Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	AbbotsfordMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	110,331	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	101,814	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	42,946	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,095	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	629.8	...	...	629.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	175.19	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,330	54,290	56,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,230	9,370	8,855	16.5	17.3	15.8
0 to 4 years	5,625	2,900	2,725	5.1	5.3	4.9
5 to 9 years	6,185	3,155	3,035	5.6	5.8	5.4
10 to 14 years	6,425	3,325	3,095	5.8	6.1	5.5
15 to 64 years	70,630	35,420	35,210	64.0	65.2	62.8
15 to 19 years	6,340	3,275	3,065	5.7	6.0	5.5
20 to 24 years	7,265	3,785	3,485	6.6	7.0	6.2
25 to 29 years	7,585	3,860	3,720	6.9	7.1	6.6
30 to 34 years	7,765	4,025	3,740	7.0	7.4	6.7
35 to 39 years	7,765	3,875	3,890	7.0	7.1	6.9
40 to 44 years	6,840	3,355	3,480	6.2	6.2	6.2
45 to 49 years	6,630	3,200	3,430	6.0	5.9	6.1
50 to 54 years	6,795	3,380	3,420	6.2	6.2	6.1
55 to 59 years	6,830	3,375	3,460	6.2	6.2	6.2
60 to 64 years	6,810	3,290	3,515	6.2	6.1	6.3
65 years and over	21,470	9,495	11,975	19.5	17.5	21.4
65 to 69 years	6,105	2,820	3,285	5.5	5.2	5.9
70 to 74 years	5,470	2,455	3,015	5.0	4.5	5.4
75 to 79 years	3,860	1,810	2,055	3.5	3.3	3.7
80 to 84 years	2,850	1,225	1,620	2.6	2.3	2.9
85 years and over	3,190	1,185	2,005	2.9	2.2	3.6
85 to 89 years	1,775	755	1,020	1.6	1.4	1.8
90 to 94 years	1,075	355	720	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	300	70	230	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	35	5	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.5	17.3	15.8	16.5	17.3	15.8
15 to 64 years	64.0	65.2	62.8	64.0	65.2	62.8
65 years and over	19.5	17.5	21.4	19.5	17.5	21.4
85 years and over	2.9	2.2	3.6	2.9	2.2	3.6
Average age of the population	41.5	40.2	42.7	41.5	40.2	42.7
Median age of the population	40.0	38.8	41.6	40.0	38.8	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,685	...	...	33.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,060	...	...	2.6	...	...
Row house	3,820	...	...	9.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,130	...	...	17.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,210	...	...	34.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,075	...	...	2.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,610	...	...	28.3	...	...
2 persons	13,175	...	...	32.1	...	...
3 persons	5,475	...	...	13.3	...	...
4 persons	5,450	...	...	13.3	...	...
5 or more persons	5,395	...	...	13.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,840	53,000	54,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,105	44,915	47,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,535	26,290	26,250	57.0	58.5	55.6
Married	46,290	23,175	23,120	50.3	51.6	49.0
Living common-law	6,245	3,120	3,125	6.8	6.9	6.6
Living common law - Never married	4,365	2,185	2,175	4.7	4.9	4.6
Living common law - Separated	360	190	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,365	675	690	1.5	1.5	1.5
Living common law - Widowed	155	55	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	39,565	18,630	20,940	43.0	41.5	44.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	25,265	14,070	11,190	27.4	31.3	23.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,605	1,075	1,535	2.8	2.4	3.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,980	2,290	3,690	6.5	5.1	7.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,715	1,195	4,525	6.2	2.7	9.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,850	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,040	...	...	50.4	...	...
3 persons	5,965	...	...	20.0	...	...
4 persons	5,920	...	...	19.8	...	...
5 or more persons	2,925	...	...	9.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,850	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,250	...	...	84.6	...	...
Married couples	22,130	...	...	74.1	...	...
With children⁶	11,895	...	...	39.8	...	...
Without children	10,230	...	...	34.3	...	...
Common-law couples	3,125	...	...	10.5	...	...
With children⁶	1,085	...	...	3.6	...	...
Without children	2,035	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,600	...	...	15.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,635	...	...	12.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	965	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,840	53,000	54,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	87,470	43,445	44,025	81.1	82.0	80.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,505	25,225	25,275	46.8	47.6	46.1
Parents in one-parent families	4,600	970	3,635	4.3	1.8	6.6
Children⁶	32,370	17,250	15,115	30.0	32.5	27.6
In a two-parent family	25,255	13,365	11,885	23.4	25.2	21.7
In a one-parent family	7,115	3,890	3,225	6.6	7.3	5.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,370	9,555	10,810	18.9	18.0	19.7
Living alone	11,610	5,075	6,530	10.8	9.6	11.9
Living with other relatives⁷	3,535	1,500	2,040	3.3	2.8	3.7
Living with non-relatives only	5,225	2,985	2,240	4.8	5.6	4.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,665	...	...	55.2	...	...
Couple-family households	19,480	...	...	47.4	...	...
With children⁶	9,715	...	...	23.6	...	...
Without children	9,770	...	...	23.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,185	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,535	...	...	6.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	535	...	...	1.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,785	...	...	4.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,965	...	...	4.8	...	...
