250	37,000	45,920	55,250	37,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	246,335	120,430	125,905	94.5	94.0	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,240	46,240	32,560	39,240	46,240	32,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	218,770	109,605	109,165	83.9	85.5	82.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,240	54,750	33,720	44,240	54,750	33,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	184,320	95,000	89,320	70.7	74.1	67.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,480	52,850	33,520	43,480	52,850	33,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	172,305	73,055	99,245	66.1	57.0	74.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,310	8,860	9,650	9,310	8,860	9,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	19,670	7,735	11,930	7.5	6.0	9.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,890	5,900	7,540	6,890	5,900	7,540
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	260,785	128,185	132,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	82,665	49,415	33,250	31.7	38.5	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	63,600	46,400	55,600	63,600	46,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,900	70,600	51,500	62,900	70,600	51,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	66,175	29,045	37,135	25.4	22.7	28.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	28,400	20,000	22,800	28,400	20,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,080	39,680	26,160	32,080	39,680	26,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.8	90.2	79.4	85.8	90.2	79.4
Employment income (%)	71.0	75.6	64.6	71.0	75.6	64.6
Government transfers (%)	14.2	9.7	20.6	14.2	9.7	20.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.7	1.9	1.2	0.7	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	118,220	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	29,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	88,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	118,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,300	...	...	103,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,500	...	...	89,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	29,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,840	...	...	48,840	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,480	...	...	42,480	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	88,270	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...	121,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,500	...	...	105,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	118,215	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,035	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	515	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	920	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,385	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,805	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,600	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,760	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,395	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,520	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,270	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,590	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	8,035	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,675	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,235	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,850	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	49,630	...	...	42.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,545	...	...	12.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,175	...	...	9.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	13,210	...	...	11.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,695	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	118,215	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,190	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	535	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	945	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,455	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,985	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,110	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,235	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,040	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,185	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,925	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,770	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	9,175	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	8,825	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	8,180	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,485	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	41,180	...	...	34.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	15,150	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,205	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	15,825	...	...	13.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	85,120	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	31,515	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	38,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	11,970	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	43,790	21,485	22,305	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	40,000	34,400	36,800	40,000	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	36,800	32,400	34,000	36,800	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	85,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,200	...	...	104,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,300	...	...	101,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,200	...	...	87,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	38,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,400	...	...	148,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,900	...	...	127,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,875	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...	78,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	43,300	21,270	22,025	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,240	48,520	42,080	45,240	48,520	42,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,640	41,640	37,720	39,640	41,640	37,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	317,670	157,440	160,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	68,430	35,435	33,000	21.5	22.5	20.6
0 to 5 years	21,235	10,970	10,265	6.7	7.0	6.4
18 to 64 years	189,640	94,130	95,515	59.7	59.8	59.6
65 years and over	59,595	27,880	31,715	18.8	17.7	19.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	29,910	13,740	16,165	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,870	3,525	3,340	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,100	1,100	1,005	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,800	6,995	7,805	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,240	3,220	5,020	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.4	8.7	10.1	9.4	8.7	10.1
0 to 17 years (%)	10.0	10.0	10.1	10.0	10.0	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.9	10.0	9.8	9.9	10.0	9.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	7.4	8.2	7.8	7.4	8.2
65 years and over (%)	13.8	11.6	15.8	13.8	11.6	15.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	308,510	153,005	155,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	66,915	34,650	32,270	21.7	22.6	20.8
0 to 5 years	20,760	10,735	10,025	6.7	7.0	6.4
18 to 64 years	185,310	92,005	93,305	60.1	60.1	60.0
65 years and over	56,285	26,355	29,925	18.2	17.2	19.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,350	5,295	5,055	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,165	1,135	1,035	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	555	310	245	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,160	3,725	3,435	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,020	440	585	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.3
0 to 17 years (%)	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.2
0 to 5 years (%)	2.7	2.9	2.4	2.7	2.9	2.4
18 to 64 years (%)	3.9	4.1	3.7	3.9	4.1	3.7
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.7	2.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	317,675	157,440	160,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	156,010	75,275	80,740	49.1	47.8	50.4
In bottom decile	28,425	13,480	14,945	8.9	8.6	9.3
In second decile	29,095	13,450	15,645	9.2	8.5	9.8
In third decile	31,195	15,030	16,170	9.8	9.5	10.1
In fourth decile	33,505	16,495	17,015	10.5	10.5	10.6
In fifth decile	33,790	16,825	16,965	10.6	10.7	10.6
In top half of the distribution	161,660	82,170	79,490	50.9	52.2	49.6
In sixth decile	34,860	17,465	17,390	11.0	11.1	10.9
In seventh decile	34,525	17,535	16,985	10.9	11.1	10.6
