Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Montréal, Ville (V)More information: Quebec [Census subdivision] Remove			24660780More information: Quebec [Dissemination area] Remove			CanadaMore information: [Country] Remove			SaskatchewanMore information: [Province] Remove
	Counts			Counts			Counts			Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,762,949	...	...	587	...	...	36,991,981	...	...	1,132,505	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,704,694	...	...	...	...	...	35,151,728	...	...	1,098,352	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.4	...	...	...	...	...	5.2	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	878,542	...	...	211	...	...	16,284,235	...	...	513,725	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	816,338	...	...	197	...	...	14,978,941	...	...	449,581	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,833.5	...	...	8,030.1	...	...	4.2	...	...	2.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	364.74	...	...	0.07	...	...	8,788,702.80	...	...	577,060.40	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,762,950	867,975	894,980	590	285	305	36,991,980	18,226,240	18,765,740	1,132,505	563,120	569,385
0 to 14 years	270,430	138,255	132,170	115	55	55	6,012,795	3,086,510	2,926,285	223,115	114,360	108,755
0 to 4 years	88,670	45,335	43,335	35	20	15	1,831,195	938,790	892,405	69,455	35,555	33,900
5 to 9 years	93,325	47,700	45,620	25	10	10	2,054,900	1,054,240	1,000,655	76,545	39,210	37,340
10 to 14 years	88,435	45,220	43,215	50	25	30	2,126,705	1,093,480	1,033,225	77,120	39,600	37,520
15 to 64 years	1,197,045	603,075	593,965	375	180	190	23,957,760	11,915,050	12,042,710	711,405	357,000	354,410
15 to 19 years	82,475	41,675	40,805	45	20	25	2,012,975	1,036,730	976,240	68,510	35,525	32,985
20 to 24 years	125,235	63,220	62,015	35	20	20	2,202,255	1,138,825	1,063,430	66,870	34,580	32,295
25 to 29 years	153,995	77,680	76,315	35	20	15	2,421,510	1,228,135	1,193,370	70,030	35,420	34,605
30 to 34 years	146,855	73,810	73,040	30	15	20	2,518,835	1,252,795	1,266,040	78,380	38,930	39,450
35 to 39 years	135,880	67,835	68,040	35	15	20	2,511,345	1,238,515	1,272,835	79,420	39,380	40,040
40 to 44 years	127,165	63,885	63,285	45	15	25	2,399,405	1,175,875	1,223,530	73,055	36,670	36,380
45 to 49 years	110,130	55,495	54,630	35	25	15	2,304,170	1,129,185	1,174,985	65,075	32,425	32,655
50 to 54 years	105,545	54,115	51,435	45	20	25	2,368,350	1,161,665	1,206,685	62,745	31,300	31,440
55 to 59 years	108,040	55,305	52,730	35	15	15	2,647,330	1,299,975	1,347,350	73,165	36,045	37,120
60 to 64 years	101,725	50,055	51,670	35	25	15	2,571,580	1,253,335	1,318,245	74,155	36,725	37,430
65 years and over	295,475	126,635	168,845	95	40	55	7,021,430	3,224,680	3,796,750	197,980	91,765	106,215
65 to 69 years	85,025	40,115	44,915	35	15	20	2,210,970	1,065,305	1,145,665	64,770	32,140	32,630
70 to 74 years	72,300	32,855	39,445	25	10	15	1,847,585	879,850	967,735	48,945	23,790	25,160
75 to 79 years	52,720	22,645	30,075	15	5	10	1,260,930	589,090	671,845	33,045	15,605	17,445
80 to 84 years	39,395	15,780	23,610	15	10	10	840,545	370,905	469,645	23,460	10,290	13,170
85 years and over	46,035	15,250	30,790	10	0	5	861,395	319,540	541,860	27,765	9,945	17,820
85 to 89 years	27,835	10,185	17,655	5	0	0	525,445	212,735	312,705	16,165	6,290	9,870
90 to 94 years	14,360	4,155	10,205	10	0	10	258,035	87,300	170,735	8,715	2,965	5,750
95 to 99 years	3,375	825	2,560	0	0	0	68,380	17,670	50,715	2,435	625	1,810
100 years and over	465	90	375	0	0	0	9,535	1,830	7,710	450	60	385
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.3	15.9	14.8	19.5	19.3	18.0	16.3	16.9	15.6	19.7	20.3	19.1
15 to 64 years	67.9	69.5	66.4	63.6	63.2	62.3	64.8	65.4	64.2	62.8	63.4	62.2
65 years and over	16.8	14.6	18.9	16.1	14.0	18.0	19.0	17.7	20.2	17.5	16.3	18.7
85 years and over	2.6	1.8	3.4	1.7	0.0	1.6	2.3	1.8	2.9	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	40.6	39.5	41.7	39.4	39.0	39.8	41.9	41.0	42.8	39.8	38.9	40.7
Median age of the population	38.8	38.0	39.6	39.6	38.8	39.6	41.6	40.4	42.8	38.8	38.0	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	816,340	...	...	200	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,580	...	...
Single-detached house	58,065	...	...	30	...	...	7,872,310	...	...	322,070	...	...
Semi-detached house	25,740	...	...	15	...	...	746,560	...	...	13,680	...	...
Row house	26,175	...	...	0	...	...	980,110	...	...	19,860	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	107,565	...	...	75	...	...	821,490	...	...	11,240	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	464,420	...	...	80	...	...	2,738,020	...	...	61,855	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	130,615	...	...	0	...	...	1,596,155	...	...	11,040	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,350	...	...	0	...	...	34,880	...	...	755	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	415	...	...	0	...	...	189,420	...	...	9,090	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	816,335	...	...	195	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,580	...	...
1 person	341,345	...	...	45	...	...	4,396,015	...	...	130,110	...	...
2 persons	242,175	...	...	50	...	...	5,124,800	...	...	158,555	...	...
3 persons	103,550	...	...	40	...	...	2,194,825	...	...	60,185	...	...
4 persons	82,715	...	...	35	...	...	2,002,455	...	...	57,860	...	...
5 or more persons	46,560	...	...	30	...	...	1,260,850	...	...	42,875	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,723,210	851,575	871,635	580	280	300	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245	1,103,205	549,475	553,725
Average household size	2.1	...	...	3.0	...	...	2.4	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,492,520	729,715	762,810	475	225	245	30,979,185	15,139,730	15,839,460	909,390	448,765	460,625
Married or living common-law	705,905	356,290	349,615	225	115	115	17,626,005	8,813,405	8,812,595	526,835	263,575	263,255
Married	475,835	239,100	236,735	195	95	100	13,725,625	6,859,755	6,865,875	440,040	220,210	219,830
Living common-law	230,070	117,190	112,880	30	20	15	3,900,375	1,953,650	1,946,725	86,795	43,365	43,430
Living common law - Never married	196,170	99,370	96,795	25	15	10	2,967,665	1,485,985	1,481,685	65,395	32,860	32,530
Living common law - Separated	2,885	1,655	1,230	0	0	0	123,830	65,045	58,785	3,075	1,580	1,495
Living common law - Divorced	28,550	15,015	13,530	5	5	0	721,715	365,760	355,950	16,305	8,125	8,185
Living common law - Widowed	2,465	1,140	1,320	0	0	0	87,165	36,860	50,300	2,025	800	1,220
Not married and not living common-law	786,615	373,420	413,195	245	115	135	13,353,180	6,326,325	7,026,860	382,560	185,185	197,370
Not married and not living common law - Never married	572,045	304,055	267,990	180	90	90	9,025,865	4,881,410	4,144,455	258,905	142,445	116,460
Not married and not living common law - Separated	31,535	13,590	17,945	10	5	0	741,135	319,045	422,090	20,685	9,310	11,375
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	113,315	41,760	71,560	35	15	25	1,921,880	760,425	1,161,460	50,635	22,150	28,485
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	69,720	14,020	55,700	25	5	20	1,664,295	365,440	1,298,855	52,330	11,280	41,050
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	428,615	...	...	145	...	...	10,262,925	...	...	308,690	...	...
2 persons	221,015	...	...	55	...	...	5,306,105	...	...	160,870	...	...
3 persons	92,715	...	...	30	...	...	2,147,825	...	...	58,650	...	...
4 persons	77,780	...	...	35	...	...	1,953,035	...	...	55,775	...	...
5 or more persons	37,105	...	...	20	...	...	855,960	...	...	33,390	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	3.3	...	...	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	2.1	...	...	1.8	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	428,610	...	...	145	...	...	10,262,925	...	...	308,690	...	...
Total couple families	338,830	...	...	110	...	...	8,576,585	...	...	255,910	...	...
Married couples	223,910	...	...	95	...	...	6,627,310	...	...	212,520	...	...
With children⁶	133,435	...	...	70	...	...	3,481,775	...	...	106,385	...	...
Without children	90,475	...	...	25	...	...	3,145,535	...	...	106,135	...	...
Common-law couples	114,915	...	...	15	...	...	1,949,275	...	...	43,395	...	...
With children⁶	41,490	...	...	5	...	...	808,645	...	...	18,190	...	...
Without children	73,430	...	...	10	...	...	1,140,630	...	...	25,205	...	...
Total one-parent families	89,785	...	...	35	...	...	1,686,340	...	...	52,775	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	72,595	...	...	30	...	...	1,302,670	...	...	39,825	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	17,190	...	...	5	...	...	383,670	...	...	12,955	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,723,210	851,575	871,630	580	280	300	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245	1,103,205	549,475	553,725
Total - Persons in census families	1,231,380	602,840	628,545	475	230	245	29,478,475	14,616,850	14,861,625	903,775	448,945	454,830
Married spouses or common-law partners	677,655	341,670	335,985	220	115	105	17,153,165	8,577,610	8,575,560	511,820	255,785	256,040
Parents in one-parent families	89,785	17,190	72,595	30	10	25	1,686,340	383,675	1,302,670	52,780	12,955	39,820
Children⁶	463,940	243,975	219,965	225	115	110	10,638,965	5,655,570	4,983,400	339,175	180,210	158,965
In a two-parent family	329,670	172,390	157,285	170	80	90	8,024,590	4,238,785	3,785,805	248,725	130,995	117,725
In a one-parent family	134,270	71,585	62,680	50	30	20	2,614,375	1,416,785	1,197,595	90,455	49,210	41,240
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	491,830	248,740	243,090	105	45	55	6,850,005	3,320,385	3,529,620	199,425	100,530	98,895
Living alone	341,350	165,410	175,935	45	15	25	4,396,015	2,048,495	2,347,520	130,105	62,520	67,590
Living with other relatives⁷	45,070	20,400	24,670	25	10	20	927,345	393,085	534,260	28,150	13,805	14,345
Living with non-relatives only	105,415	62,925	42,485	35	20	15	1,526,645	878,800	647,840	41,165	24,200	16,960
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	816,335	...	...	195	...	...	14,978,945	...	...	449,585	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	394,155	...	...	115	...	...	8,932,695	...	...	275,515	...	...
Couple-family households	317,105	...	...	90	...	...	7,627,195	...	...	236,790	...	...
With children⁶	163,645	...	...	65	...	...	3,789,795	...	...	113,990	...	...
Without children	153,460	...	...	25	...	...	3,837,400	...	...	122,800	...	...
One-parent-family households	77,045	...	...	25	...	...	1,305,500	...	...	38,720	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	11,240	...	...	5	...	...	441,745	...	...	9,815	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,730	...	...	0	...	...	94,235	...	...	1,960	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	14,975	...	...	15	...	...	450,415	...	...	13,265	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	52,900	...	...	15	...	...	663,835	...	...	18,915	...	...
One-person households	341,345	...	...	45	...	...	4,396,015	...	...	130,105	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,453,280	713,595	739,685	470	225	245	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575	882,780	436,550	446,230
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,396,100	685,155	710,950	440	215	230	29,241,810	14,316,155	14,925,660	844,920	417,025	427,895
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	38,800	35,600	31,600	36,400	28,400	41,200	46,400	36,800	42,400	48,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,396,475	685,330	711,145	440	215	230	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,425	845,455	417,320	428,130
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,400	32,400	29,600	32,400	26,600	36,800	40,800	33,600	38,400	42,400	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,227,255	612,060	615,200	375	180	195	26,045,500	13,010,250	13,035,250	757,325	379,255	378,070
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,200	34,000	26,600	21,800	28,200	16,800	35,200	42,400	29,200	36,800	44,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,021,705	527,390	494,315	305	155	150	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,130	622,670	322,180	300,495
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	35,200	29,400	24,400	31,200	20,600	37,200	43,200	32,000	36,800	43,600	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,175,325	551,265	624,060	405	195	210	25,401,740	12,065,555	13,336,180	751,755	364,545	387,210
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,500	11,900	11,300	10,000	12,200	9,800	8,500	11,000	8,800	6,750	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	157,000	78,185	78,815	50	25	25	3,185,840	1,548,250	1,637,590	84,485	43,415	41,065
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,640	4,840	4,480	5,200	5,720	5,760	5,720	6,000	6,000	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	472,820	247,320	225,500	180	95	80	8,373,550	4,140,705	4,232,845	214,100	103,150	110,950
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,200	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,453,295	713,745	739,550	495	250	245	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,396,365	685,790	710,575	475	250	220	29,242,935	14,316,595	14,926,335	845,425	417,040	428,380
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,120	55,450	45,000	41,000	41,200	40,800	54,450	62,650	46,560	53,050	60,250	46,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,396,760	685,970	710,790	475	250	220	29,257,325	14,324,165	14,933,160	845,965	417,355	428,610
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,680	43,560	37,880	35,600	35,600	35,600	44,920	50,320	39,680	44,680	49,360	40,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,226,320	612,170	614,155	415	215	205	26,047,020	13,011,765	13,035,250	757,585	378,980	378,605
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,560	52,350	38,800	32,600	33,600	31,800	50,240	59,500	41,000	48,680	57,250	40,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,021,715	527,765	493,950	355	195	160	21,127,690	10,908,965	10,218,725	622,690	321,515	301,175
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,120	51,700	40,200	34,200	33,600	35,200	50,280	58,050	42,000	47,360	54,650	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,174,640	550,810	623,830	430	230	205	25,397,565	12,061,765	13,335,800	751,480	363,960	387,525
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,020	10,830	13,080	13,500	13,900	13,000	11,170	10,180	12,060	10,650	9,420	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	156,980	78,065	78,920	60	40	0	3,179,395	1,544,580	1,634,815	83,595	42,755	40,840
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,800	6,070	7,510	5,400	5,400	...	7,050	6,710	7,370	7,330	7,060	7,610
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	471,875	247,465	224,410	200	125	75	8,346,145	4,128,810	4,217,340	213,970	103,245	110,725
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,130	9,180	9,080	9,400	10,600	7,800	8,920	8,740	9,100	9,000	8,960	9,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,453,295	713,750	739,550	495	255	240	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	452,020	244,470	207,545	135	70	60	9,912,810	5,493,720	4,419,090	301,310	168,990	132,320
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	61,600	55,200	44,000	43,200	49,200	63,600	69,000	58,000	62,000	67,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,000	81,500	65,100	58,000	54,000	62,000	77,200	85,400	67,000	70,100	76,500	61,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	450,610	222,280	228,330	165	90	75	8,426,645	3,988,060	4,438,585	237,965	111,525	126,440
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,400	15,600	14,400	15,700	14,300	18,400	21,000	16,600	19,000	21,600	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,120	28,320	24,020	21,000	22,000	20,000	29,160	33,960	24,860	29,120	34,440	24,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	84.4	74.4	70.0	70.0	71.0	82.2	86.4	76.8	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	71.8	62.1	62.4	62.0	63.0	66.8	70.6	61.7	65.8	69.8	60.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.2	15.7	25.5	30.0	30.4	29.6	17.8	13.7	23.1	17.8	13.6	23.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.3	1.9	1.6	2.2	x	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	6.5	7.4	10.9	13.4	8.0	5.4	4.5	6.6	5.0	4.1	6.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.2	6.0	6.4	9.8	12.4	6.8	4.7	4.0	5.5	4.3	3.7	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,453,280	713,595	739,680	470	225	245	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580	882,780	436,550	446,230
Without total income	57,180	28,440	28,735	25	10	15	1,094,320	545,400	548,915	37,860	19,525	18,335
With total income	1,396,100	685,155	710,945	445	210	230	29,241,815	14,316,150	14,925,660	844,915	417,025	427,890
Under $10,000 (including loss)	120,165	57,640	62,520	50	15	35	2,434,730	1,058,420	1,376,310	71,550	33,580	37,975
$10,000 to $19,999	179,185	83,775	95,410	60	25	30	3,448,185	1,445,240	2,002,945	92,735	40,045	52,690
$20,000 to $29,999	259,695	119,565	140,135	110	45	60	4,635,650	2,018,080	2,617,570	126,965	54,565	72,400
$30,000 to $39,999	194,585	93,585	101,000	60	35	25	3,723,680	1,648,300	2,075,375	105,405	45,260	60,150
$40,000 to $49,999	163,390	78,450	84,940	60	35	25	3,290,715	1,529,960	1,760,755	96,850	43,305	53,545
$50,000 to $59,999	123,115	58,355	64,755	35	20	15	2,677,465	1,302,135	1,375,330	80,190	38,235	41,955
$60,000 to $69,999	88,460	43,350	45,110	25	10	15	2,073,335	1,086,545	986,795	63,160	33,360	29,800
$70,000 to $79,999	64,815	33,230	31,590	15	10	5	1,592,465	887,985	704,480	49,340	27,775	21,560
$80,000 to $89,999	50,645	26,325	24,320	10	5	5	1,239,395	708,430	530,965	38,610	22,165	16,450
$90,000 to $99,999	36,060	19,280	16,785	5	0	5	965,950	553,435	412,510	30,895	17,430	13,460
$100,000 and over	115,980	71,595	44,385	15	5	10	3,160,245	2,077,620	1,082,625	89,220	61,310	27,910
$100,000 to $149,999	74,835	44,155	30,680	15	5	5	2,102,630	1,319,110	783,520	62,465	40,955	21,510
$150,000 and over	41,145	27,440	13,705	0	0	0	1,057,615	758,510	299,105	26,750	20,350	6,400
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,453,280	713,595	739,680	470	225	245	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580	882,780	436,550	446,230
Without after-tax income	56,805	28,265	28,535	25	10	15	1,079,955	537,800	542,155	37,330	19,230	18,100
With after-tax income	1,396,475	685,335	711,140	445	210	230	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,430	845,450	417,320	428,130
Under $10,000 (including loss)	124,825	59,490	65,335	55	15	35	2,561,695	1,100,975	1,460,725	74,770	34,925	39,840
$10,000 to $19,999	188,395	88,605	99,785	65	25	40	3,608,250	1,521,395	2,086,855	96,975	41,905	55,070
$20,000 to $29,999	303,115	142,120	161,000	115	50	65	5,294,505	2,321,660	2,972,845	143,230	62,170	81,055
$30,000 to $39,999	231,960	113,680	118,280	85	50	30	4,442,970	2,035,725	2,407,250	125,245	55,255	69,990
$40,000 to $49,999	183,475	88,390	95,090	55	30	25	3,798,710	1,839,700	1,959,005	113,220	53,350	59,870
$50,000 to $59,999	123,490	59,975	63,515	40	15	20	2,833,120	1,471,200	1,361,920	87,685	45,835	41,850
$60,000 to $69,999	81,775	41,055	40,725	15	10	10	2,020,895	1,114,110	906,790	63,720	35,460	28,260
$70,000 to $79,999	52,690	27,360	25,330	10	0	10	1,428,520	814,645	613,875	47,135	26,270	20,865
$80,000 to $89,999	32,505	18,175	14,325	5	0	5	1,027,015	592,405	434,605	29,945	17,670	12,275
$90,000 to $99,999	21,155	12,260	8,890	0	0	0	643,700	402,325	241,380	19,390	12,375	7,010
$100,000 and over	53,090	34,210	18,885	10	5	5	1,596,790	1,109,610	487,185	44,145	32,100	12,040
$100,000 to $124,999	25,835	15,730	10,105	10	5	0	792,455	530,970	261,490	24,420	17,370	7,050
$125,000 and over	27,260	18,485	8,775	0	0	0	804,335	578,645	225,695	19,725	14,730	4,990