One-person households	11,610	...	...	28.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	89,610	43,630	45,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,715	42,220	44,495	96.8	96.8	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,600	33,200	38,000	45,600	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,835	42,285	44,555	96.9	96.9	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	41,200	31,200	35,200	41,200	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,150	38,075	38,080	85.0	87.3	82.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	43,200	24,800	33,200	43,200	24,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,645	32,395	30,250	69.9	74.2	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	45,600	27,800	36,000	45,600	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,590	33,850	39,740	82.1	77.6	86.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	7,800	11,800	10,000	7,800	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,830	3,610	5,225	9.9	8.3	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,040	5,520	5,480	5,040	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,125	10,630	12,495	25.8	24.4	27.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	89,735	43,635	46,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,805	42,100	44,705	96.7	96.5	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	56,550	39,920	48,000	56,550	39,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,930	42,180	44,750	96.9	96.7	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,880	35,720	41,600	47,880	35,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,215	38,075	38,145	84.9	87.3	82.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,760	53,600	33,960	43,760	53,600	33,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,710	32,400	30,310	69.9	74.3	65.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,360	53,050	35,040	44,360	53,050	35,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,915	33,920	39,990	82.4	77.7	86.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,240	10,040	12,270	11,240	10,040	12,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,865	3,695	5,175	9.9	8.5	11.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,720	6,950	6,440	5,720	6,950
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,150	10,865	12,290	25.8	24.9	26.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	8,140	8,640	8,400	8,140	8,640
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	89,735	43,635	46,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,480	16,820	11,665	31.7	38.5	25.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	66,000	51,600	58,800	66,000	51,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,900	73,800	57,000	66,900	73,800	57,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,690	11,315	14,375	28.6	25.9	31.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	23,200	16,200	18,600	23,200	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,960	32,960	22,260	26,960	32,960	22,260
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.0	85.6	72.6	80.0	85.6	72.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	72.2	59.5	66.8	72.2	59.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.0	14.3	27.5	20.0	14.3	27.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	0.9	2.0	1.4	0.9	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	4.7	7.9	6.0	4.7	7.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.7	6.0	4.7	3.7	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	89,605	43,625	45,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,890	1,405	1,485	3.2	3.2	3.2
With total income	86,720	42,225	44,495	96.8	96.8	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,475	3,170	4,305	8.6	7.5	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	11,265	4,430	6,835	13.0	10.5	15.4
$20,000 to $29,999	14,800	6,025	8,770	17.1	14.3	19.7
$30,000 to $39,999	11,870	4,975	6,895	13.7	11.8	15.5
$40,000 to $49,999	9,740	4,320	5,420	11.2	10.2	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,980	4,130	3,850	9.2	9.8	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,265	3,545	2,720	7.2	8.4	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,715	2,950	1,770	5.4	7.0	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,365	2,130	1,230	3.9	5.0	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,550	1,675	875	2.9	4.0	2.0
$100,000 and over	6,700	4,870	1,835	7.7	11.5	4.1
$100,000 to $149,999	4,795	3,365	1,425	5.5	8.0	3.2
$150,000 and over	1,900	1,500	405	2.2	3.6	0.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	89,605	43,625	45,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,775	1,345	1,430	3.1	3.1	3.1
With after-tax income	86,835	42,280	44,550	96.9	96.9	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,800	3,300	4,495	9.0	7.8	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	11,645	4,585	7,055	13.4	10.8	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	16,470	6,730	9,740	19.0	15.9	21.9
$30,000 to $39,999	13,555	5,855	7,700	15.6	13.8	17.3
$40,000 to $49,999	11,185	5,450	5,735	12.9	12.9	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8,520	4,695	3,825	9.8	11.1	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,885	3,625	2,255	6.8	8.6	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,035	2,550	1,485	4.6	6.0	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,625	1,740	880	3.0	4.1	2.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,695	1,185	505	2.0	2.8	1.1
$100,000 and over	3,420	2,550	865	3.9	6.0	1.9
$100,000 to $124,999	1,875	1,335	540	2.2	3.2	1.2
$125,000 and over	1,550	1,220	330	1.8	2.9	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	89,605	43,625	45,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,965	11,230	15,735	30.1	25.7	34.2
With employment income	62,645	32,395	30,255	69.9	74.3	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,840	3,400	4,440	12.5	10.5	14.7
$5,000 to $9,999	5,235	2,070	3,165	8.4	6.4	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	8,010	3,335	4,675	12.8	10.3	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	6,420	2,795	3,625	10.2	8.6	12.0
$30,000 to $39,999	6,300	2,885	3,420	10.1	8.9	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	5,940	3,040	2,895	9.5	9.4	9.6
$50,000 to $59,999	5,520	3,035	2,485	8.8	9.4	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,385	2,680	1,705	7.0	8.3	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,405	2,265	1,140	5.4	7.0	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	2,635	1,745	890	4.2	5.4	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,955	1,340	610	3.1	4.1	2.0
$100,000 and over	5,000	3,805	1,195	8.0	11.7	3.9
$100,000 to $124,999	2,660	1,910	750	4.2	5.9	2.5
$125,000 and over	2,340	1,890	445	3.7	5.8	1.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	89,610	43,630	45,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,370	40,965	43,405	94.2	93.9	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,400	29,200	35,200	44,400	29,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,535	41,000	43,535	94.3	94.0	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	39,200	27,400	32,400	39,200	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,230	37,455	37,780	84.0	85.8	82.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	44,000	25,800	33,600	44,000	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,030	32,805	31,225	71.5	75.2	67.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	44,400	27,200	34,800	44,400	27,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,670	25,155	34,520	66.6	57.7	75.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	4,360	8,100	7,100	4,360	8,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,950	2,665	4,285	7.8	6.1	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,680	5,600	5,280	4,680	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	89,735	43,635	46,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,490	40,910	43,590	94.2	93.8	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,840	55,550	36,720	45,840	55,550	36,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,695	40,950	43,745	94.4	93.8	94.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,240	46,600	32,360	39,240	46,600	32,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,235	37,415	37,820	83.8	85.7	82.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,440	55,250	33,720	44,440	55,250	33,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,990	32,755	31,230	71.3	75.1	67.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,280	52,400	33,720	43,280	52,400	33,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,710	25,150	34,560	66.5	57.6	75.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,880	8,160	9,400	8,880	8,160	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,895	2,665	4,235	7.7	6.1	9.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,900	5,910	7,510	6,900	5,910	7,510
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	89,735	43,635	46,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,240	16,660	11,580	31.5	38.2	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,800	62,400	47,600	54,800	62,400	47,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,900	70,400	52,100	62,900	70,400	52,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,015	10,625	13,390	26.8	24.3	29.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	29,400	20,200	23,200	29,400	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,760	39,120	25,920	31,760	39,120	25,920
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.4	91.0	79.8	86.4	91.0	79.8
Employment income (%)	71.6	75.6	65.8	71.6	75.6	65.8