In eighth decile	33,935	17,290	16,640	10.7	11.0	10.4
In ninth decile	32,450	16,540	15,915	10.2	10.5	9.9
In top decile	25,900	13,340	12,560	8.2	8.5	7.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	317,675	...	...	317,675	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.298	...	...	0.298	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.409	...	...	0.409	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.268	...	...	0.268	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	320,080	158,565	161,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	294,880	147,425	147,460	92.1	93.0	91.3
French only	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	13,600	5,920	7,680	4.2	3.7	4.8
Neither English nor French	11,510	5,180	6,325	3.6	3.3	3.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	320,080	158,565	161,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	305,715	151,965	153,750	95.5	95.8	95.2
French	2,365	1,180	1,180	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	690	320	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Neither English nor French	11,315	5,100	6,215	3.5	3.2	3.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	320,080	158,565	161,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	310,695	153,990	156,705	97.1	97.1	97.0
Official languages	238,575	118,860	119,710	74.5	75.0	74.1
English	236,000	117,580	118,425	73.7	74.2	73.3
French	2,570	1,280	1,285	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-official languages	72,130	35,135	36,995	22.5	22.2	22.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	72,000	35,080	36,920	22.5	22.1	22.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,215	655	560	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,185	645	540	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	990	535	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,825	880	945	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,780	870	910	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,635	1,120	1,515	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bikol	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,105	875	1,230	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	470	240	225	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	270	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	58,985	29,005	29,990	18.4	18.3	18.6
Albanian	175	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,805	1,245	1,560	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baltic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,765	1,225	1,535	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	230	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	770	350	420	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	830	340	495	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	325	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	125	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	385	170	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,870	4,620	5,245	3.1	2.9	3.2
Frisian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,885	2,740	3,145	1.8	1.7	1.9
German	5,760	2,670	3,090	1.8	1.7	1.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,450	1,640	1,810	1.1	1.0	1.1
Afrikaans	310	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,735	1,300	1,435	0.9	0.8	0.9
Low German, n.o.s.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	335	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	460	205	250	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	245	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145	80	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	41,710	20,835	20,875	13.0	13.1	12.9
Indo-Aryan languages	40,925	20,425	20,500	12.8	12.9	12.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	185	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,185	590	595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	38,660	19,285	19,375	12.1	12.2	12.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	635	320	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	785	410	375	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	635	330	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	425	225	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,235	2,100	2,135	1.3	1.3	1.3
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	405	220	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	495	220	275	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	715	355	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,610	1,300	1,310	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	405	140	265	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,860	885	980	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	275	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,965	1,390	1,575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	2,845	1,330	1,510	0.9	0.8	0.9
Hakka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,715	750	960	0.5	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	950	500	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	350	135	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	150	35	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	685	325	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	200	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	465	235	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,380	4,570	4,815	2.9	2.9	3.0
English and French	905	430	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	7,725	3,810	3,920	2.4	2.4	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	545	240	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	320,080	158,565	161,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	246,240	122,435	123,805	76.9	77.2	76.6
French	400	190	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	28,250	13,945	14,305	8.8	8.8	8.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	28,245	13,940	14,300	8.8	8.8	8.9
English and French	1,705	775	930	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	41,355	20,210	21,140	12.9	12.7	13.1
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	840	380	460	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,235	600	640	0.4	0.4	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	320,080	158,565	161,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	310,415	153,895	156,520	97.0	97.1	96.9
Official languages	264,370	130,975	133,390	82.6	82.6	82.6
English	263,790	130,690	133,095	82.4	82.4	82.4
French	580	280	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	46,045	22,920	23,130	14.4	14.5	14.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,040	22,910	23,125	14.4	14.4	14.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	710	355	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	705	350	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	610	305	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,330	655	680	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,305	645	665	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,150	595	555	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	940	485	455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	300	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	38,315	19,100	19,215	12.0	12.0	11.9
Albanian	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,040	490	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,020	480	540	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	275	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	460	215	245	0.1	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,235	570	675	0.4	0.4	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	745	345	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	735	340	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	455	205	250	0.1	0.1	0.2
Afrikaans	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	34,085	17,000	17,085	10.6	10.7	10.6
Indo-Aryan languages	33,615	16,770	16,850	10.5	10.6	10.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	725	360	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	32,205	16,075	16,125	10.1	10.1	10.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	435	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	465	225	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	245	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,770	950	820	0.6	0.6	0.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	155	80	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	310	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,255	700	555	0.4	0.4	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,520	735	790	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,930	950	985	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	1,845	905	940	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,190	575	620	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	570	295	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,665	4,670	5,000	3.0	2.9	3.1