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,453,280	713,595	739,680	470	225	245	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580	882,780	436,550	446,230
Without employment income	431,575	186,210	245,365	165	70	95	9,208,520	3,955,070	5,253,450	260,105	114,375	145,735
With employment income	1,021,705	527,385	494,320	305	155	155	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,125	622,670	322,175	300,490
Under $5,000 (including loss)	145,910	71,820	74,090	55	25	30	2,951,135	1,446,185	1,504,955	90,620	43,400	47,215
$5,000 to $9,999	99,605	47,595	52,010	40	20	20	1,739,570	765,825	973,750	49,340	22,310	27,030
$10,000 to $19,999	136,545	66,030	70,515	45	20	25	2,498,120	1,128,310	1,369,810	72,905	33,690	39,215
$20,000 to $29,999	105,255	51,415	53,840	30	10	25	1,960,665	902,615	1,058,050	58,850	26,960	31,890
$30,000 to $39,999	98,425	50,780	47,640	40	25	10	1,903,100	899,905	1,003,190	56,210	25,585	30,625
$40,000 to $49,999	94,645	47,585	47,065	40	15	20	1,859,845	899,795	960,055	54,395	25,875	28,520
$50,000 to $59,999	76,170	39,085	37,085	15	10	5	1,640,805	842,030	798,780	47,765	24,415	23,350
$60,000 to $69,999	59,460	31,825	27,635	15	10	5	1,367,510	754,825	612,685	40,940	22,855	18,090
$70,000 to $79,999	46,765	25,580	21,185	15	5	5	1,099,625	637,060	462,570	33,380	19,360	14,015
$80,000 to $89,999	40,295	21,350	18,945	5	5	0	929,490	539,395	390,095	29,020	16,645	12,375
$90,000 to $99,999	27,160	15,825	11,340	0	0	0	760,035	439,505	320,530	23,480	13,565	9,915
$100,000 and over	91,480	58,500	32,980	10	5	5	2,417,710	1,651,040	766,670	65,770	47,510	18,255
$100,000 to $124,999	40,345	24,630	15,710	0	0	0	1,129,445	714,235	415,210	31,845	20,990	10,855
$125,000 and over	51,135	33,870	17,270	10	5	0	1,288,265	936,805	351,460	33,925	26,520	7,405
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,453,280	713,595	739,685	470	225	245	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575	882,780	436,550	446,230
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,355,225	663,385	691,840	425	200	225	28,598,395	13,976,715	14,621,680	825,815	406,805	419,010
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,600	31,200	26,600	31,000	24,600	39,200	45,200	34,000	41,200	48,000	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,355,570	663,490	692,080	425	200	225	28,617,610	13,979,960	14,637,655	826,075	406,845	419,225
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	32,000	28,800	24,800	29,200	23,200	35,200	40,000	31,200	37,200	42,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,196,380	596,375	600,005	370	180	190	25,708,470	12,830,580	12,877,890	745,575	372,880	372,700
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	35,200	27,800	24,000	30,600	19,400	36,800	44,000	30,800	38,400	46,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,000,475	515,695	484,790	295	150	145	21,241,445	10,932,825	10,308,625	619,030	320,010	299,020
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	30,200	26,000	32,000	23,600	38,000	44,400	32,800	38,400	45,600	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,066,120	490,855	575,265	360	170	190	23,196,815	10,876,635	12,320,175	712,010	346,320	365,690
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,280	2,660	7,150	5,440	2,820	8,800	4,240	1,960	6,450	3,360	1,240	6,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	104,820	51,840	52,980	35	20	20	2,428,800	1,182,025	1,246,770	69,035	34,850	34,185
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,080	4,640	5,640	6,550	x	x	5,720	5,560	5,960	6,360	6,240	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,453,295	713,745	739,550	495	250	245	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,355,285	663,595	691,695	460	240	225	28,599,665	13,976,240	14,623,425	826,385	406,875	419,505
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,600	52,150	41,320	43,600	50,400	36,000	52,350	61,250	43,800	51,350	59,400	43,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,355,700	663,725	691,975	460	240	225	28,618,280	13,979,265	14,639,015	826,660	406,915	419,740
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,760	40,880	34,720	36,800	42,000	31,200	42,920	49,000	37,160	42,960	48,440	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,195,295	596,055	599,245	415	210	200	25,709,140	12,829,990	12,879,155	746,260	372,755	373,505
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,560	52,600	38,600	39,600	49,200	29,400	51,040	60,800	41,320	49,600	58,900	40,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	999,875	515,515	484,355	345	190	150	21,242,575	10,934,760	10,307,815	619,710	319,750	299,965
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,040	51,800	39,920	42,600	50,000	33,000	50,560	58,800	41,800	48,320	56,150	39,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,066,040	490,710	575,335	385	190	190	23,191,860	10,869,800	12,322,065	712,110	346,290	365,820
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,160	6,610	9,490	9,520	7,850	11,200	7,950	6,990	8,800	7,580	6,400	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,790	51,525	53,260	45	15	30	2,430,165	1,181,385	1,248,780	68,920	34,910	34,015
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,380	5,970	8,740	10,800	6,000	14,000	7,560	6,880	8,210	8,030	7,450	8,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,453,295	713,750	739,550	495	255	240	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	446,040	241,000	205,040	125	65	60	9,831,805	5,446,500	4,385,305	299,100	167,785	131,315
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	56,400	49,600	45,200	45,200	42,800	60,000	66,000	53,600	58,800	65,000	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,700	75,300	58,700	55,000	52,000	58,000	73,200	81,900	62,250	67,100	74,200	57,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	411,950	203,780	208,170	140	85	55	7,934,985	3,759,675	4,175,305	222,840	104,130	118,710
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	23,200	20,400	17,600	27,400	12,000	24,200	28,000	21,800	24,400	28,600	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,400	34,200	28,640	45,000	65,000	15,600	35,200	41,280	29,720	34,880	41,840	28,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	90.6	80.8	82.0	88.0	74.0	87.6	91.2	83.0	87.2	90.8	82.6
Employment income (%)	72.8	77.2	67.6	73.0	80.0	62.0	71.8	75.0	67.2	70.6	74.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)	13.8	9.4	19.1	18.0	12.6	26.4	12.3	8.9	16.9	12.7	9.2	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	2.4	0.8	4.5	1.2	1.0	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	816,335	...	...	195	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,580	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	74,000	...	...	84,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...	68,000	...	...	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	341,345	...	...	45	...	...	4,396,015	...	...	130,105	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...	31,600	...	...	41,600	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,600	...	...	28,000	...	...	37,200	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	474,990	...	...	155	...	...	10,582,930	...	...	319,475	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	90,000	...	...	105,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	80,000	...	...	91,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,580	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,700	...	...	95,000	...	...	106,300	...	...	99,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...	82,000	...	...	87,700	...	...	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	341,250	...	...	40	...	...	4,394,500	...	...	129,935	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,400	...	...	30,000	...	...	53,350	...	...	53,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,760	...	...	28,000	...	...	44,360	...	...	44,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	475,105	...	...	165	...	...	10,584,445	...	...	319,645	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,600	...	...	111,000	...	...	128,200	...	...	118,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	96,000	...	...	105,700	...	...	100,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	816,335	...	...	195	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,580	...	...
Under $5,000	17,005	...	...	0	...	...	165,175	...	...	5,030	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	9,785	...	...	0	...	...	91,750	...	...	2,640	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	16,775	...	...	0	...	...	178,475	...	...	4,645	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	24,425	...	...	0	...	...	274,140	...	...	8,295	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	54,215	...	...	10	...	...	637,695	...	...	19,430	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	38,420	...	...	10	...	...	505,875	...	...	15,705	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	37,880	...	...	0	...	...	488,735	...	...	14,730	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	38,590	...	...	5	...	...	560,950	...	...	17,200	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,530	...	...	5	...	...	572,650	...	...	17,145	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	37,970	...	...	5	...	...	559,155	...	...	17,225	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	69,550	...	...	15	...	...	1,093,185	...	...	33,580	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	62,125	...	...	15	...	...	1,044,715	...	...	32,145	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	55,220	...	...	25	...	...	986,460	...	...	30,370	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	49,040	...	...	10	...	...	921,205	...	...	28,270	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	41,220	...	...	10	...	...	844,835	...	...	26,025	...	...
$100,000 and over	224,580	...	...	70	...	...	6,053,945	...	...	177,135	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	76,005	...	...	30	...	...	1,753,485	...	...	53,545	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	48,680	...	...	15	...	...	1,283,445	...	...	39,320	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	51,900	...	...	20	...	...	1,545,935	...	...	47,170	...	...
$200,000 and over	47,995	...	...	5	...	...	1,471,075	...	...	37,100	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	816,335	...	...	195	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,580	...	...
Under $5,000	18,250	...	...	0	...	...	186,735	...	...	5,735	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,005	...	...	0	...	...	95,195	...	...	2,730	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	17,050	...	...	0	...	...	183,430	...	...	4,800	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	26,035	...	...	5	...	...	289,545	...	...	8,635	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	59,285	...	...	10	...	...	681,900	...	...	20,715	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	46,355	...	...	10	...	...	589,110	...	...	17,735	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	45,485	...	...	5	...	...	582,275	...	...	17,085	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	47,370	...	...	5	...	...	666,675	...	...	20,380	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,995	...	...	5	...	...	676,995	...	...	20,090	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	43,530	...	...	5	...	...	655,100	...	...	19,875	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	78,470	...	...	25	...	...	1,285,425	...	...	39,515	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	68,975	...	...	30	...	...	1,223,830	...	...	37,680	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	59,285	...	...	15	...	...	1,137,840	...	...	35,090	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	49,000	...	...	10	...	...	1,039,375	...	...	31,875	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	39,955	...	...	15	...	...	911,515	...	...	28,180	...	...
$100,000 and over	160,295	...	...	50	...	...	4,773,995	...	...	139,455	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	68,460	...	...	30	...	...	1,757,035	...	...	54,690	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	38,400	...	...	15	...	...	1,152,855	...	...	35,800	...	...
$150,000 and over	53,430	...	...	10	...	...	1,864,100	...	...	48,965	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	435,310	...	...	140	...	...	10,117,305	...	...	306,550	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	89,000	...	...	105,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,500	...	...	91,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	3.6	...	...	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	156,425	...	...	25	...	...	3,929,500	...	...	124,905	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	70,500	...	...	91,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	62,400	...	...	79,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	175,465	...	...	75	...	...	4,311,315	...	...	125,315	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	115,000	...	...	136,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	103,000	...	...	116,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.6	...	...	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	86,340	...	...	30	...	...	1,547,920	...	...	47,700	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	80,000	...	...	70,000	...	...	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	72,500	...	...	64,000	...	...	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...	2.7	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	446,765	228,335	218,420	80	35	40	5,922,660	2,927,295	2,995,365	171,275	86,725	84,555
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,400	33,600	27,600	27,400	28,000	38,400	40,000	36,800	39,200	41,200	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	31,000	30,800	26,600	27,000	25,600	34,800	36,000	33,600	35,600	36,800	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	435,360	...	...	155	...	...	10,113,100	...	...	306,600	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...	114,000	...	...	128,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,800	...	...	98,000	...	...	105,600	...	...	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	156,545	...	...	25	...	...	3,926,040	...	...	125,115	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,200	...	...	76,000	...	...	112,500	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,500	...	...	64,000	...	...	92,000	...	...	92,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	175,580	...	...	90	...	...	4,318,755	...	...	125,520	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	126,000	...	...	160,600	...	...	145,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,400	...	...	110,000	...	...	130,600	...	...	121,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,035	...	...	30	...	...	1,539,580	...	...	47,570	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,300	...	...	110,000	...	...	82,300	...	...	73,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,100	...	...	90,000	...	...	71,800	...	...	65,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	446,290	227,645	218,645	65	40	25	5,916,895	2,916,490	3,000,405	171,095	86,755	84,335
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,280	45,400	43,080	31,000	33,000	26,000	49,440	52,050	46,880	49,640	52,300	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,760	37,240	36,240	28,000	29,000	26,000	41,560	43,080	40,120	41,960	43,200	40,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,723,215	851,580	871,635	585	280	305	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250	1,103,200	549,475	553,730
0 to 17 years	316,605	161,795	154,815	140	70	70	7,196,545	3,696,540	3,500,005	261,770	134,340	127,430
0 to 5 years	107,500	54,865	52,630	40	25	20	2,225,085	1,140,315	1,084,775	83,310	42,545	40,765
18 to 64 years	1,140,405	572,585	567,820	355	170	180	22,545,065	11,159,405	11,385,665	657,835	328,185	329,655
65 years and over	266,200	117,200	149,000	95	40	50	6,586,865	3,081,285	3,505,580	183,595	86,950	96,645
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	299,080	143,995	155,085	55	20	30	4,016,065	1,881,305	2,134,765	147,955	71,010	76,945
0 to 17 years	49,430	25,350	24,085	5	0	0	854,565	439,490	415,075	45,500	23,280	22,215
0 to 5 years	17,500	8,905	8,595	5	0	0	282,315	144,250	138,065	15,520	7,735	7,790
18 to 64 years	184,970	93,610	91,360	35	20	20	2,175,755	1,050,115	1,125,640	74,450	36,410	38,040
65 years and over	64,675	25,040	39,635	10	5	5	985,745	391,695	594,050	28,000	11,315	16,690
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.4	16.9	17.8	9.2	8.0	10.0	11.1	10.5	11.6	13.4	12.9	13.9
0 to 17 years (%)	15.6	15.7	15.6	4.0	x	x	11.9	11.9	11.9	17.4	17.3	17.4
0 to 5 years (%)	16.3	16.2	16.3	x	x	x	12.7	12.7	12.7	18.6	18.2	19.1
18 to 64 years (%)	16.2	16.3	16.1	10.0	10.0	10.0	9.7	9.4	9.9	11.3	11.1	11.5
65 years and over (%)	24.3	21.4	26.6	12.0	x	16.0	15.0	12.7	16.9	15.3	13.0	17.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,723,210	851,575	871,630	580	280	300	35,837,970	17,691,535	18,146,440	1,047,470	521,355	526,115
0 to 17 years	316,610	161,790	154,815	135	65	70	7,043,545	3,618,040	3,425,505	239,370	122,980	116,385
0 to 5 years	107,500	54,870	52,635	40	25	20	2,175,935	1,115,010	1,060,925	76,215	39,020	37,195
18 to 64 years	1,140,405	572,580	567,825	350	170	180	22,262,940	11,019,070	11,243,865	628,090	313,165	314,925
65 years and over	266,195	117,200	148,995	90	40	50	6,531,490	3,054,420	3,477,065	180,015	85,205	94,805
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	199,665	102,220	97,440	40	20	20	1,863,335	950,150	913,180	42,310	22,585	19,730
0 to 17 years	26,605	13,610	12,995	5	0	5	319,545	164,490	155,060	10,250	5,365	4,890
0 to 5 years	9,255	4,715	4,540	0	0	5	99,435	50,875	48,560	3,285	1,675	1,610
18 to 64 years	144,765	77,525	67,235	30	15	10	1,344,640	702,660	641,975	29,210	15,830	13,375
65 years and over	28,295	11,090	17,205	5	0	5	199,155	83,010	116,145	2,850	1,390	1,465
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.6	12.0	11.2	6.8	7.2	6.8	5.2	5.4	5.0	4.0	4.3	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	8.4	8.4	8.4	x	x	x	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.2
0 to 5 years (%)	8.6	8.6	8.6	x	x	x	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.7	13.5	11.8	7.6	9.0	7.0	6.0	6.4	5.7	4.7	5.1	4.3
65 years and over (%)	10.6	9.5	11.6	8.0	x	10.0	3.1	2.7	3.3	1.6	1.6	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,723,215	851,575	871,635	580	280	300	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250	1,103,200	549,475	553,730
In bottom half of the distribution	1,097,735	535,190	562,545	405	200	205	18,164,550	8,775,210	9,389,345	580,685	283,030	297,655
In bottom decile	278,660	138,645	140,020	50	25	25	3,632,735	1,759,660	1,873,070	129,985	64,240	65,750
In second decile	226,095	107,680	118,415	55	25	30	3,632,975	1,695,310	1,937,660	119,140	55,775	63,370
In third decile	221,215	107,370	113,845	95	50	45	3,632,895	1,752,160	1,880,735	112,825	54,665	58,160
In fourth decile	197,520	96,110	101,415	120	55	65	3,632,745	1,775,535	1,857,210	110,110	54,280	55,835
In fifth decile	174,245	85,395	88,855	80	40	35	3,633,205	1,792,540	1,840,670	108,615	54,070	54,540
In top half of the distribution	625,475	316,385	309,090	180	85	95	18,163,925	9,162,020	9,001,900	522,520	266,445	256,075
In sixth decile	150,945	74,795	76,155	70	30	40	3,632,910	1,810,370	1,822,535	107,950	54,265	53,680
In seventh decile	134,455	67,455	67,000	50	25	25	3,632,765	1,819,535	1,813,230	108,365	54,950	53,415
In eighth decile	121,350	61,450	59,900	45	25	25	3,632,555	1,829,025	1,803,530	108,465	55,155	53,315
In ninth decile	108,785	55,650	53,130	0	0	0	3,632,930	1,841,520	1,791,415	106,220	54,550	51,670
In top decile	109,935	57,030	52,905	10	5	10	3,632,765	1,861,575	1,771,195	91,515	47,520	44,000