Government transfers (%)	13.7	9.0	20.3	13.7	9.0	20.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.7	2.0	1.2	0.7	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,610	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,300	...	...	101,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,630	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,640	...	...	49,640	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,080	...	...	43,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...	121,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,700	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	365	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	175	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	285	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	770	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,785	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,360	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,410	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,575	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,650	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,530	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,060	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,905	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,775	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,565	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,390	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,490	...	...	40.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,890	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,700	...	...	9.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,375	...	...	10.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,525	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	405	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	195	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	295	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	790	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,855	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,530	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,575	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,850	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,950	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,785	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,430	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,315	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,135	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,825	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,475	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,680	...	...	33.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,035	...	...	12.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,415	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,235	...	...	12.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,180	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,925	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,830	8,060	8,770	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	41,600	34,800	37,600	41,600	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	38,000	32,800	35,200	38,000	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,700	...	...	120,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...	104,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,100	...	...	102,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...	148,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,500	...	...	127,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,985	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,700	...	...	77,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,550	7,860	8,690	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	49,440	42,280	45,680	49,440	42,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,040	42,240	38,040	40,040	42,240	38,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,840	53,000	54,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,055	11,350	10,705	20.5	21.4	19.5
0 to 5 years	6,870	3,505	3,360	6.4	6.6	6.1
18 to 64 years	65,825	32,625	33,200	61.0	61.6	60.5
65 years and over	19,960	9,020	10,935	18.5	17.0	19.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,995	4,425	5,570	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,105	1,085	1,020	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	640	340	305	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,885	2,240	2,645	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,005	1,100	1,905	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.3	10.2	9.3	8.3	10.2
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.6	9.5	9.5	9.6	9.5
0 to 5 years (%)	9.4	9.6	9.1	9.4	9.6	9.1
18 to 64 years (%)	7.4	6.9	8.0	7.4	6.9	8.0
65 years and over (%)	15.1	12.2	17.4	15.1	12.2	17.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,605	52,880	54,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,005	11,315	10,685	20.4	21.4	19.5
0 to 5 years	6,855	3,500	3,355	6.4	6.6	6.1
18 to 64 years	65,695	32,565	33,130	61.1	61.6	60.5
65 years and over	19,910	9,000	10,910	18.5	17.0	19.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,975	2,020	1,955	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	730	400	330	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	180	110	70	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,855	1,455	1,400	...	...	...
65 years and over	390	165	225	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.8	3.6
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.5	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.1
0 to 5 years (%)	2.6	3.1	2.1	2.6	3.1	2.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.4	4.5	4.2	4.4	4.5	4.2
65 years and over (%)	2.0	1.8	2.1	2.0	1.8	2.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,840	53,000	54,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	53,880	25,735	28,145	50.0	48.6	51.3
In bottom decile	9,375	4,340	5,030	8.7	8.2	9.2
In second decile	10,360	4,705	5,650	9.6	8.9	10.3
In third decile	10,955	5,215	5,735	10.2	9.8	10.5
In fourth decile	11,625	5,685	5,935	10.8	10.7	10.8
In fifth decile	11,570	5,780	5,790	10.7	10.9	10.6
In top half of the distribution	53,960	27,265	26,695	50.0	51.4	48.7
In sixth decile	11,815	5,880	5,940	11.0	11.1	10.8
In seventh decile	11,880	5,970	5,915	11.0	11.3	10.8
In eighth decile	11,090	5,600	5,490	10.3	10.6	10.0
In ninth decile	10,460	5,365	5,095	9.7	10.1	9.3
In top decile	8,715	4,450	4,260	8.1	8.4	7.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,840	...	...	107,840	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.297	...	...	0.297	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.408	...	...	0.408	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.267	...	...	0.267	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,500	53,295	55,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	98,680	48,955	49,725	90.9	91.9	90.1
French only	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	4,760	2,080	2,675	4.4	3.9	4.8
Neither English nor French	5,035	2,250	2,785	4.6	4.2	5.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,500	53,295	55,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	102,560	50,600	51,955	94.5	94.9	94.1
French	705	355	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
English and French	295	135	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	4,945	2,205	2,735	4.6	4.1	5.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,500	53,295	55,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,625	51,400	53,220	96.4	96.4	96.4
Official languages	73,175	36,105	37,070	67.4	67.7	67.1
English	72,410	35,720	36,690	66.7	67.0	66.5
French	765	380	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	31,445	15,295	16,150	29.0	28.7	29.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	31,430	15,290	16,145	29.0	28.7	29.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	700	365	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	680	360	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	610	320	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	650	300	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	630	295	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,180	520	655	1.1	1.0	1.2
Bikol	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	930	400	535	0.9	0.8	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	25,495	12,505	12,995	23.5	23.5	23.5
Albanian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,035	485	550	1.0	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,025	485	540	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	340	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,765	1,685	2,080	3.5	3.2	3.8
Frisian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,455	1,090	1,365	2.3	2.0	2.5
German	2,430	1,075	1,355	2.2	2.0	2.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,135	515	615	1.0	1.0	1.1
Afrikaans	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	785	360	420	0.7	0.7	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	215	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	18,965	9,460	9,510	17.5	17.8	17.2
Indo-Aryan languages	18,605	9,275	9,330	17.1	17.4	16.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	590	300	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,525	8,725	8,805	16.2	16.4	15.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	290	160	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	360	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	275	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	185	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,570	790	785	1.4	1.5	1.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,110	570	540	1.0	1.1	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,080	520	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,300	620	685	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese languages	1,280	605	675	1.2	1.1	1.2
Hakka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	790	355	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	400	200	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	55	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,875	1,895	1,980	3.6	3.6	3.6
English and French	305	135	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	3,235	1,615	1,620	3.0	3.0	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,500	53,295	55,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	76,125	37,440	38,690	70.2	70.3	70.1
French	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	12,625	6,245	6,380	11.6	11.7	11.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,625	6,245	6,380	11.6	11.7	11.6