English and French	275	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,165	4,435	4,735	2.9	2.8	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	320,080	158,565	161,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	283,110	140,575	142,530	88.4	88.7	88.2
English	14,775	7,490	7,290	4.6	4.7	4.5
French	1,475	660	815	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	16,710	7,905	8,810	5.2	5.0	5.5
Indigenous³⁹	165	65	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	16,545	7,840	8,705	5.2	4.9	5.4
English and French	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,910	950	960	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	435	180	255	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,510	730	780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	317,670	157,645	160,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	306,415	152,645	153,765	96.5	96.8	96.1
English	306,300	152,605	153,695	96.4	96.8	96.0
French	13,695	5,905	7,790	4.3	3.7	4.9
Non-official languages	91,180	44,535	46,645	28.7	28.3	29.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	495	210	295	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	60	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	265	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	200	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lillooet	0	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	90,715	44,340	46,380	28.6	28.1	29.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,700	925	775	0.5	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,665	905	760	0.5	0.6	0.5
Amharic	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,470	790	680	0.5	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,120	1,035	1,080	0.7	0.7	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,040	1,005	1,025	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,690	1,615	2,075	1.2	1.0	1.3
Bikol	55	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	240	95	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	410	180	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,275	1,395	1,880	1.0	0.9	1.2
Waray-Waray	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	250	135	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	630	335	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	395	205	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	74,200	36,635	37,565	23.4	23.2	23.5
Albanian	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,565	1,670	1,895	1.1	1.1	1.2
Baltic languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,495	1,635	1,855	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	315	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	805	360	445	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	1,500	725	775	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	440	220	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	230	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	210	115	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	200	80	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	555	245	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	12,525	5,830	6,695	3.9	3.7	4.2
Frisian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,600	3,590	4,005	2.4	2.3	2.5
German	7,500	3,525	3,975	2.4	2.2	2.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,650	2,115	2,530	1.5	1.3	1.6
Afrikaans	585	275	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	3,565	1,625	1,940	1.1	1.0	1.2
Low German, n.o.s.	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	455	220	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	750	350	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	345	155	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	230	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	265	145	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	50,860	25,670	25,180	16.0	16.3	15.7
Indo-Aryan languages	49,805	25,095	24,710	15.7	15.9	15.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	8,950	4,425	4,530	2.8	2.8	2.8
Kacchi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	47,065	23,755	23,310	14.8	15.1	14.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,345	665	680	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,150	635	520	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	995	550	440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	190	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	675	365	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	90	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,260	4,005	4,255	2.6	2.5	2.7
Catalan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	940	505	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	880	455	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	985	455	530	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	5,795	2,760	3,035	1.8	1.8	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	900	350	550	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	2,170	1,010	1,165	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	770	425	345	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	125	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	270	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	100	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	560	185	375	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	480	160	315	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,845	1,815	2,035	1.2	1.2	1.3
Chinese languages	3,735	1,750	1,980	1.2	1.1	1.2
Hakka	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,680	1,205	1,475	0.8	0.8	0.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,470	740	730	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	505	185	315	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	315	130	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	230	60	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	285	180	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	235	145	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	815	395	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	600	275	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	317,670	157,640	160,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	24,010	11,660	12,350	7.6	7.4	7.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	23,090	11,270	11,825	7.3	7.1	7.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	14,775	7,120	7,655	4.7	4.5	4.8
Métis	8,180	4,085	4,090	2.6	2.6	2.6
Inuk (Inuit)	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	555	225	330	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	365	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	293,660	145,980	147,675	92.4	92.6	92.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	317,670	157,640	160,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	10,095	4,815	5,280	3.2	3.1	3.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	307,580	152,825	154,750	96.8	96.9	96.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	85,430	...	...	72.3	...	...
Renter	32,010	...	...	27.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	780	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	23,955	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not condominium	94,260	...	...	79.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	825	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	13,010	...	...	11.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	32,635	...	...	27.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	31,520	...	...	26.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	40,230	...	...	34.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	32,095	...	...	27.1	...	...
5 rooms	17,780	...	...	15.0	...	...
6 rooms	15,860	...	...	13.4	...	...
7 rooms	13,455	...	...	11.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	39,030	...	...	33.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	114,625	...	...	97.0	...	...
More than one person per room	3,585	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	111,210	...	...	94.1	...	...
Not suitable	7,005	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,905	...	...	8.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	28,780	...	...	24.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	19,605	...	...	16.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	23,225	...	...	19.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,080	...	...	6.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	10,330	...	...	8.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,785	...	...	5.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,515	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	112,280	...	...	95.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,935	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	54,595	...	...	46.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	54,040	...	...	45.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	9,580	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,720	...	...	2.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	14,855	...	...	12.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	20,530	...	...	17.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	21,140	...	...	17.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	23,745	...	...	20.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	20,020	...	...	16.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	11,150	...	...	9.4	...	...