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,723,210	...	...	580	...	...	36,328,475	...	...	1,103,200	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.374	...	...	0.228	...	...	0.347	...	...	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.516	...	...	0.408	...	...	0.462	...	...	0.447	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.318	...	...	0.203	...	...	0.302	...	...	0.293	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	2.6	...	...	3.8	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,741,260	859,120	882,135	580	280	300	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
English only	207,690	107,915	99,775	225	105	120	25,261,655	12,620,855	12,640,800	1,055,000	527,580	527,420
French only	473,490	215,190	258,295	45	25	25	4,087,895	1,914,500	2,173,390	450	210	235
English and French	1,018,100	519,275	498,830	295	145	150	6,581,680	3,244,350	3,337,330	51,970	23,490	28,480
Neither English nor French	41,975	16,745	25,230	15	5	10	689,725	284,170	405,555	8,625	3,940	4,685
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,741,260	859,120	882,135	580	280	300	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
English	457,725	231,930	225,795	375	185	190	27,643,140	13,696,115	13,947,025	1,094,690	545,105	549,585
French	1,091,480	533,590	557,890	145	70	80	7,828,545	3,854,435	3,974,110	11,335	5,500	5,835
English and French	151,345	77,485	73,865	50	25	30	476,175	237,635	238,535	1,815	905	905
Neither English nor French	40,705	16,120	24,585	10	5	10	673,100	275,685	397,420	8,200	3,705	4,495
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,741,260	859,120	882,135	580	280	300	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
Single responses	1,615,770	796,000	819,775	505	250	260	35,145,265	17,344,665	17,800,600	1,082,470	538,920	543,550
Official languages	1,044,150	518,340	525,805	275	140	135	27,296,445	13,583,930	13,712,510	924,330	461,055	463,275
English	225,920	115,155	110,765	170	90	80	20,107,200	10,036,360	10,070,835	911,765	454,950	456,815
French	818,225	403,185	415,040	105	50	55	7,189,245	3,547,565	3,641,675	12,565	6,105	6,460
Non-official languages	571,625	277,655	293,970	235	110	125	7,848,820	3,760,725	4,088,090	158,135	77,865	80,275
Indigenous languages³⁹	355	125	230	0	0	0	148,895	71,630	77,265	20,785	9,935	10,850
Algonquian languages	190	70	120	0	0	0	97,125	46,545	50,580	14,490	6,910	7,575
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,520	1,180	1,340	5	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	165	60	105	0	0	0	67,665	32,715	34,950	13,810	6,595	7,215
Atikamekw	25	5	20	0	0	0	5,500	2,825	2,670	0	0	0
Cree languages	95	35	60	0	0	0	53,070	25,645	27,430	13,810	6,595	7,215
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	155	70	85	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	5	0	0	0	580	300	280	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	35	15	20	0	0	0	3,460	1,675	1,785	45	25	25
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,475	1,075	1,395	440	220	215
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,025	2,345	2,675	3,005	1,440	1,570
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0	0	0	2,850	1,370	1,480	1,255	580	670
Cree, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0	0	0	38,535	18,810	19,725	9,060	4,325	4,735
Innu (Montagnais)	35	10	20	0	0	0	8,465	3,930	4,535	0	0	0
Naskapi	5	0	5	0	0	0	625	310	315	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0	0	0	5,155	2,415	2,745	5	5	5
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	0	0	0	4,910	2,290	2,620	5	5	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0	245	125	120	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	10	0	0	0	21,775	10,230	11,550	670	310	355
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	10	10	0	0	0	865	400	460	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0	9,310	4,525	4,790	5	5	5
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0	0	0	11,605	5,300	6,300	665	310	350
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0	0	0	470	235	235	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	25	40	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,880	850	1,030	590	275	310
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0	0	0	9,185	4,190	4,995	60	25	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0	0	0	12,885	6,200	6,680	5,790	2,790	2,995
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0	0	0	12,785	6,155	6,630	5,780	2,785	2,995
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0	625	280	340	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	55	60	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	8,060	3,865	4,190	5,780	2,785	2,995
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0	175	70	105	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,505	755	755	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	400	195	200	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	270	120	150	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	840	440	400	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	150	80	65	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	40	25	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0	80	40	40	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,390	725	670	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	5	30	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0	465	210	255	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	15	10	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	40	85	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	70	15	55	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	10	15	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	10	20	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	50	65	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	20	25	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	20	25	10	5	5
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	15	25	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	135	30	105	0	0	0	33,790	16,480	17,315	30	5	25
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0	560	220	340	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0	335	140	200	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0	225	85	140	0	0	0
Inuktitut	135	30	105	0	0	0	33,200	16,240	16,955	25	5	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	10	20	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0	0	0	355	150	205	5	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	15	15	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	10	5	0	0	0	275	115	155	5	5	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	10	30	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	5	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	15	15	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0	485	220	265	260	125	140
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,095	520	575	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0	185	90	95	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	45	55	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0	180	100	80	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0	265	125	140	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	10	15	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0	95	40	50	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	185	80	105	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	55	30	25	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,040	485	555	200	95	105
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0	70	40	25	60	30	25
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0	560	245	315	120	50	75
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0	365	180	190	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	20	20	20	10	10
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,035	515	515	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	590	300	290	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0	325	155	170	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	60	60	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	770	385	385	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0	85	35	55	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0	300	180	120	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0	150	70	80	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0	220	95	130	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	5	15	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	60	25	35	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	180	75	100	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous languages	571,270	277,530	293,740	235	110	125	7,699,925	3,689,100	4,010,830	137,355	67,925	69,430
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,100	63,230	55,865	25	15	10	698,355	359,625	338,730	7,795	3,935	3,860
Berber languages	15,445	8,305	7,140	0	0	0	27,490	14,715	12,775	5	5	5
Kabyle	14,315	7,650	6,660	0	0	0	24,760	13,130	11,625	5	5	5
Tamazight	985	570	415	0	0	0	2,340	1,365	975	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65	0	0	0	395	225	170	0	0	0
Chadic languages	335	180	160	0	0	0	1,985	1,085	905	50	25	25
Hausa	175	100	70	0	0	0	1,315	740	570	50	25	25
Mina	165	80	90	0	0	0	675	340	335	0	0	0
Coptic	165	90	75	0	0	0	1,015	510	505	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	765	360	410	0	0	0	49,410	23,275	26,135	1,010	480	530
Bilen	20	10	10	0	0	0	2,020	1,085	935	110	60	50
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,905	3,015	2,890	115	60	55
Somali	735	345	390	0	0	0	40,730	18,775	21,955	690	320	365
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0	755	400	350	95	40	55
Semitic languages	102,380	54,295	48,085	25	15	10	618,450	320,045	298,405	6,730	3,425	3,300
Amharic	495	235	255	0	0	0	25,685	12,090	13,600	370	170	195
Arabic	99,450	52,790	46,660	15	5	5	508,410	265,350	243,060	4,610	2,370	2,235
Aramaic languages	120	50	65	0	0	0	27,690	13,465	14,220	665	330	340
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25	0	0	0	17,220	8,320	8,900	345	170	175
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0	0	0	8,860	4,335	4,525	275	130	150
Aramaic, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0	0	0	1,600	805	795	50	25	20
Harari	5	5	0	0	0	0	1,220	550	675	0	0	0
Hebrew	1,580	845	735	10	10	5	19,495	10,505	8,995	50	25	25
Maltese	5	0	5	0	0	0	4,425	2,080	2,340	5	0	0
Tigrigna	705	360	340	0	0	0	31,075	15,775	15,300	1,010	515	495
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0	450	235	220	15	10	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	23,210	10,690	12,525	5	5	0	192,985	87,230	105,750	3,590	1,705	1,880
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,580	2,090	2,500	0	0	0	19,525	8,820	10,705	125	65	65
Vietnamese	18,595	8,585	10,005	5	5	0	173,000	78,180	94,820	3,455	1,645	1,815
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15	0	0	0	460	230	225	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15,495	6,045	9,455	70	20	45	565,375	238,875	326,500	27,210	12,750	14,460
Bikol	85	40	50	0	0	0	2,115	940	1,180	120	55	60
Bisaya, n.o.s.	305	120	180	0	0	0	8,215	3,425	4,790	580	270	315
Cebuano	680	250	430	5	0	5	18,945	7,800	11,145	1,365	620	745
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0	605	325	280	30	20	10
Hiligaynon	390	130	260	0	0	0	9,690	3,900	5,795	365	175	185
Ilocano	1,650	670	980	15	5	5	33,520	14,140	19,380	1,085	490	590
Indonesian	405	165	240	0	0	0	11,910	4,990	6,920	90	35	55
Kankanaey	15	10	5	0	0	0	1,100	465	640	100	40	55
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0	0	0	670	275	395	30	15	15
Malagasy languages	410	185	225	0	0	0	2,085	990	1,090	5	0	0
Merina	285	120	160	0	0	0	1,245	580	670	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	130	65	65	0	0	0	835	415	425	5	0	0
Malay	45	20	30	0	0	0	1,330	570	760	15	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	160	75	90	0	0	0	5,615	2,635	2,980	290	140	150
Pangasinan	90	40	50	0	0	0	2,050	900	1,150	60	25	35
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,970	4,220	6,755	55	15	35	461,150	194,805	266,345	22,680	10,680	12,010
Waray-Waray	40	15	20	0	0	0	1,625	690	935	105	45	55
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	215	100	115	0	0	0	4,740	2,035	2,705	295	140	160
Creole languages	36,965	16,655	20,310	0	0	0	78,235	35,650	42,580	225	110	110
Haitian Creole	27,145	12,010	15,135	0	0	0	52,435	23,355	29,085	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0	0	0	600	315	290	15	5	5
Krio	10	10	5	0	0	0	795	365	435	5	0	5
Morisyen	910	440	470	0	0	0	6,125	3,015	3,110	90	40	50
Sango	50	25	20	0	0	0	580	280	300	5	5	0
Creole, n.o.s.	8,605	4,065	4,535	0	0	0	15,550	7,325	8,230	65	35	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	230	100	125	0	0	0	2,135	1,000	1,140	30	10	15
Dravidian languages	12,090	6,330	5,765	10	5	0	244,165	125,180	118,990	2,645	1,450	1,190
Kannada	225	140	90	0	0	0	6,240	3,215	3,020	95	40	50
Malayalam	1,315	700	610	0	0	0	54,050	29,375	24,670	1,660	915	745
Tamil	9,175	4,555	4,615	10	5	0	152,850	75,010	77,845	440	235	205
Telugu	1,350	915	430	0	0	0	30,045	17,095	12,950	430	245	185
Tulu	15	10	5	0	0	0	615	310	305	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0	0	0	370	170	195	10	10	5
Georgian	105	45	55	0	0	0	2,180	1,175	1,005	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	565	265	305	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	289,040	139,810	149,235	95	45	50	4,124,860	2,018,340	2,106,520	73,910	37,200	36,715
Albanian	1,795	885	910	0	0	0	29,265	14,690	14,580	325	170	150
Armenian	5,565	2,645	2,920	0	0	0	33,720	16,335	17,385	115	60	60
Balto-Slavic languages	29,665	13,025	16,635	20	10	10	648,810	297,100	351,710	13,790	6,380	7,410
Baltic languages	315	125	195	0	0	0	10,560	4,425	6,135	145	70	75
Latvian	115	55	60	0	0	0	4,430	1,875	2,555	80	40	45
Lithuanian	205	70	140	0	0	0	6,130	2,555	3,580	60	35	30
Slavic languages	29,350	12,905	16,445	20	10	10	638,250	292,670	345,580	13,640	6,305	7,330
Belarusian	30	15	15	0	0	0	720	325	395	0	0	0
Bulgarian	3,100	1,440	1,660	0	0	0	19,035	9,090	9,950	70	30	40
Czech	555	255	300	0	0	0	20,025	9,215	10,815	170	75	95
Macedonian	95	40	55	0	0	0	14,795	7,075	7,720	50	25	25
Polish	5,875	2,530	3,345	0	0	0	160,170	72,120	88,050	1,335	595	740
Russian	14,020	6,080	7,940	15	5	10	197,905	89,100	108,800	2,565	1,180	1,385
Rusyn	5	5	0	0	0	0	500	240	255	215	105	110
Serbo-Croatian	2,580	1,265	1,320	0	0	0	116,735	56,900	59,835	1,080	550	530
Bosnian	340	170	175	0	0	0	13,820	6,785	7,040	245	120	120
Croatian	865	415	450	0	0	0	43,500	20,755	22,740	360	175	185
Serbian	1,300	645	650	0	0	0	57,425	28,410	29,015	445	240	200
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0	0	0	1,995	945	1,045	25	15	20
Slovak	345	130	220	0	0	0	15,255	6,930	8,320	65	35	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	240	100	140	0	0	0	7,965	3,425	4,535	55	25	35
Ukrainian	2,490	1,045	1,440	0	0	0	84,705	38,005	46,695	8,030	3,685	4,340
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0	0	0	440	235	205	5	0	5
Celtic languages	40	25	10	0	0	0	2,150	1,110	1,045	60	30	25
Irish	10	5	0	0	0	0	665	355	315	10	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	5	0	0	0	0	425	210	210	20	15	0
Welsh	15	10	5	0	0	0	825	410	420	25	15	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0	0	0	230	135	95	5	5	5
Germanic languages	11,285	5,660	5,630	10	5	5	463,400	221,365	242,035	21,360	10,450	10,905
Frisian	5	5	0	0	0	0	1,570	800	775	15	5	5
High German languages	9,860	4,925	4,935	10	5	5	301,570	142,580	158,990	16,020	7,795	8,225
German	3,360	1,560	1,795	0	0	0	272,865	128,250	144,615	15,875	7,715	8,160
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0	9,065	4,530	4,540	5	0	5
Swiss German	235	125	110	0	0	0	7,575	3,740	3,835	115	65	50
Yiddish	6,270	3,240	3,025	0	0	0	12,060	6,060	6,005	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	895	465	430	0	0	0	138,655	67,815	70,840	4,795	2,400	2,395
Afrikaans	65	40	25	0	0	0	12,270	6,175	6,095	1,360	720	640
Dutch	740	390	345	0	0	0	80,315	39,000	41,310	1,020	520	505
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	8,670	4,255	4,420	540	255	285
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0	0	0	1,270	650	625	60	25	30
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0	0	0	33,200	16,410	16,785	1,765	855	910
Vlaams (Flemish)	85	35	50	0	0	0	2,935	1,325	1,605	55	25	30
Scandinavian languages	480	245	230	0	0	0	20,275	9,500	10,775	515	245	275
Danish	150	70	80	0	0	0	9,945	4,750	5,195	205	110	95
Icelandic	30	15	15	0	0	0	905	430	480	30	15	15
Norwegian	65	35	30	0	0	0	3,535	1,675	1,860	195	85	105
Swedish	230	120	110	0	0	0	5,890	2,645	3,245	90	35	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0	0	0	1,330	670	660	15	5	10
Greek	14,410	6,805	7,605	5	5	0	93,335	45,860	47,470	805	415	390
Indo-Iranian languages	58,285	30,880	27,410	15	5	10	1,659,505	847,400	812,105	30,330	16,195	14,135
Indo-Aryan languages	42,700	23,120	19,580	15	10	10	1,358,645	697,075	661,575	27,930	14,925	13,005
Assamese	20	10	10	0	0	0	545	265	280	10	10	5
Bengali	9,850	5,065	4,785	10	0	5	87,580	45,160	42,425	3,680	1,925	1,760
Gujarati	4,805	2,565	2,235	5	0	5	138,985	73,335	65,655	5,175	2,930	2,245
Hindi	3,655	2,135	1,520	0	0	0	152,825	79,585	73,240	2,395	1,375	1,020
Kacchi	90	40	45	0	0	0	6,930	3,100	3,830	10	5	10
Kashmiri	25	15	5	0	0	0	745	395	350	20	10	10
Konkani	55	35	20	0	0	0	3,425	1,675	1,745	30	20	15
Marathi	345	200	145	0	0	0	14,145	7,330	6,810	175	100	80
Nepali	330	170	160	0	0	0	23,425	11,920	11,510	745	390	355
Oriya languages	45	25	20	0	0	0	1,775	940	835	45	30	15
Odia	25	15	10	0	0	0	1,125	615	510	35	25	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0	0	0	645	325	320	10	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,345	9,050	7,290	0	0	0	666,585	341,515	325,065	8,555	4,570	3,985
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0	0	545	265	280	0	0	0
Sindhi	45	30	20	0	0	0	3,985	2,070	1,915	140	80	60
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	390	205	190	0	0	0	18,000	8,895	9,110	285	130	155
Urdu	6,535	3,480	3,060	0	0	0	235,290	118,540	116,755	6,510	3,285	3,225
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170	95	75	0	0	0	3,865	2,085	1,780	145	85	65
Iranian languages	15,575	7,755	7,820	0	0	0	300,555	150,160	150,390	2,390	1,265	1,125
Baluchi	5	5	0	0	0	0	555	305	250	70	35	30
Kurdish	435	245	190	0	0	0	16,485	8,770	7,715	170	95	75
Parsi	25	20	10	0	0	0	555	310	240	5	0	5
Pashto	975	525	450	0	0	0	19,520	10,170	9,355	480	275	205
Persian languages	14,065	6,930	7,135	0	0	0	262,625	130,180	132,440	1,660	855	805
Dari	1,085	520	565	0	0	0	57,220	28,070	29,155	390	205	190
Iranian Persian	11,665	5,750	5,915	0	0	0	179,425	89,070	90,360	1,105	565	540
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,315	665	650	0	0	0	25,975	13,040	12,930	165	85	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0	0	0	815	425	390	10	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15	0	0	0	305	165	140	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	167,975	79,875	88,100	45	25	20	1,194,290	574,295	619,995	7,130	3,495	3,635
Catalan	190	90	95	0	0	0	905	470	440	0	0	0
Italian	57,590	26,825	30,760	5	5	0	319,505	154,295	165,205	595	295	300
Portuguese	18,080	8,625	9,455	0	0	0	240,680	115,235	125,450	875	385	490
Romanian	12,300	5,780	6,525	5	0	5	93,160	44,185	48,975	735	360	380
Spanish	79,720	38,505	41,210	30	15	15	538,870	259,500	279,375	4,915	2,450	2,465
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	0	0	0	1,165	610	550	15	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0	0	0	385	195	185	5	0	0
Japanese	1,590	475	1,115	0	0	0	43,850	14,205	29,650	250	75	180
Korean	3,810	1,650	2,160	0	0	0	170,400	77,075	93,325	1,690	815	880
Mongolian	100	35	65	0	0	0	1,850	800	1,050	45	20	25
Niger-Congo languages	13,245	6,595	6,650	0	0	0	108,295	52,850	55,440	2,890	1,485	1,405
Akan (Twi)	620	305	315	0	0	0	13,120	6,400	6,720	220	115	110
Bamanankan	665	360	310	0	0	0	1,855	1,000	860	5	5	0