English and French	595	255	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	18,020	8,810	9,210	16.6	16.5	16.7
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	385	175	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	595	290	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,500	53,295	55,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,265	51,280	52,980	96.1	96.2	96.0
Official languages	83,480	40,915	42,555	76.9	76.8	77.1
English	83,305	40,825	42,475	76.8	76.6	76.9
French	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official languages	20,785	10,365	10,425	19.2	19.4	18.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,780	10,360	10,425	19.2	19.4	18.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	425	205	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	385	185	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	455	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	450	215	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	550	290	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	445	235	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,165	8,580	8,585	15.8	16.1	15.6
Albanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	430	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	425	185	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	280	120	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	280	125	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	15,515	7,755	7,765	14.3	14.6	14.1
Indo-Aryan languages	15,295	7,650	7,650	14.1	14.4	13.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	390	190	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,570	7,290	7,280	13.4	13.7	13.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	210	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dari	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	715	390	320	0.7	0.7	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	575	325	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	915	435	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	840	420	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	825	410	415	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	535	265	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,235	2,015	2,220	3.9	3.8	4.0
English and French	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,015	1,915	2,105	3.7	3.6	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,500	53,295	55,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	92,380	45,425	46,955	85.1	85.2	85.1
English	6,670	3,405	3,270	6.1	6.4	5.9
French	545	230	310	0.5	0.4	0.6
Non-official language	7,020	3,330	3,695	6.5	6.2	6.7
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,005	3,325	3,680	6.5	6.2	6.7
English and French	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	935	450	485	0.9	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	685	340	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,985	53,025	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,985	50,785	52,200	95.4	95.8	95.0
English	102,945	50,765	52,180	95.3	95.7	94.9
French	4,810	2,015	2,795	4.5	3.8	5.1
Non-official languages	38,760	18,810	19,945	35.9	35.5	36.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	65	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,710	18,790	19,920	35.8	35.4	36.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	955	505	450	0.9	1.0	0.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	925	485	445	0.9	0.9	0.8
Amharic	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	820	425	400	0.8	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	60	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	775	395	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	740	385	355	0.7	0.7	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,695	760	930	1.6	1.4	1.7
Bikol	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,505	665	845	1.4	1.3	1.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	165	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	31,370	15,315	16,055	29.1	28.9	29.2
Albanian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,340	645	695	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,335	645	690	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	655	340	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,335	1,910	2,420	4.0	3.6	4.4
Frisian	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
High German languages	2,850	1,315	1,535	2.6	2.5	2.8
German	2,805	1,275	1,530	2.6	2.4	2.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,450	575	870	1.3	1.1	1.6
Afrikaans	180	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dutch	920	375	545	0.9	0.7	1.0
Low German, n.o.s.	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	280	105	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	23,090	11,580	11,505	21.4	21.8	20.9
Indo-Aryan languages	22,535	11,305	11,235	20.9	21.3	20.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,305	2,090	2,210	4.0	3.9	4.0
Kacchi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,410	10,740	10,675	19.8	20.3	19.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	670	365	310	0.6	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	615	315	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	475	245	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Dari	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	305	155	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,025	1,410	1,615	2.8	2.7	2.9
Catalan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	325	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	305	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	325	115	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
Spanish	2,205	1,025	1,185	2.0	1.9	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	310	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	1,325	625	705	1.2	1.2	1.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	365	190	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Akan (Twi)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	205	80	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	160	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,530	695	830	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese languages	1,525	690	830	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hakka	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,125	505	620	1.0	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	545	270	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	265	95	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	180	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	105	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,985	53,030	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,810	2,770	3,040	5.4	5.2	5.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,495	2,630	2,865	5.1	5.0	5.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,870	1,305	1,565	2.7	2.5	2.8
Métis	2,600	1,310	1,290	2.4	2.5	2.3
Inuk (Inuit)	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	102,180	50,260	51,920	94.6	94.8	94.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,985	53,030	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,500	685	815	1.4	1.3	1.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,485	52,340	54,150	98.6	98.7	98.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	27,560	...	...	67.0	...	...
Renter	13,530	...	...	32.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,215	...	...	32.1	...	...
Not condominium	27,895	...	...	67.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	390	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	5,740	...	...	14.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,695	...	...	33.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,210	...	...	20.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,085	...	...	31.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,205	...	...	34.5	...	...
5 rooms	5,965	...	...	14.5	...	...
6 rooms	4,650	...	...	11.3	...	...
7 rooms	3,990	...	...	9.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,300	...	...	29.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,625	...	...	96.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,495	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	38,315	...	...	93.2	...	...
Not suitable	2,800	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,940	...	...	4.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,070	...	...	26.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,260	...	...	22.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,550	...	...	20.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,030	...	...	4.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,905	...	...	7.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,700	...	...	4.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,660	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,320	...	...	95.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,790	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,835	...	...	48.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,875	...	...	43.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,410	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,265	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,790	...	...	14.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,995	...	...	17.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,315	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,705	...	...	18.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,625	...	...	16.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,720	...	...	9.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,700	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	30,895	...	...	76.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,740	...	...	24.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,980	...	...	22.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,180	...	...	32.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,750	...	...	21.3	...	...