85 years and over	4,060	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	112,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	87,165	...	...	77.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	25,175	...	...	22.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	22,995	...	...	20.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	118,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	34,785	...	...	29.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	22,395	...	...	18.9	...	...
Not suitable only	5,395	...	...	4.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,815	...	...	3.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,055	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,610	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	400	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	83,430	...	...	70.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	110,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,760	...	...	9.8	...	...
Not in core need	99,405	...	...	90.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	81,085	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.7	...	...	63.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.5	...	...	17.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,450	...	...	1,450	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,604	...	...	1,604	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	829,000	...	...	829,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,540	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.0	...	...	35.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.2	...	...	22.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	780	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	13.5	...	...	13.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	500	...	...	500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	477	...	...	477	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	317,675	157,645	160,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,815	4,445	4,365	2.8	2.8	2.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,660	4,380	4,285	2.7	2.8	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,440	3,740	3,705	2.3	2.4	2.3
Métis single ancestry	1,185	615	570	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	15,930	7,635	8,295	5.0	4.8	5.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	15,375	7,335	8,045	4.8	4.7	5.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10,165	4,745	5,420	3.2	3.0	3.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,120	2,550	2,575	1.6	1.6	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	550	300	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	540	290	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	292,930	145,565	147,360	92.2	92.3	92.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	317,670	157,645	160,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	289,865	143,810	146,055	91.2	91.2	91.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	65,860	34,145	31,725	20.7	21.7	19.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	224,000	109,665	114,330	70.5	69.6	71.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	27,805	13,830	13,975	8.8	8.8	8.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	317,670	157,645	160,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	242,910	121,360	121,550	76.5	77.0	76.0
Immigrants⁸¹	68,015	32,520	35,490	21.4	20.6	22.2
Before 1980	15,200	7,325	7,875	4.8	4.6	4.9
1980 to 1990	7,705	3,760	3,950	2.4	2.4	2.5
1991 to 2000	12,340	5,685	6,660	3.9	3.6	4.2
2001 to 2010	15,950	7,655	8,285	5.0	4.9	5.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,820	8,095	8,725	5.3	5.1	5.5
2011 to 2015	8,210	4,000	4,205	2.6	2.5	2.6
2016 to 2021	8,610	4,095	4,520	2.7	2.6	2.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,755	3,760	2,990	2.1	2.4	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	68,010	32,520	35,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,675	2,770	2,910	8.3	8.5	8.2
5 to 14 years	10,380	5,410	4,970	15.3	16.6	14.0
15 to 24 years	17,220	7,710	9,510	25.3	23.7	26.8
25 to 44 years	25,285	12,480	12,800	37.2	38.4	36.1
45 years and over	9,445	4,150	5,300	13.9	12.8	14.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	68,010	32,520	35,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,050	3,195	3,855	10.4	9.8	10.9
Brazil	425	245	185	0.6	0.8	0.5
Colombia	200	65	130	0.3	0.2	0.4
El Salvador	505	280	225	0.7	0.9	0.6
Guyana	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	215	105	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	540	180	360	0.8	0.6	1.0
Peru	150	55	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	130	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	3,145	1,415	1,730	4.6	4.4	4.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,610	715	895	2.4	2.2	2.5
Europe	17,375	8,535	8,840	25.5	26.2	24.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	110	40	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatia	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	185	100	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	2,170	1,060	1,105	3.2	3.3	3.1
Greece	120	85	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hungary	375	175	200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Italy	295	150	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
Netherlands	2,640	1,295	1,340	3.9	4.0	3.8
Poland	740	310	430	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portugal	185	90	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	725	355	375	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian Federation	455	215	240	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	510	235	270	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,410	3,220	3,185	9.4	9.9	9.0
Other places of birth in Europe	2,250	1,090	1,160	3.3	3.4	3.3
Africa	2,420	1,270	1,155	3.6	3.9	3.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
Egypt	195	125	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Morocco	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	190	110	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	810	390	420	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Africa	980	490	495	1.4	1.5	1.4
Asia	40,000	18,945	21,055	58.8	58.3	59.3
Afghanistan	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	605	345	255	0.9	1.1	0.7
Iraq	180	85	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	75	50	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	375	180	195	0.6	0.6	0.5
Turkey	75	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,595	720	875	2.3	2.2	2.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	235	115	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,315	610	710	1.9	1.9	2.0
Taiwan	360	150	205	0.5	0.5	0.6
Philippines	3,160	1,315	1,845	4.6	4.0	5.2
Viet Nam	1,560	720	840	2.3	2.2	2.4
Bangladesh	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
India	27,430	13,185	14,245	40.3	40.5	40.1
Pakistan	750	415	335	1.1	1.3	0.9
Sri Lanka	105	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	2,010	855	1,155	3.0	2.6	3.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,160	580	580	1.7	1.8	1.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,615	4,095	4,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	705	340	365	8.2	8.3	8.1
Brazil	100	45	55	1.2	1.1	1.2
Colombia	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	65	30	35	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mexico	95	30	65	1.1	0.7	1.4
United States of America	295	160	135	3.4	3.9	3.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	125	65	55	1.5	1.6	1.2
Europe	770	370	395	8.9	9.0	8.7
France	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Germany	45	30	15	0.5	0.7	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Italy	65	30	35	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian Federation	75	30	45	0.9	0.7	1.0
Ukraine	70	30	35	0.8	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	195	115	80	2.3	2.8	1.8
Other places of birth in Europe	295	125	165	3.4	3.1	3.7
Africa	615	300	315	7.1	7.3	7.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	45	20	0.8	1.1	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.4