Edo	60	25	35	0	0	0	1,685	745	940	25	15	10
Éwé	330	185	150	0	0	0	1,955	1,030	920	40	25	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,245	640	605	0	0	0	3,520	1,825	1,695	10	5	5
Ga	45	25	20	0	0	0	815	400	415	20	10	10
Ganda	25	10	15	0	0	0	1,890	885	1,010	45	15	25
Gikuyu	0	5	0	0	0	0	760	320	440	10	5	5
Igbo	90	55	35	0	0	0	5,175	2,720	2,460	305	170	135
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,090	490	595	0	0	0	7,380	3,365	4,015	150	75	75
Lingala	1,680	750	930	0	0	0	4,260	1,925	2,335	40	20	25
Luba-Kasai	140	60	75	0	0	0	520	245	275	10	5	5
Mòoré	150	85	70	0	0	0	515	260	260	0	0	0
Mwani	20	10	10	0	0	0	695	365	325	25	15	10
Ndebele	30	15	20	0	0	0	920	420	500	30	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,320	595	720	0	0	0	8,660	4,035	4,625	190	90	100
Shona	80	40	40	0	0	0	3,605	1,665	1,940	105	50	55
Soninke	205	135	70	0	0	0	505	315	190	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10	0	0	0	520	200	320	25	10	15
Swahili	795	385	400	0	0	0	16,000	7,630	8,370	445	225	215
Wojenaka	485	225	255	0	0	0	1,030	495	535	0	0	0
Wolof	1,495	800	690	0	0	0	4,890	2,605	2,285	10	5	5
Yoruba	625	325	295	0	0	0	15,015	7,605	7,410	835	435	400
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,045	1,060	980	0	0	0	13,000	6,405	6,590	345	165	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	190	155	0	0	0	6,920	3,565	3,355	470	255	220
Dinka	5	5	5	0	0	0	1,865	1,000	865	150	80	70
Nuer	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,090	515	570	55	30	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	275	150	120	0	0	0	3,395	1,745	1,645	230	115	110
African, n.o.s.	60	35	25	0	0	0	575	305	270	40	30	10
Sign languages	275	140	135	0	0	0	6,955	3,710	3,250	165	85	85
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0	0	0	4,965	2,635	2,335	125	60	65
Quebec Sign Language	185	90	95	0	0	0	990	520	465	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0	0	0	1,005	555	450	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,550	21,145	25,405	15	10	5	1,309,825	602,025	707,800	14,515	7,115	7,395
Chinese languages	46,390	21,080	25,315	15	10	5	1,292,640	593,580	699,055	13,470	6,595	6,875
Hakka	210	85	125	0	0	0	9,765	4,420	5,345	25	15	15
Mandarin	29,410	13,275	16,135	10	5	5	679,255	310,750	368,510	9,150	4,495	4,655
Min Dong	15	5	5	0	0	0	1,310	665	645	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,730	760	970	0	0	0	27,805	12,415	15,390	155	80	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	440	195	240	0	0	0	8,880	3,995	4,880	70	35	35
Yue (Cantonese)	13,690	6,300	7,390	0	0	0	553,380	255,540	297,835	3,765	1,825	1,935
Chinese, n.o.s.	855	435	420	0	0	0	11,610	5,500	6,110	285	140	145
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0	0	0	630	295	330	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	120	55	70	0	0	0	16,600	8,160	8,445	1,015	510	510
Burmese	45	15	30	0	0	0	3,305	1,590	1,710	135	70	65
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	870	400	475	35	20	15
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	4,520	2,240	2,275	785	395	390
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0	0	0	3,900	1,940	1,960	675	350	330
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	615	305	315	105	45	60
Tibetan	65	30	35	0	0	0	7,025	3,475	3,545	20	5	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0	0	0	890	445	440	45	20	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0	585	285	295	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	1,705	735	965	5	0	5	22,350	8,605	13,745	420	170	245
Lao	1,280	615	665	0	0	0	11,485	5,475	6,010	270	130	135
Thai	405	115	295	0	0	0	10,455	2,960	7,495	145	40	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0	0	0	410	165	240	5	0	5
Turkic languages	5,370	2,745	2,625	0	0	0	53,520	28,385	25,135	400	200	200
Azerbaijani	250	155	95	0	0	0	4,490	2,460	2,030	50	30	20
Kazakh	25	15	15	0	0	0	540	230	305	5	5	5
Turkish	4,825	2,455	2,370	0	0	0	44,190	23,615	20,570	295	155	145
Uyghur	140	65	75	0	0	0	1,355	660	690	10	5	5
Uzbek	40	25	20	0	0	0	1,805	890	920	35	15	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	30	55	0	0	0	1,150	530	620	10	5	5
Uralic languages	2,190	965	1,225	15	5	0	68,180	31,000	37,180	1,085	525	565
Estonian	70	30	40	0	0	0	4,485	1,945	2,535	20	10	10
Finnish	140	55	85	0	0	0	12,200	5,075	7,120	150	65	90
Hungarian	1,985	880	1,105	15	5	0	51,500	23,980	27,525	910	450	465
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	40	35	0	0	0	1,060	540	520	40	25	20
Multiple responses	125,490	63,125	62,360	75	35	45	1,475,690	719,210	756,480	33,575	16,305	17,275
English and French	35,195	17,970	17,225	10	5	10	291,325	142,420	148,905	3,525	1,700	1,825
English and non-official language(s)	26,945	13,375	13,565	50	20	25	921,480	450,685	470,800	27,035	13,180	13,855
French and non-official language(s)	44,880	22,480	22,400	10	5	5	117,910	57,875	60,040	350	175	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	13,590	7,010	6,580	5	0	5	52,880	25,900	26,975	415	195	220
Multiple non-official languages	4,880	2,290	2,590	5	5	0	92,095	42,330	49,765	2,250	1,055	1,200
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,741,260	859,120	882,135	580	280	300	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
English	236,770	119,975	116,790	175	90	85	20,920,835	10,420,570	10,500,270	938,715	467,760	470,955
French	743,335	365,685	377,655	70	35	30	6,456,960	3,188,280	3,268,685	2,095	1,010	1,080
Non-official language	182,560	86,255	96,305	60	25	35	2,402,180	1,139,865	1,262,315	41,955	20,925	21,035
Indigenous³⁹	70	30	40	0	0	0	50,460	25,385	25,080	4,235	2,105	2,135
Non-Indigenous	182,495	86,230	96,265	60	25	35	2,351,720	1,114,475	1,237,240	37,720	18,820	18,895
English and French	146,050	75,850	70,210	55	25	30	953,760	465,560	488,205	7,920	3,650	4,265
English and non-official language(s)	111,510	55,685	55,830	145	65	85	4,835,815	2,350,245	2,485,570	118,480	58,500	59,980
French and non-official language(s)	174,715	83,145	91,570	35	15	20	395,320	188,195	207,125	280	135	140
English, French and non-official language(s)	135,525	67,480	68,045	40	25	15	455,760	217,995	237,770	2,595	1,230	1,360
Multiple non-official languages	10,780	5,055	5,720	5	0	5	200,320	93,165	107,155	4,005	2,005	2,000
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,741,260	859,120	882,135	580	280	300	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
Single responses	1,586,665	782,610	804,055	505	245	260	35,057,615	17,305,575	17,752,035	1,084,685	539,755	544,930
Official languages	1,255,565	623,405	632,155	365	185	175	30,421,050	15,070,205	15,350,850	993,865	494,130	499,730
English	347,110	175,135	171,970	260	130	125	23,376,200	11,588,715	11,787,485	990,645	492,580	498,070
French	908,455	448,270	460,180	105	50	50	7,044,855	3,481,490	3,563,365	3,215	1,550	1,665
Non-official languages	331,100	159,200	171,905	145	60	85	4,636,560	2,235,370	2,401,190	90,820	45,625	45,195
Indigenous languages³⁹	125	50	75	0	0	0	85,835	42,950	42,885	9,060	4,505	4,560
Algonquian languages	80	35	45	0	0	0	50,135	25,010	25,120	4,890	2,475	2,420
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0	980	495	480	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	70	25	45	0	0	0	38,255	19,165	19,090	4,780	2,415	2,370
Atikamekw	10	0	5	0	0	0	4,345	2,285	2,060	0	0	0
Cree languages	40	20	25	0	0	0	26,700	13,425	13,270	4,780	2,415	2,370
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	30	30	0	5	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	560	300	265	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10	0	0	0	2,545	1,225	1,315	15	5	5
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	665	305	360	195	115	90
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,455	730	725	865	440	430
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	830	430	405	455	235	215
Cree, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0	0	0	20,585	10,400	10,180	3,250	1,625	1,630
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	10	0	0	0	6,710	3,190	3,520	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0	505	260	245	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,650	1,250	1,395	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,595	1,225	1,365	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0	55	25	25	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0	0	0	8,250	4,100	4,155	110	60	50
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0	0	230	105	120	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0	0	0	4,540	2,305	2,235	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	3,480	1,685	1,800	110	55	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0	0	145	70	70	5	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	10	15	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0	0	390	195	200	95	50	45
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,925	1,405	1,515	10	5	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0	0	0	7,260	3,675	3,585	4,030	1,965	2,070
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0	0	0	7,230	3,655	3,575	4,025	1,955	2,070
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0	220	100	125	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	10	15	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,255	2,610	2,650	4,025	1,955	2,070
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	15	20	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0	0	0	0	705	390	315	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	200	110	95	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	115	60	55	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0	0	0	395	220	175	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	5	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	5	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	5	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0	755	420	335	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0	165	85	75	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	10	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	5	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	20	20	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	5	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	5	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30	0	0	0	27,295	13,695	13,600	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0	145	65	80	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0	95	45	55	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	25	25	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	5	25	0	0	0	27,140	13,625	13,520	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	5	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	45	55	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	5	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	30	40	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	5	10	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	0	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0	150	80	70	100	50	45
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	260	130	130	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	20	30	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	20	20	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	20	10	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0	85	40	40	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	5	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	15	10	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	5	10	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	0	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	240	110	130	30	10	20
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	10	10	5	5
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	65	60	15	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0	90	40	55	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	5	5	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	220	115	105	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	65	55	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0	85	40	45	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	5	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0	0	0	70	25	40	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	5	5	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	5	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	5	15	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	5	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	5	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	5	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	85	40	40	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	330,975	159,150	171,830	145	60	85	4,550,725	2,192,420	2,358,305	81,760	41,125	40,635
Afro-Asiatic languages	61,235	31,705	29,525	5	5	0	395,840	197,010	198,830	5,140	2,505	2,630
Berber languages	6,795	3,645	3,145	0	0	0	11,295	5,940	5,355	0	0	0
Kabyle	6,320	3,390	2,930	0	0	0	10,180	5,325	4,850	0	0	0
Tamazight	360	195	165	0	0	0	840	455	380	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	110	55	50	0	0	0	280	155	130	0	0	0
Chadic languages	125	60	65	0	0	0	835	425	410	10	10	5
Hausa	80	45	45	0	0	0	635	330	305	10	10	5
Mina	40	15	25	0	0	0	200	95	105	0	0	0
Coptic	120	65	60	0	0	0	545	265	280	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	365	170	195	0	0	0	30,375	14,115	16,260	680	325	360
Bilen	10	5	10	0	0	0	1,645	890	760	85	50	40
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0	3,890	1,935	1,960	85	40	45
Somali	345	160	185	0	0	0	24,410	11,075	13,335	435	200	230
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0	425	215	205	75	35	40
Semitic languages	53,825	27,770	26,060	5	5	0	352,790	176,270	176,520	4,445	2,175	2,270
Amharic	240	115	125	0	0	0	14,030	6,470	7,565	195	95	105
Arabic	52,330	27,000	25,325	5	0	0	285,915	143,650	142,260	3,055	1,500	1,560
Aramaic languages	75	30	45	0	0	0	20,740	9,940	10,800	455	210	245
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	5	25	0	0	0	12,935	6,150	6,785	225	95	125
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0	0	0	6,585	3,185	3,400	200	95	105
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0	0	0	1,220	605	615	30	20	15
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0	680	305	380	0	0	0
Hebrew	715	375	335	0	0	0	8,515	4,355	4,160	20	10	10
Maltese	0	0	0	0	0	0	795	360	435	0	0	0
Tigrigna	445	230	215	0	0	0	21,860	11,050	10,810	710	360	350
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0	0	0	250	135	115	10	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	16,465	7,600	8,865	10	5	5	127,730	58,660	69,070	2,735	1,340	1,400
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,860	1,295	1,560	0	0	0	10,650	4,765	5,880	40	15	25
Vietnamese	13,590	6,300	7,290	10	5	5	116,785	53,735	63,055	2,700	1,325	1,370
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	0	0	0	300	160	135	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	9,325	3,930	5,395	40	15	25	326,245	149,550	176,700	16,905	8,200	8,705
Bikol	35	15	15	0	0	0	760	370	395	60	25	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	170	75	100	0	0	0	4,125	1,895	2,230	315	150	160
Cebuano	425	180	250	0	0	0	10,195	4,720	5,480	740	360	385
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0	200	110	85	15	10	5
Hiligaynon	235	90	145	0	0	0	5,015	2,265	2,750	205	100	105
Ilocano	960	415	545	10	5	10	18,350	8,350	10,000	490	235	255
Indonesian	170	85	90	0	0	0	4,150	1,985	2,170	20	10	15
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0	0	0	585	265	320	40	20	20
Kinaray-a	20	10	5	0	0	0	320	150	170	30	15	15
Malagasy languages	115	55	60	0	0	0	725	370	355	10	5	5
Merina	65	30	35	0	0	0	330	165	170	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	50	20	25	0	0	0	390	205	190	10	5	5
Malay	10	5	5	0	0	0	280	145	140	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	45	45	0	0	0	3,030	1,435	1,590	155	75	75
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0	0	0	680	310	375	10	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,960	2,890	4,070	30	10	15	275,045	125,870	149,170	14,610	7,085	7,520
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0	0	0	680	325	360	50	25	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0	0	0	2,100	1,000	1,105	150	75	75
Creole languages	17,395	7,710	9,685	0	0	0	35,195	15,455	19,740	105	45	65
Haitian Creole	12,640	5,455	7,185	0	0	0	22,610	9,620	12,990	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0	0	0	300	125	175	10	0	5
Krio	0	0	0	0	0	0	360	150	210	0	0	0
Morisyen	475	225	250	0	0	0	3,640	1,760	1,880	50	20	25
Sango	10	10	5	0	0	0	295	135	160	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	4,185	1,980	2,210	0	0	0	7,120	3,275	3,845	25	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	40	40	0	0	0	870	395	475	20	10	10
Dravidian languages	9,345	4,775	4,570	10	0	5	169,705	85,265	84,440	1,765	940	825
Kannada	115	65	50	0	0	0	3,060	1,575	1,485	40	20	20
Malayalam	970	520	445	0	0	0	35,390	19,010	16,380	1,175	640	535
Tamil	7,425	3,635	3,790	5	0	0	112,335	54,240	58,095	275	130	140
Telugu	820	550	275	0	0	0	18,470	10,215	8,250	260	140	120
Tulu	10	5	5	0	0	0	240	120	120	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0	0	0	205	105	105	10	5	0
Georgian	45	20	25	0	0	0	1,335	730	610	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	215	105	120	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	168,495	80,690	87,800	65	25	45	2,264,155	1,111,775	1,152,380	40,455	20,825	19,625
Albanian	1,050	505	540	0	0	0	14,110	7,005	7,100	140	65	70
Armenian	3,895	1,770	2,120	0	0	0	21,970	10,415	11,550	55	25	30
Balto-Slavic languages	17,140	7,850	9,295	20	5	15	303,480	143,495	159,985	4,420	2,220	2,200
Baltic languages	85	40	50	0	0	0	2,495	1,120	1,380	75	40	40
Latvian	35	20	15	0	0	0	880	395	485	40	20	20
Lithuanian	50	25	30	0	0	0	1,615	720	895	35	20	15
Slavic languages	17,055	7,810	9,250	20	5	15	300,985	142,375	158,610	4,345	2,185	2,160
Belarusian	5	5	5	0	0	0	215	100	115	0	0	0
Bulgarian	2,020	960	1,060	0	0	0	10,315	5,005	5,310	40	25	20
Czech	165	75	90	0	0	0	5,680	2,705	2,980	20	10	10
Macedonian	60	25	30	0	0	0	6,105	2,880	3,225	30	20	15
Polish	2,505	1,085	1,420	0	0	0	65,140	30,225	34,915	330	150	180
Russian	9,755	4,475	5,285	20	10	10	125,780	59,290	66,490	1,575	795	785
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0	0	290	155	135	150	70	80
Serbo-Croatian	1,200	575	630	0	0	0	53,150	25,720	27,430	465	235	230
Bosnian	170	80	90	0	0	0	6,480	3,135	3,345	85	40	45
Croatian	365	165	200	0	0	0	14,925	6,965	7,960	120	60	60
Serbian	645	320	325	0	0	0	31,110	15,310	15,800	255	135	120
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0	0	0	640	315	325	10	5	5
Slovak	70	30	40	0	0	0	5,015	2,410	2,605	15	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	85	40	45	0	0	0	1,375	595	785	5	5	0
Ukrainian	1,185	545	640	0	0	0	27,825	13,250	14,580	1,700	870	830
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0	0	0	95	55	40	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	10	0	0	0	0	555	295	265	10	0	5
Irish	5	5	0	0	0	0	310	165	145	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0	105	55	55	5	5	0
Welsh	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	55	45	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	25	15	0	0	0
Germanic languages	6,300	3,280	3,020	0	0	0	140,450	68,575	71,875	9,335	4,615	4,715
Frisian	5	0	5	0	0	0	270	110	155	5	0	0
High German languages	6,055	3,160	2,895	0	0	0	103,780	50,460	53,325	7,845	3,845	4,000
German	510	245	270	0	0	0	86,820	41,815	45,005	7,820	3,835	3,990
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0	7,270	3,640	3,630	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0	0	0	1,750	870	875	25	15	10
Yiddish	5,525	2,905	2,615	0	0	0	7,950	4,140	3,810	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	70	75	0	0	0	33,710	16,730	16,980	1,455	755	695
Afrikaans	30	15	15	0	0	0	6,095	3,055	3,035	875	465	415
Dutch	105	55	50	0	0	0	8,100	3,950	4,150	110	60	55
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	4,965	2,480	2,485	190	90	95
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0	490	240	245	15	10	5