Not suitable only	2,205	...	...	5.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,110	...	...	2.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	430	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	520	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	27,940	...	...	68.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,395	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not in core need	35,480	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,205	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.0	...	...	64.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.6	...	...	18.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,594	...	...	1,594	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	787,000	...	...	787,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,510	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.9	...	...	34.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.0	...	...	22.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,200	...	...	1,200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	30	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	520	...	...	520	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	560	...	...	560	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,985	53,030	54,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,460	750	710	1.4	1.4	1.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,440	730	705	1.3	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,025	510	515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Métis single ancestry	395	210	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,640	2,135	2,505	4.3	4.0	4.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,435	2,025	2,410	4.1	3.8	4.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,685	1,190	1,495	2.5	2.2	2.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,735	830	900	1.6	1.6	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	101,890	50,140	51,745	94.4	94.6	94.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,985	53,025	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	95,520	46,710	48,810	88.5	88.1	88.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,965	10,835	10,135	19.4	20.4	18.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,555	35,875	38,680	69.0	67.7	70.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,470	6,320	6,150	11.5	11.9	11.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,985	53,025	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	76,915	37,970	38,940	71.2	71.6	70.9
Immigrants⁸¹	27,555	13,110	14,450	25.5	24.7	26.3
Before 1980	5,385	2,515	2,875	5.0	4.7	5.2
1980 to 1990	2,910	1,405	1,500	2.7	2.6	2.7
1991 to 2000	4,915	2,315	2,600	4.6	4.4	4.7
2001 to 2010	6,675	3,155	3,520	6.2	6.0	6.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,675	3,715	3,955	7.1	7.0	7.2
2011 to 2015	3,605	1,780	1,825	3.3	3.4	3.3
2016 to 2021	4,070	1,935	2,135	3.8	3.6	3.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,515	1,945	1,570	3.3	3.7	2.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	27,560	13,110	14,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,000	940	1,060	7.3	7.2	7.3
5 to 14 years	4,010	2,170	1,840	14.6	16.6	12.7
15 to 24 years	6,965	3,065	3,900	25.3	23.4	27.0
25 to 44 years	10,505	5,145	5,365	38.1	39.2	37.1
45 years and over	4,075	1,795	2,280	14.8	13.7	15.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	27,560	13,110	14,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,775	1,225	1,550	10.1	9.3	10.7
Brazil	175	95	75	0.6	0.7	0.5
Colombia	45	20	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
El Salvador	205	115	90	0.7	0.9	0.6
Guyana	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	30	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	80	25	55	0.3	0.2	0.4
Mexico	205	60	150	0.7	0.5	1.0
Peru	65	10	55	0.2	0.1	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	35	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	1,090	495	600	4.0	3.8	4.2
Other places of birth in Americas	815	355	460	3.0	2.7	3.2
Europe	5,370	2,555	2,815	19.5	19.5	19.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.2
Croatia	30	20	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	70	45	20	0.3	0.3	0.1
Germany	645	315	330	2.3	2.4	2.3
Greece	25	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	105	50	55	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	110	65	50	0.4	0.5	0.3
Netherlands	700	305	395	2.5	2.3	2.7
Poland	285	120	165	1.0	0.9	1.1
Portugal	25	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	230	80	145	0.8	0.6	1.0
Russian Federation	230	115	110	0.8	0.9	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukraine	260	110	150	0.9	0.8	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,880	910	975	6.8	6.9	6.7
Other places of birth in Europe	715	365	350	2.6	2.8	2.4
Africa	1,020	515	505	3.7	3.9	3.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	80	45	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	30	25	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Morocco	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	80	45	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	250	105	150	0.9	0.8	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	500	250	250	1.8	1.9	1.7
Asia	18,005	8,610	9,400	65.3	65.7	65.1
Afghanistan	95	45	45	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	270	155	115	1.0	1.2	0.8
Iraq	80	45	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	255	120	130	0.9	0.9	0.9
Turkey	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	640	280	365	2.3	2.1	2.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	50	65	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	770	345	420	2.8	2.6	2.9
Taiwan	140	65	80	0.5	0.5	0.6
Philippines	1,460	640	820	5.3	4.9	5.7
Viet Nam	560	275	285	2.0	2.1	2.0
Bangladesh	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	12,360	5,980	6,380	44.8	45.6	44.2
Pakistan	390	220	165	1.4	1.7	1.1
Sri Lanka	15	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	805	340	465	2.9	2.6	3.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	380	205	170	1.4	1.6	1.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,070	1,935	2,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	255	130	120	6.3	6.7	5.6
Brazil	25	15	15	0.6	0.8	0.7
Colombia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	20	15	0.9	1.0	0.7
Mexico	40	10	30	1.0	0.5	1.4
United States of America	100	65	30	2.5	3.4	1.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	45	25	20	1.1	1.3	0.9
Europe	300	145	155	7.4	7.5	7.3
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Italy	25	10	10	0.6	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	55	20	30	1.4	1.0	1.4
Ukraine	20	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	40	40	1.8	2.1	1.9
Other places of birth in Europe	90	40	50	2.2	2.1	2.3
Africa	340	165	175	8.4	8.5	8.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Eritrea	20	20	0	0.5	1.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	15	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	55	30	30	1.4	1.6	1.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	35	15	25	0.9	0.8	1.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	150	70	75	3.7	3.6	3.5
Asia	3,120	1,470	1,650	76.7	76.0	77.3
Afghanistan	35	15	15	0.9	0.8	0.7
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	85	40	50	2.1	2.1	2.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,015	955	1,060	49.5	49.4	49.6
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Iraq	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	125	55	75	3.1	2.8	3.5
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	90	50	45	2.2	2.6	2.1
Philippines	320	165	160	7.9	8.5	7.5
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	240	110	125	5.9	5.7	5.9
Turkey	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
United Arab Emirates	25	10	10	0.6	0.5	0.5
Viet Nam	25	15	15	0.6	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	80	25	50	2.0	1.3	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	50	25	30	1.2	1.3	1.4
Australia	35	15	25	0.9	0.8	1.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,985	53,025	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	32,120	15,640	16,480	29.7	29.5	30.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,420	12,640	12,780	23.5	23.8	23.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	50,445	24,750	25,700	46.7	46.7	46.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,175	10,600	11,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,800	4,000	3,800	35.2	37.7	32.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,305	1,990	1,315	14.9	18.8	11.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,500	2,010	2,490	20.3	19.0	21.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,245	5,450	6,800	55.2	51.4	58.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,010	1,080	930	9.1	10.2	8.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	115	70	50	0.5	0.7	0.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,175	10,600	11,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	460	290	170	2.1	2.7	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,015	960	1,055	9.1	9.1	9.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	570	295	275	2.6	2.8	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	985	525	470	4.4	5.0	4.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	55	75	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,010	8,475	9,535	81.2	80.0	82.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,985	53,030	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	35,930	18,020	17,910	33.3	34.0	32.6