Eritrea	20	20	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Ethiopia	35	20	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Morocco	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Nigeria	80	40	40	0.9	1.0	0.9
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	120	40	80	1.4	1.0	1.8
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	225	105	120	2.6	2.6	2.7
Asia	6,385	2,995	3,390	74.1	73.1	75.0
Afghanistan	40	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.4
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	255	115	145	3.0	2.8	3.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	4,235	2,045	2,185	49.2	49.9	48.3
Iran⁸⁸	35	15	25	0.4	0.4	0.6
Iraq	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Israel	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Japan	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	195	80	110	2.3	2.0	2.4
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Pakistan	175	90	90	2.0	2.2	2.0
Philippines	620	280	340	7.2	6.8	7.5
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	20	15	0.3	0.5	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	310	150	160	3.6	3.7	3.5
Turkey	35	25	15	0.4	0.6	0.3
United Arab Emirates	25	10	10	0.3	0.2	0.2
Viet Nam	120	50	75	1.4	1.2	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	180	65	110	2.1	1.6	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	140	80	60	1.6	2.0	1.3
Australia	85	60	25	1.0	1.5	0.6
Other places of birth⁹⁸	50	25	30	0.6	0.6	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	317,670	157,640	160,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	77,790	37,790	40,000	24.5	24.0	25.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	71,880	36,145	35,730	22.6	22.9	22.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	168,005	83,710	84,295	52.9	53.1	52.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	52,810	25,195	27,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,365	9,370	8,990	34.8	37.2	32.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,660	4,790	2,870	14.5	19.0	10.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,705	4,580	6,120	20.3	18.2	22.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	29,545	13,245	16,305	55.9	52.6	59.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,605	2,455	2,150	8.7	9.7	7.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	295	130	170	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	52,810	25,195	27,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,085	655	425	2.1	2.6	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,045	2,460	2,585	9.6	9.8	9.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,145	590	555	2.2	2.3	2.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,135	1,060	1,080	4.0	4.2	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	295	110	185	0.6	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	43,110	20,325	22,785	81.6	80.7	82.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	317,670	157,640	160,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	81,030	40,480	40,540	25.5	25.7	25.3
South Asian	53,585	27,200	26,385	16.9	17.3	16.5
Chinese	4,565	2,190	2,370	1.4	1.4	1.5
Black	3,520	1,820	1,710	1.1	1.2	1.1
Filipino	4,665	2,115	2,550	1.5	1.3	1.6
Arab	1,010	545	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin American	3,045	1,520	1,525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Southeast Asian	3,815	1,855	1,965	1.2	1.2	1.2
West Asian	1,035	585	455	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korean	2,225	1,075	1,145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	1,150	530	625	0.4	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	565	240	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	1,840	815	1,025	0.6	0.5	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	236,645	117,160	119,485	74.5	74.3	74.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	317,670	157,645	160,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	36,285	18,520	17,755	11.4	11.7	11.1
English	67,305	32,710	34,600	21.2	20.7	21.6
Irish	40,420	18,835	21,585	12.7	11.9	13.5
Scottish	50,930	24,760	26,170	16.0	15.7	16.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	21,860	10,395	11,465	6.9	6.6	7.2
German	47,720	23,320	24,395	15.0	14.8	15.2
Chinese	5,360	2,575	2,785	1.7	1.6	1.7
Italian	8,190	4,240	3,945	2.6	2.7	2.5
Indian (India)	29,470	14,770	14,695	9.3	9.4	9.2
Ukrainian	15,360	7,320	8,040	4.8	4.6	5.0
Dutch	26,965	13,385	13,580	8.5	8.5	8.5
Polish	8,520	4,100	4,425	2.7	2.6	2.8
Québécois	320	135	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,135	5,350	5,785	3.5	3.4	3.6
Filipino	4,445	1,985	2,465	1.4	1.3	1.5
French Canadian	2,575	1,200	1,375	0.8	0.8	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,960	2,970	2,995	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	10,545	5,105	5,440	3.3	3.2	3.4
Métis	6,980	3,515	3,465	2.2	2.2	2.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,030	4,055	3,975	2.5	2.6	2.5
Russian	11,795	5,745	6,050	3.7	3.6	3.8
Norwegian	9,945	4,845	5,100	3.1	3.1	3.2
Welsh	6,410	2,985	3,425	2.0	1.9	2.1
Portuguese	1,415	695	715	0.4	0.4	0.4
American	4,785	2,325	2,465	1.5	1.5	1.5
Spanish	2,340	1,070	1,265	0.7	0.7	0.8
Swedish	7,110	3,515	3,595	2.2	2.2	2.2
Hungarian	4,070	2,060	2,010	1.3	1.3	1.3
Acadian	365	200	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,075	540	535	0.3	0.3	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,125	595	530	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jewish	1,125	550	570	0.4	0.3	0.4
Punjabi	14,525	7,420	7,105	4.6	4.7	4.4
Vietnamese	2,605	1,320	1,280	0.8	0.8	0.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	405	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Greek	1,080	570	510	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	510	285	225	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,415	710	700	0.4	0.5	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,630	880	755	0.5	0.6	0.5
Korean	2,045	975	1,065	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	2,420	1,205	1,215	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanese	245	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	615	345	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,255	630	625	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	3,800	1,760	2,035	1.2	1.1	1.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,270	1,110	1,165	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sikh	10,680	5,455	5,225	3.4	3.5	3.3
Austrian	2,640	1,235	1,405	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belgian	1,140	610	535	0.4	0.4	0.3
Haitian	210	125	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	1,290	715	575	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	1,435	685	750	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mennonite	5,415	2,650	2,770	1.7	1.7	1.7
Swiss	2,090	1,080	1,015	0.7	0.7	0.6
Finnish	2,210	1,140	1,065	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sri Lankan	230	135	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	820	400	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	1,590	745	845	0.5	0.5	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,380	1,200	1,180	0.7	0.8	0.7
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	385	180	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,930	930	1,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	195	110	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	355	180	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	715	315	405	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,860	1,015	850	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombian	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,175	535	640	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syrian	260	135	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	225	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	215	90	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	270	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	480	205	280	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	285	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	230	85	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	380	230	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	215	65	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkish	210	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	155	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	575	265	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	685	340	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	635	305	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	385	180	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	155	85	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Salvadorean	630	355	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	310	135	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	410	180	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	765	350	415	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australian	875	455	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Palestinian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	245	165	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congolese	195	115	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	320	130	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	225	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	140	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	220	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	160	75	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	175	65	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	460	185	280	0.1	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	420	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	240	130	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	390	160	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	245	90	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265	130	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	230	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	120	80	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	510	205	300	0.2	0.1	0.2