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0	0	0	13,845	6,895	6,945	260	130	130
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5	0	0	0	220	100	120	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	85	40	50	0	0	0	1,940	920	1,020	25	10	15
Danish	15	10	10	0	0	0	615	280	340	5	0	5
Icelandic	15	5	10	0	0	0	175	75	95	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0	0	0	260	125	135	10	5	5
Swedish	45	20	25	0	0	0	890	435	450	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0	0	0	740	355	390	0	0	0
Greek	7,530	3,370	4,165	5	0	0	38,300	17,490	20,810	370	170	200
Indo-Iranian languages	43,235	22,475	20,760	10	5	5	1,167,370	590,435	576,930	22,590	11,955	10,635
Indo-Aryan languages	32,115	17,085	15,025	5	5	5	962,820	490,815	472,000	20,940	11,115	9,825
Assamese	5	5	0	0	0	0	215	110	110	0	0	0
Bengali	7,290	3,630	3,660	0	0	0	56,750	28,435	28,315	2,700	1,415	1,290
Gujarati	3,250	1,705	1,545	5	0	5	92,005	47,790	44,215	3,975	2,205	1,775
Hindi	2,460	1,380	1,075	0	0	0	91,930	47,555	44,375	1,670	950	715
Kacchi	60	30	35	0	0	0	3,055	1,310	1,750	10	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0	0	0	270	130	140	5	5	5
Konkani	15	5	5	0	0	0	880	415	470	5	5	5
Marathi	160	90	70	0	0	0	7,460	3,800	3,660	95	45	50
Nepali	225	115	105	0	0	0	16,835	8,595	8,235	540	285	255
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0	0	0	795	420	375	10	10	5
Odia	5	5	0	0	0	0	525	275	250	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	270	145	130	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,485	7,465	6,020	0	0	0	520,390	266,775	253,610	6,955	3,665	3,285
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0	0	410	195	215	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	0	0	0	0	2,110	1,060	1,050	90	50	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	245	130	115	0	0	0	9,665	4,775	4,890	150	70	80
Urdu	4,795	2,465	2,335	0	0	0	158,040	78,420	79,615	4,645	2,370	2,275
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	0	0	0	2,015	1,040	975	85	45	35
Iranian languages	11,115	5,390	5,730	0	0	0	204,420	99,545	104,875	1,640	835	805
Baluchi	0	0	0	0	0	0	330	170	155	45	25	25
Kurdish	220	120	105	0	0	0	10,380	5,245	5,135	100	50	50
Parsi	15	5	5	0	0	0	280	130	150	0	0	0
Pashto	750	405	350	0	0	0	13,215	6,670	6,545	315	170	145
Persian languages	10,090	4,835	5,250	0	0	0	179,745	87,075	92,670	1,160	580	580
Dari	675	320	355	0	0	0	36,190	17,395	18,795	215	110	100
Iranian Persian	8,570	4,115	4,460	0	0	0	125,840	61,060	64,780	835	420	415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	845	400	440	0	0	0	17,715	8,620	9,095	110	55	55
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0	0	0	475	250	225	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0	0	0	125	70	55	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	89,325	41,435	47,885	25	10	15	577,735	273,965	303,770	3,545	1,770	1,770
Catalan	75	30	40	0	0	0	370	185	190	0	0	0
Italian	21,255	8,905	12,350	0	0	0	92,755	38,750	54,005	125	55	65
Portuguese	9,715	4,550	5,165	0	0	0	118,730	56,685	62,045	415	200	210
Romanian	7,290	3,495	3,800	5	5	0	48,090	23,135	24,955	310	155	155
Spanish	50,960	24,440	26,520	20	5	10	317,365	155,005	162,360	2,685	1,350	1,335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0	0	0	425	210	220	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0	0	0	190	95	95	0	0	0
Japanese	705	285	425	0	0	0	20,055	8,290	11,765	90	30	60
Korean	2,705	1,205	1,495	0	0	0	125,525	58,250	67,275	1,250	625	630
Mongolian	55	25	30	0	0	0	1,050	505	545	20	10	15
Niger-Congo languages	4,240	2,060	2,180	0	0	0	38,600	18,055	20,545	1,130	550	580
Akan (Twi)	340	160	180	0	0	0	6,000	2,755	3,240	75	40	40
Bamanankan	205	100	105	0	0	0	560	280	280	0	0	0
Edo	20	10	10	0	0	0	365	150	215	5	0	5
Éwé	85	45	40	0	0	0	470	225	245	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	455	235	220	0	0	0	1,315	665	650	10	5	5
Ga	20	10	10	0	0	0	260	115	150	10	0	5
Ganda	5	0	5	0	0	0	555	260	295	30	15	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0	0	0	105	50	55	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10	0	0	0	1,530	770	765	95	50	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	335	145	190	0	0	0	2,720	1,205	1,520	70	40	30
Lingala	570	255	320	0	0	0	1,520	655	860	30	15	15
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0	0	0	90	35	60	0	0	0
Mòoré	25	10	10	0	0	0	70	30	35	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	0	0	0	0	160	85	75	10	0	5
Ndebele	5	0	5	0	0	0	295	130	160	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	465	215	250	0	0	0	3,780	1,760	2,025	115	50	60
Shona	35	15	20	0	0	0	1,035	480	555	35	15	15
Soninke	95	65	30	0	0	0	235	145	85	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	130	45	85	10	0	5
Swahili	290	155	135	0	0	0	7,055	3,290	3,765	240	125	110
Wojenaka	130	50	80	0	0	0	290	130	160	0	0	0
Wolof	600	325	275	0	0	0	1,945	1,040	910	10	5	10
Yoruba	180	85	90	0	0	0	5,395	2,505	2,890	300	135	160
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	330	150	185	0	0	0	2,720	1,250	1,470	85	40	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	60	45	0	0	0	3,155	1,555	1,600	225	120	110
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0	900	485	420	85	45	40
Nuer	5	0	0	0	0	0	645	295	355	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40	0	0	0	1,465	705	760	115	60	60
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0	0	0	140	75	70	15	15	5
Sign languages	515	300	220	0	0	0	12,160	7,005	5,160	355	205	145
American Sign Language	90	45	40	0	0	0	8,175	4,660	3,515	250	150	105
Quebec Sign Language	305	165	140	0	0	0	1,475	830	645	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	125	85	40	0	0	0	2,520	1,515	1,000	100	60	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	35,185	16,285	18,900	15	5	5	967,965	450,210	517,755	11,010	5,445	5,565
Chinese languages	35,100	16,245	18,855	15	5	5	955,685	444,115	511,565	10,220	5,040	5,180
Hakka	75	35	35	0	0	0	3,625	1,645	1,985	10	10	5
Mandarin	23,585	10,965	12,620	10	5	5	530,945	249,675	281,270	7,415	3,695	3,715
Min Dong	5	0	5	0	0	0	775	370	405	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,050	460	590	0	0	0	13,945	6,255	7,685	55	25	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	285	135	145	0	0	0	5,750	2,705	3,050	50	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	9,590	4,395	5,195	0	0	0	393,430	180,000	213,435	2,490	1,190	1,295
Chinese, n.o.s.	505	250	255	0	0	0	6,985	3,360	3,625	200	95	100
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0	0	0	225	110	115	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	30	35	0	0	0	11,990	5,960	6,035	780	400	380
Burmese	30	10	20	0	0	0	2,075	1,010	1,070	95	50	45
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	660	320	340	25	20	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	3,400	1,725	1,675	615	310	300
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,960	1,500	1,460	530	270	260
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	440	225	210	80	45	40
Tibetan	35	20	15	0	0	0	5,395	2,680	2,705	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	465	225	240	35	15	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0	0	0	290	135	155	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	870	405	465	0	0	0	10,120	4,660	5,460	160	75	90
Lao	715	350	370	0	0	0	5,955	2,850	3,105	125	60	65
Thai	150	60	90	0	0	0	3,955	1,725	2,230	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	210	85	125	5	0	0
Turkic languages	3,575	1,790	1,780	0	0	0	32,490	16,530	15,960	220	110	110
Azerbaijani	100	60	40	0	0	0	2,200	1,095	1,105	25	10	15
Kazakh	5	0	5	0	0	0	105	55	50	0	0	0
Turkish	3,325	1,665	1,660	0	0	0	27,970	14,290	13,685	180	95	85
Uyghur	100	45	60	0	0	0	850	420	435	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0	0	0	950	470	480	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0	410	195	210	0	0	0
Uralic languages	695	285	415	0	0	0	18,790	8,625	10,165	175	90	85
Estonian	0	0	0	0	0	0	615	245	370	10	5	5
Finnish	20	10	15	0	0	0	1,880	825	1,050	15	10	5
Hungarian	675	275	400	0	0	0	16,295	7,550	8,745	155	80	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0	0	0	390	195	195	20	10	10
Multiple responses	154,590	76,515	78,075	80	35	45	1,563,345	758,295	805,045	31,360	15,460	15,900
English and French	45,705	23,415	22,290	15	0	10	230,955	112,070	118,880	1,325	615	715
English and non-official language(s)	32,655	15,945	16,710	40	20	20	1,123,355	546,255	577,095	29,060	14,370	14,695
French and non-official language(s)	55,175	26,790	28,385	10	5	5	125,525	60,405	65,125	130	60	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	19,445	9,630	9,820	10	5	10	56,805	27,370	29,430	250	130	120
Multiple non-official languages	1,605	740	865	0	0	0	26,705	12,190	14,515	590	285	305
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,741,260	859,120	882,135	580	280	300	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,085	1,116,045	555,220	560,825
None	1,279,175	629,625	649,555	355	175	180	31,053,450	15,366,470	15,686,980	1,008,760	502,475	506,285
English	115,715	59,690	56,025	55	25	30	1,956,965	969,380	987,580	39,070	19,635	19,435
French	109,450	53,550	55,895	35	20	15	571,040	268,530	302,510	6,395	2,935	3,455
Non-official language	129,625	62,430	67,195	90	35	55	2,248,130	1,071,870	1,176,260	48,520	23,370	25,145
Indigenous³⁹	145	55	90	0	0	0	63,565	29,285	34,280	10,735	4,980	5,755
Non-Indigenous	129,480	62,370	67,105	90	35	55	2,184,565	1,042,590	1,141,975	37,785	18,390	19,395
English and French	29,960	15,165	14,790	5	5	5	86,185	42,600	43,585	345	180	170
English and non-official language(s)	35,695	18,170	17,525	25	10	20	323,845	161,995	161,850	6,935	3,595	3,345
French and non-official language(s)	27,860	13,495	14,370	10	10	0	134,565	61,575	72,995	1,155	515	640
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,580	1,835	1,740	0	0	0	11,870	5,975	5,895	65	40	30
Multiple non-official languages	10,200	5,165	5,035	5	5	0	234,905	115,470	119,430	4,795	2,475	2,320
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,723,225	851,610	871,615	585	300	280	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,310	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Official languages	1,681,610	834,860	846,755	570	300	275	35,644,660	17,656,300	17,988,360	1,095,170	545,875	549,300
English	1,216,575	623,125	593,455	540	270	265	31,628,570	15,769,105	15,859,470	1,094,790	545,650	549,135
French	1,475,945	727,525	748,420	345	185	160	10,563,235	5,115,365	5,447,875	52,065	23,725	28,335
Non-official languages	862,365	420,005	442,360	385	170	215	10,724,700	5,156,300	5,568,400	209,395	103,350	106,050
Indigenous languages³⁹	800	315	485	0	0	0	243,155	116,360	126,795	35,075	16,800	18,280
Algonquian languages	365	150	210	0	0	0	163,815	78,135	85,675	25,960	12,535	13,430
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0	6,680	3,120	3,560	10	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	260	100	160	0	0	0	105,850	50,975	54,870	24,850	11,960	12,895
Atikamekw	20	0	15	0	0	0	6,815	3,455	3,360	0	0	0
Cree languages	150	60	90	0	0	0	87,875	42,340	45,530	24,850	11,960	12,895
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	420	220	200	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	895	450	445	20	0	10
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	65	30	40	0	0	0	4,880	2,320	2,555	145	65	75
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	4,675	2,025	2,645	855	440	415
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	12,005	5,440	6,555	6,450	3,070	3,375
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,110	2,460	2,650	2,365	1,125	1,235
Cree, n.o.s.	70	25	45	0	0	0	61,000	29,930	31,070	15,355	7,415	7,945
Innu (Montagnais)	80	25	60	0	0	0	10,745	4,935	5,805	0	0	0
Naskapi	20	10	10	0	0	0	1,035	515	525	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10	0	0	0	10,035	4,770	5,260	10	10	0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10	0	0	0	9,245	4,370	4,880	10	10	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0	820	420	400	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	90	50	45	0	0	0	42,865	20,015	22,850	1,330	685	640
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	20	15	0	0	0	1,950	895	1,060	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0	15,305	7,450	7,855	50	20	25
Ojibway languages	55	30	30	0	0	0	26,160	11,930	14,235	1,275	665	610
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	15	25	0	0	0	2,035	875	1,165	30	25	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0	215	80	135	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0	0	3,625	1,670	1,955	1,120	575	550
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0	0	0	20,720	9,495	11,225	145	90	55
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	165	100	65	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	35	20	15	0	0	0	20,390	9,635	10,755	8,085	3,795	4,295
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	20	10	0	0	0	20,135	9,515	10,620	8,080	3,795	4,285
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,550	680	870	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0	270	125	145	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	11,560	5,470	6,085	8,080	3,795	4,285
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0	295	115	180	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	25	15	10	0	0	0	2,330	1,140	1,190	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	775	355	420	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	415	195	215	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0	0	0	1,210	620	590	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	480	265	220	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	245	130	115	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0	0	0	235	140	100	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,140	1,080	1,060	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	135	40	95	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0	870	400	470	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0	175	75	100	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	320	120	190	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	135	50	85	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	140	50	85	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	25	25	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0	290	140	150	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0	150	75	75	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	110	55	55	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0	245	90	155	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	315	75	235	0	0	0	42,795	20,980	21,820	60	20	45
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,140	505	630	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0	795	365	430	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0	350	145	205	0	0	0
Inuktitut	310	75	235	0	0	0	41,680	20,495	21,185	60	20	45
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	70	30	40	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	65	50	20	0	0	0	2,055	880	1,175	10	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0	0	0	230	95	135	0	0	0
Mohawk	60	45	20	0	0	0	1,605	655	950	10	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0	210	105	110	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	35	25	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0	215	90	120	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,905	850	1,050	855	395	460
Salish languages	10	10	0	0	0	0	5,305	2,555	2,755	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,415	670	745	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0	600	285	305	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0	510	300	215	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,090	510	580	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0	350	165	185	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0	325	135	185	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	705	320	390	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	360	190	175	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,965	1,465	1,495	725	365	360
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0	370	195	175	185	110	80
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,530	715	810	395	185	215
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0	925	470	455	25	15	15
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	325	180	140	140	70	70
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,665	1,335	1,335	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,135	555	580	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,110	595	515	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0	465	210	255	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0	0	0	2,205	1,010	1,200	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0	295	145	145	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0	335	170	170	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0	820	355	465	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0	700	315	390	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	55	30	25	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0	0	0	645	310	335	20	10	20
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	855	405	450	35	20	15
Non-Indigenous languages	861,690	419,765	441,925	385	170	215	10,485,595	5,041,770	5,443,825	174,635	86,680	87,955
Afro-Asiatic languages	193,965	101,880	92,090	65	25	40	1,100,035	565,845	534,195	11,165	5,770	5,395
Berber languages	23,765	12,670	11,095	0	0	0	42,835	22,775	20,060	10	10	0
Kabyle	21,490	11,425	10,070	0	0	0	37,415	19,660	17,755	0	0	0
Tamazight	2,020	1,120	900	0	0	0	4,735	2,720	2,015	10	10	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	560	290	270	0	0	0	1,330	750	575	0	0	0
Chadic languages	1,205	655	545	0	0	0	7,090	3,740	3,350	265	125	145
Hausa	575	370	210	0	0	0	5,080	2,695	2,380	245	105	140
Mina	625	290	340	0	0	0	2,010	1,040	965	25	15	0
Coptic	745	385	360	0	0	0	3,690	1,790	1,900	15	10	0
Cushitic languages	1,160	540	615	0	0	0	71,930	34,430	37,500	1,415	720	695
Bilen	15	10	0	0	0	0	2,745	1,490	1,260	165	95	70
Oromo	10	0	0	0	0	0	9,635	4,860	4,780	180	85	90
Somali	1,115	515	600	0	0	0	59,005	27,735	31,270	900	450	455
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	15	40	0	0	0	1,400	760	645	165	95	75
Semitic languages	182,025	95,605	86,420	65	25	40	1,015,485	524,700	490,780	9,850	5,120	4,735
Amharic	780	375	405	0	0	0	48,305	23,910	24,395	855	440	415
Arabic	173,385	91,115	82,270	20	10	10	838,045	436,510	401,540	7,265	3,825	3,445
Aramaic languages	215	95	125	0	0	0	39,655	19,690	19,965	1,200	565	630
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	20	25	0	0	0	23,865	11,765	12,100	605	280	325
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0	0	0	13,285	6,625	6,655	540	255	285
Aramaic, n.o.s.	155	70	95	0	0	0	3,195	1,625	1,570	130	70	65
Harari	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,000	925	1,075	0	0	0
Hebrew	7,665	4,080	3,580	45	25	30	83,205	42,515	40,685	470	250	215
Maltese	20	10	10	0	0	0	6,535	3,080	3,450	15	10	0
Tigrigna	820	400	420	0	0	0	45,970	23,120	22,845	1,365	710	660
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75	50	25	0	0	0	1,760	1,065	695	160	90	75
Austro-Asiatic languages	30,875	14,470	16,405	45	25	15	260,030	120,035	139,995	4,625	2,275	2,355
Khmer (Cambodian)	6,850	3,180	3,675	0	0	0	28,390	13,100	15,290	170	100	70
Vietnamese	24,550	11,565	12,985	40	20	15	232,800	107,435	125,355	4,440	2,165	2,280
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	50	25	30	0	0	0	910	455	455	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	24,510	9,720	14,785	125	35	90	793,275	336,445	456,840	37,460	17,730	19,730
Bikol	175	65	110	0	0	0	4,260	1,975	2,275	305	130	175
Bisaya, n.o.s.	450	200	255	0	0	0	10,990	4,625	6,375	915	430	485
Cebuano	1,155	395	755	0	0	0	33,045	13,790	19,250	2,180	1,010	1,175
Fijian	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,765	900	865	90	55	35
Hiligaynon	765	265	500	0	0	0	16,385	6,650	9,735	605	270	335