South Asian	24,185	12,255	11,930	22.4	23.1	21.7
Chinese	1,835	865	970	1.7	1.6	1.8
Black	1,570	855	715	1.5	1.6	1.3
Filipino	2,105	1,020	1,080	1.9	1.9	2.0
Arab	550	285	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin American	1,170	570	600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Southeast Asian	1,345	645	700	1.2	1.2	1.3
West Asian	530	285	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Korean	1,350	665	680	1.3	1.3	1.2
Japanese	335	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	195	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	765	320	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	72,055	35,005	37,050	66.7	66.0	67.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,985	53,025	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,570	5,805	5,765	10.7	10.9	10.5
English	20,375	9,905	10,465	18.9	18.7	19.0
Irish	11,605	5,385	6,225	10.7	10.2	11.3
Scottish	14,715	7,200	7,520	13.6	13.6	13.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,510	3,030	3,480	6.0	5.7	6.3
German	16,150	7,820	8,325	15.0	14.7	15.1
Chinese	2,115	1,000	1,115	2.0	1.9	2.0
Italian	2,465	1,275	1,190	2.3	2.4	2.2
Indian (India)	13,310	6,655	6,655	12.3	12.6	12.1
Ukrainian	5,010	2,335	2,670	4.6	4.4	4.9
Dutch	8,640	4,115	4,525	8.0	7.8	8.2
Polish	2,840	1,335	1,500	2.6	2.5	2.7
Québécois	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,130	1,465	1,670	2.9	2.8	3.0
Filipino	1,975	965	1,010	1.8	1.8	1.8
French Canadian	770	350	420	0.7	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,850	930	920	1.7	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,010	885	1,130	1.9	1.7	2.1
Métis	2,350	1,170	1,190	2.2	2.2	2.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,720	1,335	1,385	2.5	2.5	2.5
Russian	4,360	2,080	2,275	4.0	3.9	4.1
Norwegian	3,110	1,490	1,615	2.9	2.8	2.9
Welsh	2,120	960	1,160	2.0	1.8	2.1
Portuguese	395	205	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
American	1,635	730	905	1.5	1.4	1.6
Spanish	925	425	505	0.9	0.8	0.9
Swedish	2,140	1,115	1,015	2.0	2.1	1.8
Hungarian	1,380	705	670	1.3	1.3	1.2
Acadian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	525	300	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	530	265	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jewish	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	6,725	3,410	3,315	6.2	6.4	6.0
Vietnamese	930	465	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Greek	450	230	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	605	315	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	405	260	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
Korean	1,215	575	635	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romanian	775	345	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	255	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	500	255	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Danish	905	420	485	0.8	0.8	0.9
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	485	240	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Sikh	5,400	2,730	2,675	5.0	5.1	4.9
Austrian	860	395	470	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belgian	305	185	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Haitian	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	465	265	200	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	480	225	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mennonite	2,410	1,185	1,225	2.2	2.2	2.2
Swiss	670	355	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Finnish	655	290	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Sri Lankan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	420	195	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	965	485	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	210	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	630	295	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	150	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	640	360	280	0.6	0.7	0.5
Colombian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	350	185	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	100	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	150	95	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Slovak	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	220	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	125	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	260	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australian	325	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Palestinian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	165	50	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	55	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	40	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	60	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	60	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	140	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	280	145	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ilocano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	110	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	560	300	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Ecuadorian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	65	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	250	140	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Jatt	720	355	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	135	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malay	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	345	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,990	53,030	54,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	665	340	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Christian	44,750	20,560	24,190	41.4	38.8	44.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	18,015	8,450	9,565	16.7	15.9	17.4
Anabaptist	3,755	1,750	2,005	3.5	3.3	3.6
Anglican	2,050	835	1,210	1.9	1.6	2.2
Baptist	1,330	585	750	1.2	1.1	1.4
Catholic	8,225	3,800	4,430	7.6	7.2	8.1
Christian Orthodox	580	295	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	520	210	310	0.5	0.4	0.6
Latter Day Saints	415	180	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	775	285	495	0.7	0.5	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	255	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,620	820	795	1.5	1.5	1.4
Presbyterian	620	340	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Reformed	1,375	675	705	1.3	1.3	1.3
United Church	1,960	785	1,185	1.8	1.5	2.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,250	1,465	1,785	3.0	2.8	3.2
Hindu	2,100	1,085	1,015	1.9	2.0	1.8
Jewish	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	1,655	885	770	1.5	1.7	1.4
Sikh	19,820	9,925	9,895	18.4	18.7	18.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	930	370	560	0.9	0.7	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	37,925	19,795	18,125	35.1	37.3	33.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,865	52,515	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	90,825	44,470	46,360	85.0	84.7	85.3
Movers	16,040	8,045	7,990	15.0	15.3	14.7
Non-migrants	9,675	4,920	4,750	9.1	9.4	8.7
Migrants	6,370	3,125	3,245	6.0	6.0	6.0
Internal migrants	5,480	2,655	2,825	5.1	5.1	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	4,515	2,215	2,300	4.2	4.2	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	965	445	525	0.9	0.8	1.0
External migrants	885	470	415	0.8	0.9	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,240	50,170	52,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	54,055	26,550	27,510	52.9	52.9	52.8
Movers	48,185	23,625	24,560	47.1	47.1	47.2
Non-migrants	24,535	11,990	12,540	24.0	23.9	24.1
Migrants	23,650	11,635	12,020	23.1	23.2	23.1
Internal migrants	18,115	8,790	9,330	17.7	17.5	17.9
Intraprovincial migrants	14,630	7,035	7,595	14.3	14.0	14.6
Interprovincial migrants	3,485	1,750	1,740	3.4	3.5	3.3
External migrants	5,535	2,845	2,690	5.4	5.7	5.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,735	43,635	46,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,800	9,170	8,630	19.8	21.0	18.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	71,935	34,470	37,470	80.2	79.0	81.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,300	27,580	28,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,555	4,320	3,235	13.4	15.7	11.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	48,745	23,260	25,480	86.6	84.3	88.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,730	43,635	46,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,040	8,135	7,905	17.9	18.6	17.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	31,160	15,790	15,370	34.7	36.2	33.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,530	19,710	22,820	47.4	45.2	49.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,070	12,045	13,020	27.9	27.6	28.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,960	5,165	1,795	7.8	11.8	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,960	1,685	1,275	3.3	3.9	2.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,000	3,480	520	4.5	8.0	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,705	5,255	8,450	15.3	12.0	18.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,405	1,620	2,780	4.9	3.7	6.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	17,465	7,660	9,800	19.5	17.6	21.3