Laotian	525	255	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	95	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	225	125	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	1,940	950	980	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ecuadorian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	320	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	720	370	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jatt	1,555	790	765	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	185	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	350	115	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	125	85	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sudanese	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	40	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	270	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	105	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	60	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	180	65	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	165	75	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	100	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	175	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	125	80	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	610	305	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	317,675	157,640	160,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,925	900	1,025	0.6	0.6	0.6
Christian	126,050	58,265	67,785	39.7	37.0	42.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	48,320	22,975	25,355	15.2	14.6	15.8
Anabaptist	7,615	3,590	4,030	2.4	2.3	2.5
Anglican	7,180	3,010	4,175	2.3	1.9	2.6
Baptist	3,635	1,725	1,910	1.1	1.1	1.2
Catholic	24,610	11,465	13,150	7.7	7.3	8.2
Christian Orthodox	1,640	800	840	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	1,845	815	1,035	0.6	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	1,140	525	615	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	3,110	1,345	1,765	1.0	0.9	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	560	225	335	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,210	1,990	2,225	1.3	1.3	1.4
Presbyterian	1,715	765	950	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	4,230	2,015	2,210	1.3	1.3	1.4
United Church	6,980	2,825	4,155	2.2	1.8	2.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	9,245	4,200	5,040	2.9	2.7	3.1
Hindu	4,680	2,390	2,295	1.5	1.5	1.4
Jewish	305	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	3,235	1,705	1,530	1.0	1.1	1.0
Sikh	43,710	22,060	21,650	13.8	14.0	13.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,030	520	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,695	1,120	1,575	0.8	0.7	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	134,040	70,520	63,520	42.2	44.7	39.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	314,530	156,125	158,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	270,315	134,300	136,010	85.9	86.0	85.9
Movers	44,220	21,820	22,400	14.1	14.0	14.1
Non-migrants	24,595	12,040	12,550	7.8	7.7	7.9
Migrants	19,625	9,775	9,855	6.2	6.3	6.2
Internal migrants	17,725	8,780	8,945	5.6	5.6	5.6
Intraprovincial migrants	15,035	7,455	7,580	4.8	4.8	4.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,685	1,320	1,365	0.9	0.8	0.9
External migrants	1,905	1,000	910	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	300,230	148,740	151,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	161,200	79,875	81,320	53.7	53.7	53.7
Movers	139,030	68,865	70,165	46.3	46.3	46.3
Non-migrants	60,065	29,655	30,410	20.0	19.9	20.1
Migrants	78,965	39,210	39,760	26.3	26.4	26.2
Internal migrants	67,810	33,460	34,340	22.6	22.5	22.7
Intraprovincial migrants	58,270	28,555	29,710	19.4	19.2	19.6
Interprovincial migrants	9,540	4,905	4,635	3.2	3.3	3.1
External migrants	11,160	5,745	5,415	3.7	3.9	3.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	260,785	128,185	132,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	54,195	29,015	25,180	20.8	22.6	19.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	206,585	99,170	107,415	79.2	77.4	81.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	163,925	80,625	83,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	23,830	13,775	10,055	14.5	17.1	12.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	140,100	66,845	73,255	85.5	82.9	87.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	260,780	128,185	132,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	48,045	25,275	22,775	18.4	19.7	17.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	92,115	46,130	45,975	35.3	36.0	34.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	120,630	56,775	63,845	46.3	44.3	48.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	77,605	37,960	39,645	29.8	29.6	29.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	23,235	17,615	5,620	8.9	13.7	4.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,730	5,840	3,890	3.7	4.6	2.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,510	11,780	1,730	5.2	9.2	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	42,175	15,915	26,260	16.2	12.4	19.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,200	4,430	7,765	4.7	3.5	5.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,015	18,815	24,200	16.5	14.7	18.3
Bachelor's degree	28,295	12,085	16,210	10.9	9.4	12.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,835	1,390	2,440	1.5	1.1	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,110	670	445	0.4	0.5	0.3
Master's degree	8,740	4,035	4,705	3.4	3.1	3.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,045	640	405	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	163,925	80,620	83,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,280	11,680	8,605	12.4	14.5	10.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,580	28,760	26,825	33.9	35.7	32.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	88,065	40,185	47,880	53.7	49.8	57.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	54,565	26,315	28,250	33.3	32.6	33.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	15,870	12,165	3,710	9.7	15.1	4.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,510	3,970	2,540	4.0	4.9	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,360	8,195	1,165	5.7	10.2	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	29,925	11,015	18,915	18.3	13.7	22.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,770	3,135	5,630	5.4	3.9	6.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,505	13,875	19,630	20.4	17.2	23.6
Bachelor's degree	22,270	9,215	13,050	13.6	11.4	15.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,885	980	1,900	1.8	1.2	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	840	470	370	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	6,845	2,835	4,005	4.2	3.5	4.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	670	370	300	0.4	0.5	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	260,785	128,185	132,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	140,160	71,405	68,750	53.7	55.7	51.8
Education	9,650	2,380	7,270	3.7	1.9	5.5
13. Education	9,650	2,380	7,270	3.7	1.9	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,530	1,500	2,035	1.4	1.2	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	455	345	105	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,080	1,150	1,930	1.2	0.9	1.5
Humanities	8,875	3,715	5,160	3.4	2.9	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	595	120	475	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	1,355	320	1,035	0.5	0.2	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,555	1,425	2,130	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	165	60	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	535	315	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,695	1,045	655	0.6	0.8	0.5