Ilocano	2,925	1,225	1,700	25	0	20	61,680	25,280	36,400	2,500	1,175	1,320
Indonesian	805	365	440	0	0	0	19,815	8,895	10,915	215	85	135
Kankanaey	45	25	20	0	0	0	1,950	770	1,175	205	90	120
Kinaray-a	85	25	60	0	0	0	860	345	510	45	10	35
Malagasy languages	835	405	425	0	0	0	3,885	1,960	1,920	30	20	15
Merina	655	320	335	0	0	0	2,355	1,215	1,140	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	185	90	90	0	0	0	1,565	785	780	30	20	15
Malay	355	190	165	0	0	0	10,770	4,995	5,775	105	65	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	355	165	200	0	0	0	10,555	4,690	5,865	485	250	235
Pangasinan	120	55	65	0	0	0	4,455	1,885	2,575	95	50	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	21,575	8,340	13,235	120	35	85	737,565	310,735	426,830	36,125	17,020	19,110
Waray-Waray	120	55	65	0	0	0	4,520	1,910	2,610	245	120	130
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	905	390	515	0	0	0	20,140	8,785	11,355	1,155	545	615
Creole languages	74,245	33,880	40,365	0	0	0	184,840	85,045	99,790	950	480	470
Haitian Creole	66,445	30,045	36,400	0	0	0	134,895	61,215	73,680	45	25	20
Jamaican English Creole	215	115	105	0	0	0	4,875	2,200	2,675	130	70	60
Krio	60	25	40	0	0	0	1,955	870	1,090	25	20	0
Morisyen	2,365	1,215	1,140	0	0	0	15,345	7,620	7,725	385	195	190
Sango	185	100	80	0	0	0	1,535	785	750	45	25	20
Creole, n.o.s.	11,950	5,630	6,320	0	0	0	31,220	14,400	16,825	205	80	125
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,520	685	835	0	0	0	9,585	4,575	5,005	150	70	80
Dravidian languages	16,725	8,745	7,975	0	0	0	359,485	185,160	174,325	4,190	2,210	1,980
Kannada	540	325	215	0	0	0	18,420	9,660	8,760	225	110	110
Malayalam	1,760	935	825	0	0	0	77,910	42,025	35,890	2,515	1,335	1,180
Tamil	12,940	6,480	6,465	0	0	0	237,890	119,570	118,320	1,120	625	495
Telugu	2,415	1,600	815	0	0	0	54,685	30,575	24,110	845	445	400
Tulu	30	10	10	0	0	0	1,765	935	835	20	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0	0	0	970	450	520	35	20	15
Georgian	150	75	70	0	0	0	3,015	1,565	1,445	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	720	365	360	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	450,480	219,660	230,825	130	70	55	5,849,775	2,867,575	2,982,195	89,555	45,335	44,220
Albanian	2,425	1,220	1,205	0	0	0	38,345	19,410	18,935	380	220	160
Armenian	7,185	3,350	3,835	0	0	0	44,500	21,675	22,825	90	35	55
Balto-Slavic languages	40,980	19,110	21,870	50	15	30	820,305	384,390	435,915	17,185	7,985	9,200
Baltic languages	530	215	315	0	0	0	13,890	5,900	7,985	195	85	105
Latvian	190	85	105	0	0	0	6,020	2,595	3,425	90	40	55
Lithuanian	340	135	210	0	0	0	7,895	3,325	4,570	95	45	50
Slavic languages	40,615	18,955	21,660	50	15	30	809,985	380,025	429,960	17,095	7,945	9,145
Belarusian	160	55	105	0	0	0	2,825	1,185	1,640	10	0	10
Bulgarian	3,765	1,820	1,945	0	0	0	24,210	11,805	12,400	100	50	40
Czech	990	455	535	0	0	0	28,625	13,595	15,030	190	90	105
Macedonian	215	80	135	0	0	0	23,015	10,965	12,050	90	50	40
Polish	7,925	3,535	4,390	0	0	0	204,460	94,135	110,325	1,745	800	945
Russian	23,995	11,285	12,705	45	15	30	309,235	145,375	163,860	5,305	2,590	2,715
Rusyn	0	0	0	0	0	0	680	345	330	280	130	150
Serbo-Croatian	3,390	1,700	1,695	0	0	0	155,775	76,800	78,975	1,705	865	835
Bosnian	675	315	365	0	0	0	25,380	12,555	12,825	400	195	200
Croatian	1,515	775	740	0	0	0	73,845	36,015	37,830	745	405	340
Serbian	1,725	840	885	0	0	0	83,735	41,550	42,185	965	495	470
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95	60	40	0	0	0	3,085	1,590	1,500	65	35	30
Slovak	590	250	340	0	0	0	20,905	9,455	11,450	135	60	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	345	145	200	0	0	0	10,650	4,715	5,935	135	60	70
Ukrainian	4,905	2,155	2,745	0	0	0	131,655	59,230	72,425	10,795	4,935	5,855
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0	0	0	770	385	385	10	0	0
Celtic languages	275	150	125	0	0	0	10,485	5,430	5,055	185	105	80
Irish	120	65	55	0	0	0	5,360	2,940	2,415	65	35	30
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15	0	0	0	2,170	1,050	1,120	50	35	10
Welsh	35	20	15	0	0	0	2,170	1,015	1,155	50	15	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45	0	0	0	910	495	415	35	20	15
Germanic languages	28,325	14,670	13,655	15	10	10	658,705	319,800	338,905	18,455	9,290	9,165
Frisian	40	20	25	0	0	0	2,835	1,480	1,350	25	25	0
High German languages	25,545	13,365	12,180	15	10	10	453,995	222,215	231,780	11,940	5,995	5,945
German	17,050	8,935	8,110	0	0	0	419,195	204,840	214,355	11,815	5,935	5,880
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0	10,565	5,260	5,305	0	0	0
Swiss German	300	120	175	0	0	0	10,465	5,025	5,440	145	70	80
Yiddish	8,490	4,455	4,030	15	10	10	20,155	10,105	10,045	50	25	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,020	1,005	1,025	0	0	0	191,840	93,435	98,405	6,140	3,205	2,935
Afrikaans	205	95	105	0	0	0	29,670	15,335	14,335	2,175	1,185	990
Dutch	1,645	825	820	0	0	0	107,985	51,330	56,650	1,285	680	605
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10,555	5,245	5,315	590	275	315
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,310	640	670	60	35	25
Plautdietsch	20	0	20	0	0	0	41,165	20,590	20,575	2,015	1,025	980
Vlaams (Flemish)	175	85	90	0	0	0	3,985	1,825	2,155	90	50	40
Scandinavian languages	1,440	725	710	0	0	0	37,500	17,205	20,300	955	395	560
Danish	425	190	230	0	0	0	14,700	6,805	7,900	255	135	125
Icelandic	45	20	20	0	0	0	1,475	685	790	25	20	0
Norwegian	285	155	130	0	0	0	8,860	4,180	4,675	485	175	305
Swedish	820	445	370	0	0	0	14,620	6,765	7,855	235	100	135
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50	0	0	0	1,275	720	555	30	20	10
Greek	20,685	9,850	10,830	0	0	0	145,060	71,685	73,375	1,430	730	705
Indo-Iranian languages	77,115	41,190	35,920	30	20	0	2,263,825	1,162,830	1,100,990	39,895	21,385	18,505
Indo-Aryan languages	58,875	31,985	26,890	25	25	0	1,918,570	989,350	929,220	37,480	20,070	17,410
Assamese	35	25	15	0	0	0	1,155	590	565	0	0	0
Bengali	12,945	6,685	6,255	0	0	0	120,605	62,330	58,270	4,490	2,350	2,140
Gujarati	6,930	3,785	3,140	20	15	0	209,415	110,000	99,405	6,965	3,985	2,985
Hindi	24,370	13,400	10,970	15	10	0	761,425	395,410	366,015	15,740	8,600	7,140
Kacchi	195	95	95	0	0	0	15,085	6,785	8,300	50	25	25
Kashmiri	40	25	15	0	0	0	1,830	965	865	55	35	25
Konkani	155	95	60	0	0	0	8,950	4,300	4,645	60	35	30
Marathi	780	440	340	0	0	0	35,230	18,210	17,020	520	270	255
Nepali	485	270	220	0	0	0	30,660	15,680	14,980	1,040	550	490
Oriya languages	45	20	35	0	0	0	3,235	1,665	1,570	60	30	30
Odia	30	15	15	0	0	0	1,710	925	785	25	20	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0	0	0	1,550	755	795	40	15	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	22,580	12,435	10,150	0	0	0	942,170	488,075	454,090	13,310	7,110	6,200
Rohingya	0	0	0	0	0	0	765	345	420	0	0	0
Sindhi	100	50	50	0	0	0	8,385	4,480	3,910	250	135	120
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	845	470	370	0	0	0	33,050	16,645	16,400	405	180	225
Urdu	11,425	6,220	5,200	0	0	0	414,870	211,895	202,975	10,540	5,470	5,070
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	500	325	180	0	0	0	11,320	6,280	5,040	345	205	140
Iranian languages	18,895	9,560	9,335	0	0	0	370,520	186,750	183,770	3,025	1,640	1,390
Baluchi	0	0	0	0	0	0	985	565	420	170	100	65
Kurdish	780	465	315	0	0	0	24,035	13,005	11,030	225	110	115
Parsi	80	35	40	0	0	0	1,000	535	470	20	0	15
Pashto	1,225	645	580	0	0	0	31,695	16,810	14,885	745	415	330
Persian languages	17,095	8,600	8,495	0	0	0	326,285	163,665	162,620	2,045	1,095	950
Dari	1,280	645	640	0	0	0	78,220	38,765	39,460	610	335	285
Iranian Persian	14,160	7,125	7,040	0	0	0	222,160	111,750	110,415	1,340	710	625
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,790	920	865	0	0	0	30,345	15,460	14,880	120	65	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	0	0	0	1,830	970	855	30	25	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0	0	0	2,135	1,245	895	55	40	15
Italic (Romance) languages	293,340	139,795	153,545	35	20	15	2,054,885	975,310	1,079,575	14,285	6,885	7,400
Catalan	715	400	315	0	0	0	2,855	1,560	1,305	0	0	0
Italian	95,535	45,630	49,905	0	0	0	547,655	263,950	283,705	1,400	670	730
Portuguese	28,840	14,425	14,410	0	0	0	336,865	164,985	171,880	1,320	655	670
Romanian	15,245	7,225	8,020	0	0	0	116,520	55,570	60,950	915	450	465
Spanish	177,230	83,945	93,280	30	15	15	1,171,450	548,315	623,135	11,185	5,395	5,785
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	405	240	165	0	0	0	4,890	2,835	2,060	90	40	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	115	70	45	0	0	0	1,965	1,025	940	35	20	15
Japanese	4,585	2,190	2,400	0	0	0	98,070	43,380	54,690	1,170	585	585
Korean	5,035	2,200	2,835	0	0	0	203,885	92,275	111,605	1,870	900	970
Mongolian	180	55	120	0	0	0	2,545	1,085	1,455	45	10	40
Niger-Congo languages	31,565	16,015	15,555	0	0	0	267,520	131,495	136,025	7,440	3,945	3,495
Akan (Twi)	1,340	755	585	0	0	0	26,240	12,585	13,660	515	255	260
Bamanankan	1,540	790	745	0	0	0	4,950	2,570	2,380	0	0	0
Edo	245	115	125	0	0	0	4,945	2,315	2,630	90	60	30
Éwé	865	505	360	0	0	0	4,645	2,490	2,165	100	40	60
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,730	1,485	1,245	0	0	0	7,840	4,100	3,740	60	30	30
Ga	220	145	75	0	0	0	3,255	1,565	1,685	135	75	60
Ganda	75	40	30	0	0	0	4,650	2,055	2,600	100	40	60
Gikuyu	45	0	40	0	0	0	1,850	750	1,100	25	15	10
Igbo	485	280	205	0	0	0	18,365	9,345	9,020	1,200	630	570
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,825	855	970	0	0	0	13,515	6,305	7,210	320	170	150
Lingala	7,315	3,405	3,910	0	0	0	25,720	12,260	13,460	180	100	75
Luba-Kasai	520	225	295	0	0	0	2,695	1,300	1,395	40	15	25
Mòoré	620	340	280	0	0	0	2,085	1,055	1,035	25	15	15
Mwani	20	15	10	0	0	0	1,080	585	490	70	45	20
Ndebele	115	70	40	0	0	0	2,425	1,140	1,285	80	40	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,045	1,010	1,035	0	0	0	14,825	7,070	7,755	310	180	130
Shona	245	150	95	0	0	0	7,280	3,440	3,845	155	75	80
Soninke	465	310	155	0	0	0	1,010	650	360	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	15	30	0	0	0	1,305	580	725	70	40	35
Swahili	3,405	1,710	1,695	0	0	0	57,295	28,950	28,340	1,165	665	500
Wojenaka	1,005	510	495	0	0	0	2,820	1,440	1,380	20	15	10
Wolof	4,030	2,185	1,840	0	0	0	12,940	6,925	6,015	40	20	20
Yoruba	2,040	1,025	1,015	0	0	0	50,935	25,265	25,675	2,865	1,520	1,345
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	7,005	3,630	3,375	0	0	0	43,625	21,935	21,685	990	545	445
Nilo-Saharan languages	705	390	315	0	0	0	11,090	5,570	5,530	615	305	305
Dinka	10	0	0	0	0	0	2,815	1,470	1,345	180	85	100
Nuer	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,490	685	805	60	25	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	690	385	310	0	0	0	6,815	3,425	3,385	375	200	175
African, n.o.s.	425	225	200	0	0	0	2,760	1,485	1,275	100	55	45
Sign languages	1,985	795	1,185	0	0	0	49,535	19,685	29,850	1,450	645	815
American Sign Language	495	160	330	0	0	0	37,620	14,430	23,195	1,135	505	625
Quebec Sign Language	1,345	510	830	0	0	0	6,195	2,525	3,670	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	340	210	130	0	0	0	7,450	3,515	3,940	370	160	210
Sino-Tibetan languages	56,545	26,095	30,455	45	20	15	1,550,930	721,520	829,410	17,055	8,335	8,725
Chinese languages	56,370	26,025	30,340	45	20	15	1,528,860	710,700	818,160	15,625	7,620	8,005
Hakka	335	170	160	0	0	0	14,830	6,845	7,980	45	20	30
Mandarin	41,405	18,880	22,525	25	15	10	987,300	452,995	534,305	11,590	5,640	5,955
Min Dong	35	20	20	0	0	0	1,825	840	980	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,725	1,170	1,560	0	0	0	51,755	22,840	28,920	275	135	140
Wu (Shanghainese)	695	310	390	0	0	0	13,660	6,060	7,600	60	40	15
Yue (Cantonese)	19,045	8,640	10,405	0	0	0	724,925	335,185	389,740	5,120	2,465	2,660
Chinese, n.o.s.	860	455	410	0	0	0	11,720	5,695	6,020	360	185	175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0	0	0	1,185	560	625	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	180	60	115	0	0	0	22,300	10,955	11,345	1,370	690	685
Burmese	65	10	60	0	0	0	5,935	2,910	3,025	355	185	170
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,140	520	620	30	25	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,705	2,790	2,915	1,020	490	530
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,030	2,490	2,545	890	430	460
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	845	395	450	125	60	70
Tibetan	95	50	50	0	0	0	9,160	4,565	4,590	35	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0	1,940	890	1,050	100	30	70
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0	0	0	1,220	540	680	85	45	40
Tai-Kadai languages	2,755	1,240	1,520	0	0	0	33,705	14,255	19,440	590	280	310
Lao	1,985	965	1,020	0	0	0	17,630	8,320	9,310	360	200	160
Thai	1,085	390	695	0	0	0	18,575	6,955	11,615	290	115	170
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0	0	0	800	330	465	10	0	10
Turkic languages	9,265	4,570	4,695	0	0	0	91,375	47,575	43,800	700	360	340
Azerbaijani	520	325	200	0	0	0	9,875	5,380	4,490	85	55	40
Kazakh	60	35	25	0	0	0	1,415	600	815	50	15	35
Turkish	8,445	4,105	4,340	0	0	0	78,500	41,130	37,365	565	295	270
Uyghur	205	95	110	0	0	0	1,660	790	875	35	0	30
Uzbek	140	85	55	0	0	0	3,290	1,645	1,640	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	90	115	0	0	0	2,150	980	1,165	15	0	10
Uralic languages	3,265	1,435	1,835	0	0	0	85,055	39,290	45,765	1,240	595	645
Estonian	85	35	50	0	0	0	5,315	2,320	2,990	10	10	0
Finnish	245	120	125	0	0	0	15,325	6,735	8,590	180	90	90
Hungarian	2,945	1,280	1,660	0	0	0	64,625	30,320	34,300	1,055	500	560
Other languages, n.i.e.	425	215	205	0	0	0	5,545	2,750	2,790	125	65	65
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,723,230	851,610	871,615	585	300	285	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	15,315	7,080	8,235	0	0	0	1,807,250	877,645	929,605	187,885	91,375	96,515
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	14,315	6,630	7,685	0	0	0	1,743,165	847,385	895,785	184,435	89,725	94,705
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,065	3,655	4,415	0	0	0	1,048,405	506,515	541,890	121,175	58,665	62,505
Métis	5,705	2,835	2,870	0	0	0	624,220	306,220	318,000	62,800	30,860	31,940
Inuk (Inuit)	545	135	405	0	0	0	70,540	34,645	35,895	460	200	260
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	305	150	155	0	0	0	28,855	13,645	15,215	2,030	985	1,045
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	695	305	385	0	0	0	35,225	16,620	18,610	1,425	665	765
Non-Indigenous identity	1,707,915	844,530	863,385	585	300	285	34,521,230	17,059,520	17,461,710	915,310	458,120	457,195
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,723,230	851,610	871,615	585	300	285	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,465	1,570	1,890	0	0	0	831,720	402,310	429,405	115,055	55,385	59,670
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,719,765	850,040	869,730	585	300	285	35,496,755	17,534,850	17,961,905	988,145	494,110	494,035
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
Owner	297,340	...	...	115	...	...	9,955,975	...	...	317,655	...	...
Renter	519,020	...	...	85	...	...	4,953,840	...	...	118,590	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0	...	...	69,130	...	...	13,335	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
Condominium	178,700	...	...	15	...	...	2,248,280	...	...	49,490	...	...
Not condominium	637,660	...	...	190	...	...	12,730,660	...	...	400,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
No bedrooms	19,020	...	...	0	...	...	132,060	...	...	1,945	...	...
1 bedroom	254,075	...	...	35	...	...	2,124,485	...	...	41,900	...	...
2 bedrooms	284,300	...	...	50	...	...	3,829,965	...	...	103,860	...	...
3 bedrooms	194,410	...	...	100	...	...	4,982,900	...	...	150,360	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	64,550	...	...	20	...	...	3,909,525	...	...	151,520	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	473,475	...	...	90	...	...	4,662,125	...	...	105,050	...	...
5 rooms	155,105	...	...	35	...	...	2,323,910	...	...	70,620	...	...
6 rooms	69,335	...	...	25	...	...	2,037,185	...	...	66,100	...	...
7 rooms	48,130	...	...	30	...	...	1,796,855	...	...	59,535	...	...
8 or more rooms	70,315	...	...	20	...	...	4,158,855	...	...	148,270	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...	5.2	...	...	6.1	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
One person or fewer per room	789,745	...	...	200	...	...	14,625,230	...	...	438,000	...	...
More than one person per room	26,615	...	...	0	...	...	353,715	...	...	11,580	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
Suitable	745,905	...	...	170	...	...	14,173,290	...	...	426,835	...	...
Not suitable	70,450	...	...	35	...	...	805,650	...	...	22,745	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
1960 or before	293,880	...	...	120	...	...	3,027,045	...	...	95,405	...	...
1961 to 1980	248,030	...	...	55	...	...	4,171,840	...	...	147,720	...	...
1981 to 1990	89,700	...	...	15	...	...	1,982,515	...	...	61,990	...	...
1991 to 2000	57,865	...	...	10	...	...	1,805,985	...	...	35,005	...	...
2001 to 2005	28,770	...	...	0	...	...	959,860	...	...	18,130	...	...
2006 to 2010	30,795	...	...	0	...	...	1,034,925	...	...	27,525	...	...
2011 to 2015	33,075	...	...	0	...	...	967,540	...	...	37,840	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	34,235	...	...	0	...	...	1,029,220	...	...	25,970	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	746,280	...	...	185	...	...	14,059,395	...	...	414,215	...	...
Major repairs needed	70,075	...	...	20	...	...	919,545	...	...	35,365	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
One-maintainer household	494,140	...	...	100	...	...	7,659,700	...	...	235,175	...	...
Two-maintainer household	291,245	...	...	90	...	...	6,631,755	...	...	198,995	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	30,970	...	...	20	...	...	687,485	...	...	15,415	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
15 to 24 years	39,665	...	...	0	...	...	424,695	...	...	17,560	...	...
25 to 34 years	154,835	...	...	25	...	...	2,077,895	...	...	68,760	...	...
35 to 44 years	156,945	...	...	40	...	...	2,600,000	...	...	82,625	...	...
45 to 54 years	137,925	...	...	35	...	...	2,646,945	...	...	72,290	...	...
55 to 64 years	137,110	...	...	40	...	...	3,046,560	...	...	85,955	...	...
65 to 74 years	105,800	...	...	35	...	...	2,432,140	...	...	69,235	...	...
75 to 84 years	59,160	...	...	15	...	...	1,292,805	...	...	37,545	...	...
85 years and over	24,920	...	...	10	...	...	457,900	...	...	15,605	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	808,950	...	...	205	...	...	14,687,350	...	...	414,315	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	612,990	...	...	160	...	...	11,612,640	...	...	342,875	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	195,960	...	...	45	...	...	3,074,715	...	...	71,445	...	...
30% to less than 100%	171,990	...	...	35	...	...	2,742,920	...	...	65,430	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	816,355	...	...	205	...	...	14,978,940	...	...	449,585	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	301,530	...	...	100	...	...	4,379,420	...	...	118,475	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	168,425	...	...	40	...	...	2,728,995	...	...	63,870	...	...
Not suitable only	52,965	...	...	30	...	...	595,110	...	...	16,865	...	...
Major repairs needed only	46,120	...	...	20	...	...	645,465	...	...	26,900	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	10,065	...	...	0	...	...	135,770	...	...	2,370	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	16,530	...	...	0	...	...	199,355	...	...	4,960	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	6,480	...	...	0	...	...	64,095	...	...	3,270	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	940	...	...	0	...	...	10,630	...	...	245	...	...
Acceptable housing	514,825	...	...	110	...	...	10,599,520	...	...	331,105	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	784,980	...	...	195	...	...	14,355,555	...	...	408,300	...	...
In core need	82,165	...	...	20	...	...	1,451,025	...	...	41,895	...	...