Bachelor's degree	11,495	4,945	6,550	12.8	11.3	14.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,415	510	900	1.6	1.2	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	435	255	180	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	3,675	1,665	2,010	4.1	3.8	4.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	450	290	155	0.5	0.7	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,300	27,580	28,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,540	3,700	2,840	11.6	13.4	9.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,505	9,675	8,825	32.9	35.1	30.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	31,260	14,205	17,060	55.5	51.5	59.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,345	8,350	8,995	30.8	30.3	31.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,725	3,570	1,155	8.4	12.9	4.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,965	1,145	820	3.5	4.2	2.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,760	2,420	335	4.9	8.8	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,555	3,620	5,935	17.0	13.1	20.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,065	1,160	1,905	5.4	4.2	6.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	13,915	5,860	8,060	24.7	21.2	28.1
Bachelor's degree	9,245	3,905	5,335	16.4	14.2	18.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,025	355	675	1.8	1.3	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	335	195	145	0.6	0.7	0.5
Master's degree	3,000	1,230	1,770	5.3	4.5	6.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	315	180	140	0.6	0.7	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,735	43,635	46,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	47,205	23,925	23,280	52.6	54.8	50.5
Education	3,420	750	2,665	3.8	1.7	5.8
13. Education	3,420	750	2,665	3.8	1.7	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,360	575	790	1.5	1.3	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	150	120	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,215	455	760	1.4	1.0	1.6
Humanities	3,945	1,705	2,240	4.4	3.9	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	255	50	210	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	570	165	405	0.6	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,605	670	935	1.8	1.5	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	220	125	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	880	520	360	1.0	1.2	0.8
54. History	335	160	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,095	1,375	2,720	4.6	3.2	5.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	295	120	170	0.3	0.3	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	825	100	715	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	585	180	405	0.7	0.4	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	760	215	540	0.8	0.5	1.2
45. Social sciences	1,500	720	785	1.7	1.7	1.7
Business, management and public administration	8,000	3,295	4,705	8.9	7.6	10.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	695	160	540	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,295	3,135	4,160	8.1	7.2	9.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,365	625	745	1.5	1.4	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	585	220	365	0.7	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	450	200	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	255	175	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,590	915	675	1.8	2.1	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,275	825	450	1.4	1.9	1.0
25. Library science	180	10	160	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	130	70	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,980	7,370	615	8.9	16.9	1.3
04. Architecture and related services	160	125	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	1,210	1,015	195	1.3	2.3	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,335	1,175	160	1.5	2.7	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,335	2,250	85	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,825	1,735	90	2.0	4.0	0.2
48. Precision production	1,115	1,065	50	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	905	535	370	1.0	1.2	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	720	400	320	0.8	0.9	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	185	135	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	7,275	1,335	5,935	8.1	3.1	12.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	530	275	260	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,630	980	5,650	7.4	2.2	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	100	75	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,585	1,225	1,360	2.9	2.8	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,465	345	1,120	1.6	0.8	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	515	345	175	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	570	510	60	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,305	27,580	28,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,040	13,375	11,665	44.5	48.5	40.6
Education	2,325	460	1,870	4.1	1.7	6.5
13. Education	2,325	460	1,870	4.1	1.7	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,005	410	600	1.8	1.5	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	80	60	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	930	350	580	1.7	1.3	2.0
Humanities	2,835	1,130	1,710	5.0	4.1	6.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	210	35	175	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	430	115	310	0.8	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,270	500	770	2.3	1.8	2.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	145	100	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	450	255	195	0.8	0.9	0.7
54. History	280	125	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,150	1,010	2,135	5.6	3.7	7.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	235	100	130	0.4	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	635	80	555	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	455	155	300	0.8	0.6	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	545	160	385	1.0	0.6	1.3
45. Social sciences	1,160	495	665	2.1	1.8	2.3
Business, management and public administration	6,040	2,450	3,590	10.7	8.9	12.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	525	85	440	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,505	2,360	3,145	9.8	8.6	11.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,045	465	580	1.9	1.7	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	475	170	310	0.8	0.6	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	350	175	175	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
40. Physical sciences	175	110	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,250	760	485	2.2	2.8	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,040	705	340	1.8	2.6	1.2
25. Library science	115	10	110	0.2	0.0	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	85	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,645	5,180	470	10.0	18.8	1.6
04. Architecture and related services	130	95	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	935	770	165	1.7	2.8	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	885	795	85	1.6	2.9	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,655	1,595	60	2.9	5.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,260	1,175	85	2.2	4.3	0.3
48. Precision production	775	740	35	1.4	2.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	665	405	255	1.2	1.5	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	530	305	225	0.9	1.1	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	130	100	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
Health and related fields	5,430	1,065	4,360	9.6	3.9	15.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	420	230	195	0.7	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,935	785	4,150	8.8	2.8	14.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	60	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,870	855	1,015	3.3	3.1	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,065	260	800	1.9	0.9	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	430	270	160	0.8	1.0	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	360	310	50	0.6	1.1	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,305	27,580	28,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	25,040	13,375	11,665	44.5	48.5	40.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	31,260	14,205	17,055	55.5	51.5	59.4
Location of study inside Canada	24,200	10,945	13,255	43.0	39.7	46.2
Same as province or territory of residence	20,455	9,140	11,320	36.3	33.1	39.4
Different than province or territory of residence	3,745	1,805	1,940	6.7	6.5	6.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,060	3,260	3,800	12.5	11.8	13.2
Americas	1,225	575	655	2.2	2.1	2.3
United States of America	920	445	475	1.6	1.6	1.7
Mexico	110	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	100	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Europe	1,010	505	500	1.8	1.8	1.7
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	95	35	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian Federation	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	450	260	185	0.8	0.9	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	85	35	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Africa	255	140	120	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	35	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	4,395	1,940	2,455	7.8	7.0	8.5
Iran⁸⁸	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	195	85	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	385	150	235	0.7	0.5	0.8
Philippines	635	280	350	1.1	1.0	1.2
Viet Nam	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,770	1,235	1,535	4.9	4.5	5.3
Pakistan	110	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	95	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	175	105	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	89,730	43,635	46,100	...	...	...
In the labour force	58,030	30,380	27,650	...	...	...