54. History	875	410	465	0.3	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,665	3,810	7,855	4.5	3.0	5.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	15	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	720	275	445	0.3	0.2	0.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,600	255	2,340	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,830	490	1,335	0.7	0.4	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	240	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,975	570	1,400	0.8	0.4	1.1
45. Social sciences	4,210	2,095	2,115	1.6	1.6	1.6
Business, management and public administration	21,860	8,055	13,805	8.4	6.3	10.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,985	420	1,570	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	19,855	7,635	12,225	7.6	6.0	9.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,430	1,600	1,830	1.3	1.2	1.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,420	590	825	0.5	0.5	0.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,060	485	570	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	690	470	220	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	225	35	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,805	2,265	1,540	1.5	1.8	1.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,030	1,980	1,055	1.2	1.5	0.8
25. Library science	375	50	320	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	375	225	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,340	23,700	1,640	9.7	18.5	1.2
04. Architecture and related services	420	315	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
14. Engineering	3,130	2,680	445	1.2	2.1	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,265	3,835	425	1.6	3.0	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,485	7,245	245	2.9	5.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,260	6,025	235	2.4	4.7	0.2
48. Precision production	3,765	3,595	170	1.4	2.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,385	1,945	1,435	1.3	1.5	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,625	1,380	1,250	1.0	1.1	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	755	565	190	0.3	0.4	0.1
Health and related fields	20,500	3,635	16,860	7.9	2.8	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,340	675	660	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	18,835	2,720	16,110	7.2	2.1	12.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	295	220	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,565	4,160	4,400	3.3	3.2	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,825	1,220	3,610	1.9	1.0	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	120	115	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,610	1,035	575	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,000	1,790	210	0.8	1.4	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	163,930	80,620	83,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	75,860	40,435	35,425	46.3	50.2	42.5
Education	6,505	1,410	5,090	4.0	1.7	6.1
13. Education	6,505	1,410	5,090	4.0	1.7	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,565	1,035	1,530	1.6	1.3	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	190	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,305	845	1,460	1.4	1.0	1.8
Humanities	6,490	2,555	3,935	4.0	3.2	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	505	100	405	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	980	230	760	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,720	1,030	1,690	1.7	1.3	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	385	255	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	960	580	380	0.6	0.7	0.5
54. History	750	310	440	0.5	0.4	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,095	2,785	6,310	5.5	3.5	7.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	10	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	590	220	365	0.4	0.3	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,075	210	1,870	1.3	0.3	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,400	350	1,045	0.9	0.4	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,495	420	1,080	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	3,270	1,500	1,770	2.0	1.9	2.1
Business, management and public administration	16,310	5,865	10,440	9.9	7.3	12.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,535	275	1,255	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,765	5,585	9,175	9.0	6.9	11.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,445	1,080	1,365	1.5	1.3	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,090	420	665	0.7	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	765	355	415	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	440	275	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	115	10	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,065	1,895	1,170	1.9	2.4	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,595	1,735	860	1.6	2.2	1.0
25. Library science	230	35	195	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	220	125	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	17,775	16,510	1,265	10.8	20.5	1.5
04. Architecture and related services	325	220	105	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	2,355	1,980	370	1.4	2.5	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,920	2,605	320	1.8	3.2	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,245	5,075	175	3.2	6.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,260	4,075	185	2.6	5.1	0.2
48. Precision production	2,655	2,550	105	1.6	3.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,405	1,350	1,060	1.5	1.7	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,870	975	900	1.1	1.2	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	535	375	160	0.3	0.5	0.2
Health and related fields	15,145	2,765	12,375	9.2	3.4	14.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,040	540	495	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,885	2,070	11,815	8.5	2.6	14.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	200	140	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,245	2,920	3,320	3.8	3.6	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,515	845	2,665	2.1	1.0	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,300	805	495	0.8	1.0	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,385	1,235	150	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	163,930	80,620	83,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	75,860	40,435	35,425	46.3	50.2	42.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	88,070	40,190	47,880	53.7	49.9	57.5
Location of study inside Canada	71,480	32,535	38,945	43.6	40.4	46.7
Same as province or territory of residence	60,600	27,130	33,470	37.0	33.7	40.2
Different than province or territory of residence	10,880	5,405	5,480	6.6	6.7	6.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,590	7,650	8,935	10.1	9.5	10.7
Americas	3,000	1,430	1,570	1.8	1.8	1.9
United States of America	2,275	1,125	1,150	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mexico	265	120	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	195	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	2,925	1,485	1,440	1.8	1.8	1.7
Belgium	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	240	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	155	100	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	150	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	205	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	150	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,185	680	500	0.7	0.8	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	310	120	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
Africa	630	335	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	80	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	305	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	9,590	4,165	5,425	5.9	5.2	6.5
Iran⁸⁸	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraq	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	510	200	310	0.3	0.2	0.4
Taiwan	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	130	20	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	600	245	360	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	1,415	580	835	0.9	0.7	1.0
Viet Nam	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	6,045	2,750	3,295	3.7	3.4	4.0
Pakistan	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	275	75	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	435	240	200	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australia	300	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	90	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	260,780	128,185	132,595	...	...	...
In the labour force	164,050	86,875	77,170	...	...	...
Employed	151,865	81,095	70,775	...	...	...