Not in core need	702,815	...	...	180	...	...	12,904,530	...	...	366,405	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	297,340	...	...	115	...	...	9,807,720	...	...	298,500	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.5	...	...	65.2	...	...	60.0	...	...	57.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.0	...	...	13.0	...	...	14.8	...	...	11.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.5	...	...	0.0	...	...	5.3	...	...	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,360	...	...	1,640	...	...	1,240	...	...	1,110	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,532	...	...	1,640	...	...	1,498	...	...	1,296	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...	600,000	...	...	472,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	584,500	...	...	630,000	...	...	618,500	...	...	324,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	519,015	...	...	85	...	...	4,936,850	...	...	117,545	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...	0.0	...	...	11.7	...	...	17.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.8	...	...	29.4	...	...	33.2	...	...	33.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.6	...	...	23.5	...	...	20.0	...	...	22.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870	...	...	950	...	...	1,070	...	...	1,030	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	969	...	...	1,000	...	...	1,209	...	...	1,095	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	0	...	...	69,130	...	...	13,335	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...	5.9	...	...	5.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...	284	...	...	226	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...	327	...	...	280	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,723,230	851,615	871,620	585	300	285	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,315	1,103,200	549,490	553,710
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,560	3,785	4,780	0	0	0	985,200	480,950	504,245	122,375	59,605	62,765
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,395	3,715	4,680	0	0	0	963,705	470,850	492,855	118,965	57,970	60,995
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,165	3,225	3,935	0	0	0	763,230	371,400	391,825	101,725	49,415	52,315
Métis single ancestry	880	380	500	0	0	0	146,010	72,680	73,325	17,055	8,495	8,555
Inuit single ancestry	350	110	240	0	0	0	54,475	26,770	27,700	185	60	125
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	170	70	100	0	0	0	21,490	10,095	11,395	3,410	1,630	1,775
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	45	45	0	0	0	17,665	8,215	9,450	3,335	1,580	1,750
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	70	20	55	0	0	0	2,430	1,185	1,250	30	25	10
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0	0	0	0	1,070	530	535	35	20	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0	0	0	320	165	155	10	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	28,175	12,775	15,400	0	0	0	1,219,285	585,590	633,690	68,675	33,265	35,410
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	27,945	12,705	15,240	0	0	0	1,183,350	568,980	614,365	64,995	31,500	33,495
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25,185	11,485	13,695	0	0	0	801,630	384,550	417,075	32,635	15,920	16,720
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,455	1,140	1,310	0	0	0	362,130	174,975	187,150	32,070	15,450	16,615
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	310	80	235	0	0	0	19,595	9,450	10,150	290	135	160
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	225	70	160	0	0	0	35,930	16,605	19,320	3,680	1,770	1,915
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	60	130	0	0	0	31,815	14,790	17,025	3,515	1,705	1,810
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0	0	0	2,785	1,190	1,595	115	45	75
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,005	500	505	25	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15	0	0	0	330	125	210	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,686,490	835,050	851,435	585	300	285	34,124,000	16,870,625	17,253,375	912,150	456,620	455,530
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,723,230	851,610	871,615	580	300	285	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,434,570	703,030	731,545	520	270	250	33,143,225	16,360,910	16,782,315	1,021,630	508,035	513,595
Canadian citizens aged under 18	279,730	142,810	136,925	105	60	45	6,784,875	3,486,545	3,298,330	246,480	126,430	120,055
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,154,835	560,215	594,620	415	210	210	26,358,355	12,874,365	13,483,990	775,150	381,610	393,540
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	288,660	148,585	140,075	65	35	35	3,185,250	1,576,255	1,608,995	81,575	41,455	40,115
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,723,230	851,610	871,615	580	300	285	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,017,325	502,500	514,820	255	140	115	27,042,120	13,461,515	13,580,610	949,755	472,745	477,005
Immigrants⁸¹	576,120	278,025	298,100	315	160	160	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,340	137,620	67,895	69,725
Before 1980	87,415	40,730	46,685	40	10	30	1,540,610	731,340	809,265	12,780	6,020	6,760
1980 to 1990	59,835	29,275	30,555	65	40	25	924,320	443,805	480,520	5,945	2,955	2,990
1991 to 2000	95,220	45,340	49,880	85	50	40	1,511,475	708,315	803,165	8,390	3,910	4,480
2001 to 2010	139,575	67,480	72,090	75	30	45	1,930,525	911,190	1,019,340	29,370	14,480	14,895
2011 to 2021⁸²	194,080	95,195	98,885	45	25	20	2,454,570	1,181,515	1,273,055	81,135	40,535	40,605
2011 to 2015	90,040	43,785	46,255	10	10	0	1,126,330	536,615	589,715	38,020	19,065	18,955
2016 to 2021	104,040	51,410	52,630	30	20	15	1,328,240	644,900	683,335	43,120	21,470	21,645
Non-permanent residents⁸³	129,780	71,085	58,695	20	0	10	924,850	499,490	425,365	15,830	8,850	6,980
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	576,125	278,025	298,100	315	155	160	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345	137,620	67,895	69,720
Under 5 years	45,920	23,340	22,575	10	0	0	748,265	377,795	370,470	13,370	6,890	6,480
5 to 14 years	90,130	45,385	44,740	55	25	25	1,438,440	730,675	707,765	26,755	14,085	12,680
15 to 24 years	104,655	46,955	57,705	75	35	45	1,594,290	720,630	873,660	20,460	9,465	10,995
25 to 44 years	290,245	141,865	148,380	165	90	80	3,783,335	1,782,805	2,000,525	64,955	31,330	33,625
45 years and over	45,170	20,475	24,700	10	0	0	797,180	364,260	432,920	12,070	6,130	5,945
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	576,125	278,025	298,100	315	155	160	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345	137,620	67,895	69,720
Americas	127,690	58,995	68,690	35	20	15	1,203,180	546,325	656,855	12,580	5,910	6,675
Brazil	3,760	1,770	1,990	0	0	0	48,450	22,405	26,050	380	150	230
Colombia	8,195	3,835	4,360	0	0	0	80,570	36,675	43,900	665	315	350
El Salvador	6,400	3,265	3,130	0	0	0	49,450	24,430	25,015	620	280	345
Guyana	1,350	660	690	0	0	0	85,530	37,870	47,660	165	65	95
Haiti	47,555	21,110	26,445	0	0	0	99,945	44,585	55,360	60	35	25
Jamaica	2,670	1,090	1,585	0	0	0	145,360	63,430	81,925	1,360	660	700
Mexico	8,225	4,005	4,220	0	0	0	90,585	42,215	48,370	1,720	870	850
Peru	6,715	3,060	3,660	0	0	0	31,420	13,925	17,490	160	45	120
Trinidad and Tobago	2,120	970	1,155	0	0	0	65,035	29,110	35,930	200	65	135
United States of America	10,180	5,260	4,920	15	15	0	256,090	115,380	140,705	5,215	2,375	2,835
Other places of birth in Americas	30,520	13,985	16,535	10	0	0	250,760	116,305	134,460	2,030	1,040	995
Europe	137,155	66,390	70,765	55	35	25	1,967,620	955,840	1,011,785	21,710	10,705	11,010
Bosnia and Herzegovina	780	390	385	0	0	0	35,925	17,705	18,220	500	250	250
Croatia	760	390	375	0	0	0	36,675	18,115	18,560	415	245	170
France	39,280	20,790	18,485	0	0	0	121,525	63,845	57,685	310	115	190
Germany	2,480	1,285	1,200	0	0	0	126,470	60,560	65,915	2,100	980	1,115
Greece	7,730	3,445	4,285	0	0	0	54,715	27,050	27,665	500	290	210
Hungary	1,365	650	720	0	0	0	31,050	14,595	16,450	325	175	145
Italy	30,215	14,095	16,120	0	0	0	204,065	101,445	102,625	585	300	280
Netherlands	500	310	190	0	0	0	75,830	39,020	36,810	965	560	400
Poland	4,685	1,965	2,720	0	0	0	135,030	60,660	74,370	1,080	455	625
Portugal	7,715	3,520	4,195	0	0	0	128,795	62,880	65,910	200	95	110
Romania	9,655	4,440	5,215	0	0	0	86,770	40,820	45,955	660	330	335
Russian Federation	5,520	2,235	3,290	0	0	0	81,840	35,185	46,650	650	270	385
Serbia⁸⁶	675	320	350	0	0	0	31,925	15,480	16,450	530	250	285
Ukraine	4,385	1,940	2,445	15	10	0	81,135	36,840	44,295	3,165	1,505	1,665
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,005	2,245	1,755	0	0	0	464,135	229,710	234,430	6,785	3,420	3,365
Other places of birth in Europe	17,395	8,365	9,030	0	0	0	271,725	131,935	139,790	2,940	1,455	1,490
Africa	140,555	71,665	68,890	25	15	15	821,735	412,365	409,375	16,080	8,440	7,640
Algeria	43,840	22,680	21,165	0	0	0	79,660	41,065	38,600	20	15	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	6,025	2,765	3,265	0	0	0	33,110	15,775	17,340	665	335	330
Egypt	9,400	4,720	4,685	0	0	0	73,710	38,730	34,980	805	415	385
Eritrea	495	250	250	0	0	0	31,385	16,575	14,815	1,025	535	490
Ethiopia	660	305	355	0	0	0	41,715	19,955	21,760	775	380	400
Morocco	33,005	16,490	16,515	0	0	0	81,775	41,085	40,685	190	110	80
Nigeria	1,200	630	565	0	0	0	81,290	41,665	39,620	5,030	2,620	2,410
Somalia	400	200	200	0	0	0	32,500	14,600	17,900	485	240	250
South Africa, Republic of	415	275	140	0	0	0	51,590	25,740	25,855	2,075	1,070	1,005
Other places of birth in Africa	45,115	23,355	21,760	0	0	0	314,995	157,170	157,825	5,010	2,720	2,290
Asia	169,860	80,480	89,375	205	90	110	4,307,000	2,030,575	2,276,420	86,515	42,500	44,015
Afghanistan	1,100	570	535	0	0	0	62,450	30,940	31,515	465	230	235
Iran⁸⁸	9,815	4,825	4,990	0	0	0	182,940	92,300	90,645	1,040	570	470
Iraq	1,610	890	725	0	0	0	84,130	42,660	41,465	1,440	740	700
Lebanon	17,455	9,230	8,220	0	0	0	95,725	50,675	45,055	220	155	60
Syria⁸⁹	12,040	6,095	5,940	0	0	0	97,590	49,855	47,735	1,405	665	740
Turkey	4,010	2,020	1,995	0	0	0	35,270	18,835	16,435	280	145	135
China⁹⁰	26,330	11,650	14,680	25	15	10	715,835	317,970	397,860	8,650	4,065	4,585
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,375	1,130	1,245	0	0	0	213,855	100,480	113,375	840	415	420
Korea, South⁹²	2,680	1,185	1,495	0	0	0	138,355	63,025	75,325	1,110	560	550
Taiwan	1,265	540	725	0	0	0	65,365	28,725	36,635	175	80	95
Philippines	20,475	7,940	12,535	110	35	75	719,580	305,115	414,460	35,960	17,025	18,930
Viet Nam	16,395	7,460	8,935	25	15	10	182,095	82,670	99,425	3,245	1,555	1,690
Bangladesh	7,035	3,560	3,475	0	0	0	70,090	35,675	34,415	3,235	1,720	1,515
India	13,570	7,040	6,525	15	10	0	898,050	451,120	446,930	15,660	8,165	7,495
Pakistan	5,730	3,040	2,690	0	0	0	234,105	118,390	115,715	7,110	3,630	3,480
Sri Lanka	6,965	3,425	3,540	0	0	0	136,240	66,215	70,030	435	220	215
Other places of birth in Asia	21,010	9,890	11,120	30	15	10	375,340	175,930	199,410	5,245	2,555	2,695
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	860	485	375	0	0	0	61,965	31,055	30,910	725	350	380
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	104,040	51,410	52,625	30	20	15	1,328,240	644,900	683,340	43,115	21,470	21,650
Americas	15,850	7,650	8,205	0	0	0	154,490	74,275	80,215	2,830	1,420	1,410
Brazil	1,105	455	645	0	0	0	19,895	9,340	10,560	170	95	75
Colombia	1,260	575	685	0	0	0	11,455	5,090	6,365	90	40	50
Haiti	5,495	2,700	2,795	0	0	0	10,550	5,155	5,400	0	0	0
Jamaica	135	70	60	0	0	0	15,155	7,740	7,420	560	295	265
Mexico	1,320	690	625	0	0	0	17,150	8,405	8,745	560	315	250
United States of America	2,255	1,165	1,090	0	0	0	39,875	19,790	20,085	990	465	520
Venezuela⁹⁵	915	355	555	0	0	0	7,060	2,980	4,075	70	20	45
Other places of birth in Americas	3,375	1,630	1,740	0	0	0	33,350	15,785	17,570	385	190	195
Europe	17,760	9,335	8,425	0	0	0	134,425	69,310	65,120	2,695	1,435	1,260
France	11,735	6,290	5,445	0	0	0	27,175	14,560	12,610	65	30	30
Germany	235	130	105	0	0	0	5,365	2,660	2,705	100	40	60
Ireland⁹⁶	55	45	10	0	0	0	6,355	4,000	2,350	180	110	70
Italy	420	260	160	0	0	0	4,240	2,470	1,770	50	30	15
Russian Federation	625	235	390	0	0	0	10,905	4,335	6,570	100	35	65
Ukraine	750	355	395	0	0	0	14,515	6,570	7,945	755	340	415
United Kingdom⁸⁷	480	290	185	0	0	0	22,755	13,550	9,200	590	385	200
Other places of birth in Europe	3,465	1,725	1,740	0	0	0	43,120	21,160	21,960	855	465	395
Africa	34,835	17,255	17,575	0	0	0	206,965	102,875	104,090	7,520	3,960	3,560
Algeria	10,085	4,925	5,160	0	0	0	15,745	7,530	8,220	0	0	0
Burundi	715	385	335	0	0	0	4,935	2,420	2,510	90	50	35
Cameroon	3,555	1,730	1,825	0	0	0	11,795	5,545	6,250	50	20	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,490	645	845	0	0	0	8,915	4,200	4,720	290	150	140
Côte d'Ivoire	1,625	785	835	0	0	0	7,915	3,795	4,125	25	20	10
Egypt	1,470	795	675	0	0	0	12,120	6,285	5,835	390	195	195
Eritrea	275	145	125	0	0	0	16,330	8,755	7,575	595	310	285
Ethiopia	90	40	45	0	0	0	9,385	4,415	4,970	315	175	140
Morocco	5,375	2,535	2,835	0	0	0	12,835	6,025	6,810	85	45	40
Nigeria	550	310	240	0	0	0	40,360	20,575	19,780	3,305	1,765	1,545
Somalia	40	25	20	0	0	0	6,315	3,240	3,075	130	60	70
South Africa, Republic of	105	55	50	0	0	0	8,510	4,290	4,220	775	390	385
Sudan⁹⁷	70	40	35	0	0	0	4,690	2,375	2,315	300	155	140
Tunisia	3,360	1,755	1,610	0	0	0	8,155	4,185	3,975	60	40	20
Other places of birth in Africa	6,015	3,075	2,945	0	0	0	38,960	19,250	19,715	1,110	585	525
Asia	35,290	16,975	18,315	30	15	15	823,205	393,110	430,090	29,880	14,550	15,325
Afghanistan	180	95	85	0	0	0	12,730	6,290	6,440	140	50	85
Bangladesh	960	465	495	0	0	0	13,185	6,670	6,515	1,220	615	610
China⁹⁰	4,960	2,085	2,875	0	0	0	118,035	50,365	67,665	3,690	1,775	1,910
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	10	40	0	0	0	6,495	2,880	3,620	140	75	65
India	5,690	3,035	2,655	0	0	0	246,995	128,205	118,790	7,940	4,055	3,885
Iran⁸⁸	2,275	1,025	1,250	0	0	0	25,650	12,310	13,340	335	180	155
Iraq	245	145	100	0	0	0	17,715	8,835	8,875	305	155	150
Israel	145	90	60	0	0	0	4,850	2,565	2,290	50	20	25
Japan	185	55	130	0	0	0	4,445	1,035	3,410	40	15	30
Jordan	355	160	195	0	0	0	4,635	2,375	2,260	105	50	55
Korea, South⁹²	750	320	435	0	0	0	20,985	8,790	12,200	275	135	140
Lebanon	1,710	930	775	0	0	0	9,980	5,120	4,860	75	60	20
Nepal	180	110	75	0	0	0	4,890	2,475	2,415	130	75	50
Pakistan	1,030	520	505	0	0	0	36,255	18,070	18,190	1,685	820	860
Philippines	5,730	2,455	3,280	0	0	0	151,490	66,720	84,765	10,460	4,875	5,585
Saudi Arabia	860	540	325	0	0	0	9,560	5,195	4,365	285	125	160
Sri Lanka	500	205	295	0	0	0	8,480	4,010	4,465	65	35	35
Syria⁸⁹	5,895	3,065	2,835	0	0	0	63,130	32,725	30,410	1,245	600	645
Turkey	520	295	225	0	0	0	10,150	5,520	4,635	75	30	40
United Arab Emirates	580	290	290	0	0	0	8,405	4,325	4,085	195	90	105
Viet Nam	910	395	515	0	0	0	14,725	5,605	9,125	865	440	420
Other places of birth in Asia	1,565	680	880	0	0	0	30,410	13,035	17,375	550	260	290
Oceania and other⁹³	305	195	110	0	0	0	9,160	5,335	3,825	195	100	95
Australia	195	125	65	0	0	0	6,535	3,845	2,685	95	40	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	110	70	45	0	0	0	2,625	1,490	1,135	100	55	40
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,723,225	851,610	871,615	585	300	280	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
First generation¹⁰⁰	725,270	358,390	366,885	350	170	180	9,606,595	4,631,905	4,974,690	158,540	79,230	79,310
Second generation¹⁰¹	361,130	181,485	179,645	190	95	95	6,393,310	3,207,980	3,185,330	121,675	59,265	62,410
Third generation or more¹⁰²	636,825	311,740	325,090	45	40	10	20,328,565	10,097,280	10,231,290	822,985	411,000	411,980
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	488,705	237,295	251,410	275	150	130	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075	124,835	61,875	62,960
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	267,215	137,555	129,660	190	90	95	3,673,705	1,837,625	1,836,090	88,545	45,370	43,185
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	135,610	78,460	57,150	85	45	40	1,556,675	935,790	620,885	34,820	22,465	12,355
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	131,610	59,100	72,515	105	50	55	2,117,030	901,835	1,215,200	53,725	22,900	30,825
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	133,215	54,390	78,825	70	45	25	2,016,010	821,325	1,194,685	21,620	8,700	12,920
Refugees¹⁰⁸	79,320	41,035	38,285	20	15	0	1,039,275	543,725	495,550	14,405	7,675	6,725
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	8,955	4,310	4,645	0	0	0	91,900	42,145	49,755	265	135	130
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	488,705	237,295	251,410	275	150	130	6,820,895	3,244,820	3,576,075	124,835	61,875	62,960
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	50,275	26,560	23,710	10	0	10	416,105	222,895	193,205	1,885	1,155	735