Employed	53,440	28,245	25,195	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,590	2,135	2,455	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,705	13,255	18,450	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.7	69.6	60.0	64.7	69.6	60.0
Employment rate	59.6	64.7	54.7	59.6	64.7	54.7
Unemployment rate	7.9	7.0	8.9	7.9	7.0	8.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	89,735	43,635	46,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,995	14,090	18,900	36.8	32.3	41.0
Worked	56,740	29,545	27,200	63.2	67.7	59.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,415	17,450	11,965	32.8	40.0	26.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,325	12,095	15,235	30.5	27.7	33.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	42.7	39.7	41.2	42.7	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	58,030	30,385	27,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,280	590	690	2.2	1.9	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,750	29,790	26,960	97.8	98.0	97.5
Employee	47,465	23,755	23,710	81.8	78.2	85.8
Permanent position	40,505	20,895	19,615	69.8	68.8	70.9
Temporary position	6,955	2,855	4,100	12.0	9.4	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,120	910	1,205	3.7	3.0	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,835	1,945	2,890	8.3	6.4	10.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,285	6,035	3,245	16.0	19.9	11.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	58,030	30,385	27,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,280	590	690	2.2	1.9	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,750	29,790	26,960	97.8	98.0	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	435	320	115	0.7	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,485	2,425	6,060	14.6	8.0	21.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,400	1,860	535	4.1	6.1	1.9
3 Health occupations	4,385	850	3,530	7.6	2.8	12.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,805	2,295	4,510	11.7	7.6	16.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,330	590	735	2.3	1.9	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	14,260	5,975	8,290	24.6	19.7	30.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	12,700	11,715	990	21.9	38.6	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,625	1,575	1,045	4.5	5.2	3.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,315	2,185	1,135	5.7	7.2	4.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	58,030	30,385	27,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,280	590	690	2.2	1.9	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	56,750	29,790	26,960	97.8	98.0	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,790	1,555	1,235	4.8	5.1	4.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	140	120	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	135	100	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
23 Construction	6,025	5,165	865	10.4	17.0	3.1
31-33 Manufacturing	5,300	3,750	1,550	9.1	12.3	5.6
41 Wholesale trade	2,070	1,440	635	3.6	4.7	2.3
44-45 Retail trade	6,810	2,985	3,825	11.7	9.8	13.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,500	3,670	825	7.8	12.1	3.0
51 Information and cultural industries	870	520	350	1.5	1.7	1.3
52 Finance and insurance	1,635	635	995	2.8	2.1	3.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	955	550	405	1.6	1.8	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,800	1,375	1,425	4.8	4.5	5.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,405	1,360	1,045	4.1	4.5	3.8
61 Educational services	4,075	1,215	2,855	7.0	4.0	10.3
62 Health care and social assistance	6,710	1,215	5,490	11.6	4.0	19.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	785	310	475	1.4	1.0	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,530	1,220	2,305	6.1	4.0	8.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,740	1,300	1,440	4.7	4.3	5.2
91 Public administration	2,415	1,260	1,155	4.2	4.1	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,130	32,235	29,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	55,520	28,630	26,885	89.4	88.8	89.9
French	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	1,770	935	830	2.8	2.9	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,770	935	830	2.8	2.9	2.8
English and French	310	95	215	0.5	0.3	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	4,440	2,535	1,905	7.1	7.9	6.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,130	32,235	29,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	61,120	31,670	29,440	98.4	98.2	98.5
Official languages	58,255	30,065	28,190	93.8	93.3	94.3
English	58,160	30,045	28,110	93.6	93.2	94.0
French	95	20	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	2,860	1,605	1,255	4.6	5.0	4.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,860	1,605	1,255	4.6	5.0	4.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	105	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	100	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,495	1,425	1,070	4.0	4.4	3.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,350	1,300	1,050	3.8	4.0	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,335	1,295	1,045	3.8	4.0	3.5
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,325	1,280	1,045	3.7	4.0	3.5
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	140	120	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	130	120	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,015	565	455	1.6	1.8	1.5
English and French	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	980	560	420	1.6	1.7	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,130	32,235	29,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	58,275	30,110	28,165	93.8	93.4	94.2
English	1,085	635	450	1.7	2.0	1.5
French	245	90	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	2,265	1,240	1,030	3.6	3.8	3.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,260	1,240	1,015	3.6	3.8	3.4
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	215	135	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,440	28,245	25,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	7,140	3,260	3,880	13.4	11.5	15.4
Worked outside Canada	150	110	35	0.3	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	10,060	7,475	2,585	18.8	26.5	10.3
Usual place of work	36,095	17,400	18,690	67.5	61.6	74.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,090	17,400	18,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	23,785	10,175	13,610	65.9	58.5	72.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,275	1,525	1,755	9.1	8.8	9.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,950	5,665	3,285	24.8	32.6	17.6
Commute to a different province or territory	80	45	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	46,150	24,875	21,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	41,955	22,960	18,990	90.9	92.3	89.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	38,475	21,325	17,150	83.4	85.7	80.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,470	1,630	1,840	7.5	6.6	8.6
Public transit	1,190	475	720	2.6	1.9	3.4
Walked	1,905	795	1,115	4.1	3.2	5.2
Bicycle	245	190	50	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other method	860	455	400	1.9	1.8	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	46,150	24,875	21,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	17,490	7,590	9,895	37.9	30.5	46.5
15 to 29 minutes	14,095	7,330	6,775	30.5	29.5	31.8
30 to 44 minutes	7,195	4,520	2,675	15.6	18.2	12.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,415	2,305	1,110	7.4	9.3	5.2
60 minutes and over	3,955	3,135	825	8.6	12.6	3.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	46,150	24,875	21,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,440	3,315	1,125	9.6	13.3	5.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,340	5,530	2,810	18.1	22.2	13.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,760	5,480	5,280	23.3	22.0	24.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,790	3,695	5,100	19.0	14.9	24.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,280	2,715	3,565	13.6	10.9	16.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,545	4,145	3,400	16.3	16.7	16.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,495	11,590	10,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,050	525	520	4.7	4.5	4.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,450	11,065	10,385	95.4	95.5	95.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,435	8,485	7,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	830	415	415	5.1	4.9	5.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	420	205	215	2.6	2.4	2.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	415	210	200	2.5	2.5	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,605	8,070	7,535	94.9	95.1	94.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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