Unemployed	12,180	5,785	6,395	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	96,740	41,310	55,425	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.9	67.8	58.2	62.9	67.8	58.2
Employment rate	58.2	63.3	53.4	58.2	63.3	53.4
Unemployment rate	7.4	6.7	8.3	7.4	6.7	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	260,785	128,185	132,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	99,075	42,990	56,085	38.0	33.5	42.3
Worked	161,710	85,195	76,510	62.0	66.5	57.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	86,250	51,785	34,470	33.1	40.4	26.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	75,460	33,410	42,050	28.9	26.1	31.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	43.1	40.2	41.7	43.1	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	164,050	86,880	77,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,030	1,450	1,585	1.8	1.7	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	161,015	85,425	75,590	98.1	98.3	98.0
Employee	132,585	67,335	65,250	80.8	77.5	84.6
Permanent position	114,245	59,530	54,720	69.6	68.5	70.9
Temporary position	18,335	7,805	10,530	11.2	9.0	13.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,410	2,325	3,085	3.3	2.7	4.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	12,930	5,480	7,450	7.9	6.3	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	28,430	18,095	10,340	17.3	20.8	13.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	164,050	86,880	77,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,030	1,450	1,585	1.8	1.7	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	161,015	85,425	75,590	98.1	98.3	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,415	1,035	380	0.9	1.2	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	22,665	5,960	16,705	13.8	6.9	21.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,685	5,275	1,415	4.1	6.1	1.8
3 Health occupations	11,360	2,155	9,205	6.9	2.5	11.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	19,565	6,500	13,065	11.9	7.5	16.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,790	1,625	2,170	2.3	1.9	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	39,915	16,270	23,645	24.3	18.7	30.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	38,385	35,330	3,055	23.4	40.7	4.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,400	5,205	3,195	5.1	6.0	4.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,835	6,085	2,750	5.4	7.0	3.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	164,050	86,880	77,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,030	1,450	1,585	1.8	1.7	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	161,015	85,425	75,590	98.1	98.3	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	8,860	4,955	3,900	5.4	5.7	5.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	610	500	110	0.4	0.6	0.1
22 Utilities	555	450	110	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	18,945	16,400	2,545	11.5	18.9	3.3
31-33 Manufacturing	14,325	10,295	4,030	8.7	11.8	5.2
41 Wholesale trade	5,300	3,760	1,545	3.2	4.3	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	18,930	8,345	10,585	11.5	9.6	13.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,515	9,390	2,125	7.0	10.8	2.8
51 Information and cultural industries	2,050	1,240	810	1.2	1.4	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	4,210	1,550	2,655	2.6	1.8	3.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,575	1,380	1,195	1.6	1.6	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,720	3,735	3,980	4.7	4.3	5.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	7,130	4,060	3,075	4.3	4.7	4.0
61 Educational services	11,020	3,180	7,835	6.7	3.7	10.2
62 Health care and social assistance	18,625	3,270	15,360	11.4	3.8	19.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,385	1,015	1,370	1.5	1.2	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	9,865	3,490	6,380	6.0	4.0	8.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,765	3,765	4,005	4.7	4.3	5.2
91 Public administration	8,415	4,535	3,885	5.1	5.2	5.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	176,275	92,585	83,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	161,525	84,535	76,990	91.6	91.3	92.0
French	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	4,155	2,270	1,890	2.4	2.5	2.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,155	2,265	1,885	2.4	2.4	2.3
English and French	850	290	555	0.5	0.3	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	9,495	5,400	4,100	5.4	5.8	4.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	176,275	92,585	83,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	173,965	91,295	82,665	98.7	98.6	98.8
Official languages	167,505	87,610	79,900	95.0	94.6	95.5
English	167,225	87,530	79,695	94.9	94.5	95.2
French	285	80	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	6,455	3,685	2,765	3.7	4.0	3.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,445	3,685	2,760	3.7	4.0	3.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	265	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	260	140	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,590	3,250	2,345	3.2	3.5	2.8
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	5,295	3,015	2,280	3.0	3.3	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages	5,255	2,995	2,260	3.0	3.2	2.7
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,235	2,980	2,255	3.0	3.2	2.7
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	265	210	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	235	205	30	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	360	175	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	360	175	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,305	1,290	1,015	1.3	1.4	1.2
English and French	105	20	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,200	1,270	930	1.2	1.4	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	176,275	92,585	83,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	168,015	88,085	79,935	95.3	95.1	95.5
English	2,310	1,370	940	1.3	1.5	1.1
French	625	245	380	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	4,795	2,580	2,215	2.7	2.8	2.6
Indigenous³⁹	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,770	2,575	2,190	2.7	2.8	2.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	430	250	180	0.2	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	151,870	81,095	70,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	21,625	9,800	11,825	14.2	12.1	16.7
Worked outside Canada	395	305	85	0.3	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	29,695	22,155	7,535	19.6	27.3	10.6
Usual place of work	100,155	48,830	51,320	65.9	60.2	72.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	100,155	48,830	51,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	58,255	24,745	33,515	58.2	50.7	65.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	18,780	9,285	9,490	18.8	19.0	18.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	22,855	14,610	8,245	22.8	29.9	16.1
Commute to a different province or territory	265	195	75	0.3	0.4	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	129,850	70,990	58,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	118,965	65,990	52,970	91.6	93.0	90.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	109,045	61,260	47,785	84.0	86.3	81.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	9,915	4,730	5,185	7.6	6.7	8.8
Public transit	2,630	1,020	1,610	2.0	1.4	2.7
Walked	4,935	2,080	2,860	3.8	2.9	4.9
Bicycle	845	625	215	0.7	0.9	0.4
Other method	2,475	1,275	1,205	1.9	1.8	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	129,850	70,990	58,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	45,140	19,910	25,230	34.8	28.0	42.9
15 to 29 minutes	39,685	20,420	19,260	30.6	28.8	32.7
30 to 44 minutes	21,275	13,145	8,130	16.4	18.5	13.8
45 to 59 minutes	9,980	6,715	3,265	7.7	9.5	5.5
60 minutes and over	13,775	10,800	2,975	10.6	15.2	5.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	129,850	70,990	58,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	13,375	10,020	3,355	10.3	14.1	5.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	24,310	16,090	8,215	18.7	22.7	14.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	30,480	15,785	14,690	23.5	22.2	25.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	24,050	10,225	13,830	18.5	14.4	23.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	16,130	6,695	9,435	12.4	9.4	16.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	21,505	12,170	9,335	16.6	17.1	15.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	69,755	36,125	33,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,170	1,580	1,590	4.5	4.4	4.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	66,585	34,545	32,040	95.5	95.6	95.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	51,065	26,480	24,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,480	1,240	1,240	4.9	4.7	5.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,190	565	625	2.3	2.1	2.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,290	670	620	2.5	2.5	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	48,585	25,245	23,340	95.1	95.3	95.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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