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	50,365	23,725	26,640	60	10	40	705,405	324,370	381,035	20,335	10,710	9,620
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	11,765	6,105	5,655	15	15	0	183,250	92,135	91,110	4,170	2,185	1,985
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	25,200	14,095	11,105	0	0	0	377,130	188,535	188,590	7,770	4,580	3,190
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	4,400	1,875	2,525	0	0	0	39,540	15,685	23,855	600	230	370
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	346,705	164,930	181,775	190	110	80	5,099,470	2,401,190	2,698,280	90,090	43,025	47,065
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,723,230	851,610	871,615	585	305	285	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	1,103,200	549,495	553,710
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	668,975	330,800	338,175	335	160	175	9,639,205	4,712,790	4,926,415	159,365	80,495	78,870
South Asian	79,670	42,620	37,050	25	20	0	2,571,400	1,324,120	1,247,275	44,720	23,875	20,845
Chinese	56,935	26,075	30,860	25	15	10	1,715,770	808,745	907,035	18,010	8,850	9,155
Black	198,610	96,350	102,255	30	15	15	1,547,870	754,100	793,765	22,570	11,715	10,855
Filipino	27,355	11,555	15,805	135	45	90	957,355	427,755	529,600	43,755	21,015	22,745
Arab	141,935	74,355	67,585	15	0	0	694,015	362,845	331,170	5,575	2,920	2,655
Latin American	78,150	38,450	39,705	10	10	0	580,235	281,030	299,200	5,680	2,740	2,945
Southeast Asian	37,905	17,950	19,955	65	30	30	390,340	184,120	206,220	8,540	4,265	4,275
West Asian	17,500	8,735	8,765	0	0	0	360,495	181,795	178,695	2,830	1,445	1,380
Korean	5,245	2,365	2,880	0	0	0	218,140	101,855	116,285	1,850	885	955
Japanese	2,645	1,045	1,600	0	0	0	98,890	42,315	56,575	830	360	475
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,470	2,675	2,795	0	0	0	172,885	83,310	89,580	1,275	565	715
Multiple visible minorities	17,540	8,615	8,920	30	15	15	331,805	160,790	171,010	3,725	1,845	1,875
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,054,255	520,810	533,445	250	135	110	26,689,275	13,224,375	13,464,900	943,840	469,000	474,835
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,723,230	851,610	871,615	585	300	285	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310	1,103,200	549,495	553,705
Canadian	216,645	104,085	112,565	35	25	10	5,677,205	2,836,675	2,840,530	107,095	54,965	52,130
English	43,185	22,080	21,110	0	0	0	5,322,830	2,600,245	2,722,580	219,665	107,240	112,420
Irish	80,635	38,520	42,120	0	0	0	4,413,120	2,102,610	2,310,505	145,415	69,495	75,920
Scottish	44,880	21,650	23,230	0	0	0	4,392,200	2,131,620	2,260,580	175,590	85,595	89,995
French, n.o.s.¹²²	307,670	155,535	152,135	0	0	0	3,985,945	1,964,695	2,021,250	108,355	52,690	55,665
German	31,730	15,215	16,510	0	0	0	2,955,695	1,449,465	1,506,230	272,475	134,060	138,420
Chinese	61,715	28,350	33,365	40	25	10	1,713,870	806,365	907,500	19,965	9,660	10,305
Italian	135,430	66,225	69,205	0	0	0	1,546,390	774,250	772,140	10,830	5,335	5,500
Indian (India)	36,920	19,740	17,180	30	25	0	1,347,715	691,535	656,185	20,755	11,165	9,590
Ukrainian	14,865	7,080	7,785	15	10	0	1,258,635	612,455	646,175	138,705	67,645	71,060
Dutch	6,520	3,225	3,295	0	0	0	988,585	489,045	499,545	29,410	14,540	14,870
Polish	23,515	11,460	12,060	25	20	10	982,820	472,290	510,525	55,605	26,820	28,780
Québécois	103,145	51,885	51,265	0	0	0	981,635	490,130	491,510	705	355	345
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,665	6,000	5,670	0	0	0	938,950	462,420	476,530	21,650	10,960	10,690
Filipino	26,105	11,050	15,045	135	45	85	925,490	414,915	510,570	40,160	19,305	20,860
French Canadian	59,380	28,470	30,910	0	0	0	906,315	441,610	464,705	5,465	2,695	2,765
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	19,910	10,385	9,530	0	0	0	691,260	347,080	344,175	13,375	7,020	6,360
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	15,970	7,210	8,760	0	0	0	632,340	304,220	328,120	50,770	24,635	26,135
Métis	3,645	1,645	2,000	0	0	0	560,335	271,985	288,350	56,060	27,275	28,785
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,450	11,380	11,070	0	0	0	551,910	278,060	273,850	11,985	6,340	5,645
Russian	20,180	9,420	10,760	55	30	25	548,140	260,075	288,065	35,920	17,415	18,505
Norwegian	2,370	1,150	1,220	0	0	0	466,500	224,290	242,210	70,215	33,925	36,285
Welsh	3,345	1,715	1,630	0	0	0	455,720	216,490	239,230	17,605	8,415	9,190
Portuguese	23,120	11,280	11,840	0	0	0	448,305	222,770	225,535	1,760	830	930
American	11,970	5,910	6,055	20	15	0	353,495	172,240	181,255	12,675	6,435	6,235
Spanish	31,535	15,600	15,940	0	0	0	342,040	160,475	181,570	5,670	2,555	3,115
Swedish	2,500	1,180	1,320	0	0	0	334,505	156,840	177,665	31,965	15,285	16,675
Hungarian	9,065	4,385	4,680	0	0	0	320,150	155,755	164,395	28,495	14,095	14,400
Acadian	11,725	5,325	6,400	0	0	0	305,170	145,500	159,675	935	485	450
Pakistani	9,080	4,870	4,210	0	0	0	303,260	154,435	148,825	7,640	3,995	3,645
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	33,155	16,460	16,695	15	10	0	301,955	148,335	153,625	4,065	2,110	1,950
Jewish	26,680	13,550	13,135	65	30	35	282,015	141,530	140,490	2,420	1,230	1,190
Punjabi	5,655	3,385	2,270	0	0	0	279,950	145,620	134,330	4,115	2,215	1,905
Vietnamese	26,955	12,890	14,070	55	30	20	275,530	131,075	144,445	4,730	2,340	2,390
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	52,935	28,050	24,885	0	0	0	263,710	138,210	125,500	2,155	1,185	970
Greek	26,980	13,250	13,725	0	0	0	262,140	132,975	129,160	3,075	1,530	1,540
Jamaican	5,905	2,760	3,140	0	0	0	249,070	119,265	129,805	2,225	1,080	1,150
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	8,475	3,860	4,610	0	0	0	226,220	107,785	118,435	5,860	2,875	2,985
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	780	355	430	0	0	0	219,855	105,825	114,030	46,340	22,465	23,875
Korean	5,445	2,485	2,960	0	0	0	217,650	101,805	115,845	1,950	945	1,010
Romanian	16,255	7,785	8,470	15	10	0	215,885	103,720	112,165	12,415	5,995	6,415
Lebanese	30,115	15,635	14,475	0	0	0	210,605	107,990	102,615	1,240	690	550
Iranian	12,890	6,310	6,575	0	0	0	200,465	100,790	99,675	1,315	700	610
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	11,615	5,780	5,835	0	0	0	200,340	99,800	100,540	3,145	1,625	1,520
Danish	1,820	845	970	0	0	0	196,945	96,220	100,725	10,585	5,110	5,480
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,710	1,705	2,005	0	0	0	194,840	94,035	100,810	12,300	5,895	6,405
Sikh	3,335	1,775	1,560	0	0	0	194,640	101,255	93,385	2,530	1,340	1,195
Austrian	3,485	1,725	1,755	0	0	0	189,535	92,740	96,800	17,690	8,785	8,900
Belgian	10,940	5,520	5,420	0	0	0	182,175	90,150	92,030	9,340	4,790	4,550
Haitian	80,485	37,710	42,775	0	0	0	178,990	84,510	94,490	170	100	75
Hindu	5,610	3,195	2,420	0	0	0	166,160	87,665	78,495	3,220	1,785	1,435
Mexican	15,365	7,685	7,680	0	0	0	155,495	77,435	78,055	2,620	1,300	1,320
Mennonite	385	195	195	0	0	0	155,095	77,735	77,360	11,150	5,560	5,590
Swiss	5,470	2,695	2,775	0	0	0	145,570	72,015	73,555	4,555	2,255	2,295
Finnish	1,000	425	580	0	0	0	144,055	69,270	74,785	5,180	2,435	2,745
Sri Lankan	7,720	3,820	3,905	0	0	0	132,410	65,175	67,240	465	220	250
Croatian	2,230	1,080	1,155	0	0	0	130,820	64,915	65,905	2,460	1,295	1,170
Japanese	3,565	1,490	2,075	0	0	0	129,425	56,850	72,580	1,295	590	710
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,770	970	800	0	0	0	120,125	60,575	59,550	1,195	610	585
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,310	1,015	1,300	0	0	0	111,605	53,700	57,905	680	310	370
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,300	685	615	0	0	0	110,735	54,730	56,005	6,025	3,180	2,845
Muslim	8,530	4,530	3,995	0	0	0	105,620	54,095	51,525	1,780	955	825
Egyptian	13,040	6,810	6,230	0	0	0	105,245	55,230	50,020	995	505	490
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	12,215	6,250	5,965	0	0	0	104,765	51,375	53,395	860	425	435
Tamil	4,835	2,245	2,585	0	0	0	102,170	51,165	51,005	285	145	135
Icelandic	345	205	145	0	0	0	101,990	50,370	51,620	8,345	3,915	4,425
Colombian	11,580	5,525	6,055	0	0	0	100,555	47,995	52,560	735	350	385
Moroccan	37,360	19,125	18,235	10	10	0	99,980	50,835	49,150	220	125	95
Czech	2,395	1,080	1,315	0	0	0	98,925	47,495	51,430	5,290	2,545	2,740
Syrian	13,935	6,830	7,105	0	0	0	98,250	49,385	48,865	1,140	540	605
Guyanese	1,650	815	835	0	0	0	97,210	46,270	50,940	325	130	195
Afghan	1,885	1,005	885	0	0	0	96,810	48,255	48,550	890	465	425
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	7,275	3,530	3,740	0	0	0	94,585	44,335	50,250	730	385	345
Serbian	1,755	835	920	0	0	0	93,360	46,945	46,410	1,325	675	645
Ojibway	250	130	125	0	0	0	92,220	44,610	47,600	2,060	1,000	1,055
Newfoundlander	390	230	160	0	0	0	91,670	45,665	46,005	555	295	260
Hong Konger	1,000	460	540	0	0	0	81,680	39,485	42,195	350	175	180
Ontarian	795	370	430	0	0	0	80,555	39,675	40,880	425	205	220
Persian	4,285	2,325	1,955	0	0	0	80,340	41,415	38,925	510	290	220
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,925	1,500	1,425	0	0	0	77,405	37,655	39,750	385	185	200
Turkish	8,160	4,055	4,105	0	0	0	76,745	39,955	36,795	695	375	320
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	775	220	555	0	0	0	76,675	37,315	39,365	690	300	390
Bangladeshi	8,790	4,475	4,310	0	0	0	75,425	39,085	36,335	3,230	1,740	1,490
Algerian	40,570	21,135	19,435	35	15	20	73,770	38,035	35,740	45	15	25
Brazilian	6,440	3,085	3,355	0	0	0	71,755	34,670	37,085	755	345	410
Nigerian	1,780	820	955	0	0	0	69,540	34,680	34,860	2,845	1,495	1,350
Armenian	10,715	5,120	5,595	0	0	0	68,850	34,105	34,745	270	110	160
Slovak	1,375	640	735	0	0	0	68,210	33,475	34,740	1,525	805	720
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,990	1,430	1,555	0	0	0	66,780	31,525	35,255	1,605	755	845
Somali	1,155	550	610	0	0	0	65,555	31,555	33,995	870	400	475
Taiwanese	1,860	860	1,000	0	0	0	64,020	29,280	34,740	250	125	125
Iraqi	1,770	975	800	0	0	0	59,300	29,865	29,435	1,250	635	615
Salvadorean	9,125	4,430	4,700	0	0	0	59,280	29,150	30,130	735	330	405
African Caribbean	5,045	2,265	2,780	0	0	0	59,050	26,385	32,670	315	165	150
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,775	775	995	0	0	0	58,870	27,845	31,025	1,285	645	645
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	3,005	1,655	1,355	0	0	0	58,840	30,560	28,280	645	315	335
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	4,900	2,065	2,835	0	0	0	57,195	25,715	31,475	275	150	125
Algonquin	1,725	860	865	0	0	0	56,070	27,025	29,040	320	150	170
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,900	775	1,120	0	0	0	52,085	23,685	28,395	140	80	60
Lithuanian	2,110	930	1,180	0	0	0	52,040	24,510	27,530	895	445	460
South African	465	220	245	0	0	0	49,840	24,885	24,955	1,895	975	920
Australian	830	405	425	0	0	0	46,765	24,165	22,595	980	520	455
Palestinian	3,525	1,890	1,640	0	0	0	45,905	23,930	21,975	120	55	65
Chilean	6,025	2,985	3,040	0	0	0	45,685	22,520	23,165	1,035	535	500
Congolese	9,965	4,820	5,140	0	0	0	45,260	22,000	23,260	640	360	285
Nova Scotian	505	225	280	0	0	0	44,720	21,700	23,025	200	110	90
Ethiopian	965	495	475	0	0	0	42,545	20,675	21,875	690	330	360
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,165	1,615	1,550	0	0	0	42,405	20,105	22,300	505	285	220
Peruvian	8,415	3,870	4,545	0	0	0	42,295	19,925	22,370	260	105	155
Yoruba	1,710	940	770	0	0	0	42,075	21,740	20,330	2,725	1,430	1,295
Cambodian (Khmer)	8,775	4,125	4,650	0	0	0	41,950	19,835	22,115	310	160	155
Berber	19,835	10,545	9,290	0	0	0	41,700	22,325	19,370	60	30	30
Albanian	2,560	1,300	1,260	0	0	0	41,620	21,050	20,570	405	210	185
Maltese	360	200	160	0	0	0	40,670	20,210	20,455	215	115	95
Macedonian	325	165	160	0	0	0	39,440	19,500	19,940	95	45	50
Slovenian	825	365	455	0	0	0	38,595	18,785	19,815	490	225	265
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,185	1,225	960	0	0	0	38,520	18,935	19,585	615	320	290
New Brunswicker	850	430	425	0	0	0	37,670	18,235	19,435	150	60	90
Gujarati	880	475	405	0	0	0	36,970	19,580	17,385	1,065	625	450
Eritrean	615	305	310	0	0	0	36,290	18,185	18,110	1,235	650	585
African Canadian	1,290	680	610	0	0	0	35,395	17,140	18,250	315	170	145
Israeli	2,760	1,485	1,275	10	10	0	35,345	18,410	16,940	175	95	80
Mohawk	1,345	600	740	0	0	0	33,330	16,485	16,845	365	170	190
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	550	235	315	0	0	0	33,135	15,355	17,775	2,210	990	1,220
Bulgarian	4,040	1,955	2,085	0	0	0	33,085	16,235	16,850	265	145	120
Albertan	100	35	65	0	0	0	32,575	16,525	16,055	270	125	140
Ghanaian	1,735	925	810	0	0	0	31,720	15,650	16,065	555	265	295
Barbadian	2,410	1,195	1,215	0	0	0	31,440	15,265	16,175	195	95	100
African American	1,600	790	810	0	0	0	31,430	15,700	15,730	840	455	390
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	825	450	375	0	0	0	30,565	14,635	15,930	745	325	430
Tunisian	11,510	6,360	5,150	0	0	0	30,465	16,585	13,875	65	40	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,350	615	725	0	0	0	30,220	15,225	14,995	580	295	285
Cuban	3,770	1,915	1,850	0	0	0	30,065	14,830	15,235	210	105	105
Bosnian	510	245	270	0	0	0	28,490	14,320	14,170	535	240	290
Venezuelan	3,895	1,730	2,160	0	0	0	28,395	13,220	15,175	160	80	80
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,610	705	905	0	0	0	28,225	13,490	14,735	30	10	20
Latvian	625	330	295	0	0	0	28,140	13,515	14,620	400	180	220
Bengali	3,570	1,775	1,800	0	0	0	26,675	13,830	12,850	895	445	450
Cameroonian	6,740	3,360	3,380	0	0	0	26,535	12,960	13,580	230	100	130
Guatemalan	4,875	2,545	2,330	0	0	0	26,460	13,920	12,540	295	160	135
Indonesian	1,000	455	540	0	0	0	26,330	11,910	14,415	355	165	185
Laotian	2,510	1,280	1,235	0	0	0	25,875	12,500	13,375	660	355	305
Ilocano	1,085	525	565	0	0	0	25,575	11,860	13,715	1,105	595	510
Northern Irish	310	160	150	0	0	0	25,200	12,495	12,710	405	220	185
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	585	295	290	0	0	0	24,420	12,265	12,155	435	255	180
British Columbian	90	40	50	0	0	0	24,325	12,230	12,095	155	85	70
Ecuadorian	1,190	565	630	0	0	0	24,255	11,510	12,745	225	115	110
Franco Ontarian	675	355	315	0	0	0	24,110	11,540	12,570	20	10	15
Argentinian	2,545	1,310	1,230	0	0	0	23,500	11,665	11,840	130	60	75
Estonian	365	215	150	0	0	0	23,455	11,080	12,375	285	130	150
Kurdish	1,470	840	635	0	0	0	23,130	12,670	10,460	155	65	85
Fijian	15	0	10	0	0	0	23,020	11,040	11,980	150	75	75
Jatt	390	185	205	0	0	0	22,785	11,695	11,090	290	145	145
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	715	370	345	0	0	0	22,785	11,680	11,105	325	170	160
Coptic	2,240	1,170	1,070	0	0	0	22,570	11,405	11,165	80	40	45
Thai	1,150	395	755	0	0	0	22,275	8,525	13,750	595	260	330
Dominican	5,245	2,460	2,790	0	0	0	22,125	10,615	11,510	160	100	60
Nepali	430	240	185	0	0	0	21,975	11,215	10,765	775	400	370
Kabyle	10,940	5,660	5,275	0	0	0	20,565	10,595	9,975	0	0	0
Assyrian	345	150	200	0	0	0	19,685	9,730	9,955	250	125	120
Igbo	565	325	240	0	0	0	19,305	9,890	9,415	1,170	615	555
Byelorussian	1,090	555	535	0	0	0	18,850	9,055	9,795	190	110	80
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15	0	0	0	18,745	9,030	9,710	6,775	3,245	3,530
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	100	45	50	0	0	0	18,545	8,975	9,570	430	225	205
Abenaki	1,685	750	935	0	0	0	18,420	8,545	9,870	20	10	20
Moldovan	3,295	1,630	1,665	0	0	0	18,190	8,850	9,340	400	200	205
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,120	500	615	0	0	0	17,955	8,625	9,330	210	125	90
New Zealander	265	150	115	0	0	0	17,755	9,275	8,470	420	260	160
Sudanese	300	155	145	0	0	0	17,485	8,825	8,665	720	360	360
Breton	3,775	1,765	2,010	0	0	0	17,465	8,710	8,755	60	35	25
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	20	25	0	0	0	17,315	7,300	10,020	755	320	440
Malaysian	375	205	165	0	0	0	17,050	7,935	9,115	115	65	50
Plains Cree	35	15	20	0	0	0	16,570	8,255	8,310	9,465	4,730	4,745
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	5,440	2,890	2,545	0	0	0	16,315	8,565	7,750	75	35	40
Huron (Wendat)	1,425	655	770	0	0	0	15,910	7,715	8,195	50	20	35
Saskatchewanian	70	25	45	0	0	0	15,780	7,505	8,280	6,020	2,990	3,025
Buddhist	690	295	400	0	0	0	15,660	7,485	8,175	80	30	50
Gaspesian	1,565	705	860	0	0	0	15,650	7,290	8,360	0	0	0
Norman	1,850	905	940	0	0	0	15,340	8,155	7,190	90	55	35
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	260	105	155	0	0	0	15,055	7,180	7,875	220	95	120
Ivorian	3,370	1,610	1,760	0	0	0	15,010	7,255	7,755	50	25	25
Saulteaux	35	10	15	0	0	0	14,265	6,730	7,535	6,970	3,370	3,600
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	140	60	85	0	0	0	14,260	6,525	7,735	515	225	290
Burundian	2,120	1,025	1,090	0	0	0	14,110	6,810	7,295	265	150	105
Tigrinya	370	210	160	0	0	0	13,910	7,435	6,470	445	235	205
Nicaraguan	1,255	630	625	0	0	0	13,840	6,730	7,120	250	150	95
Mauritian	1,955	1,080	870	0	0	0	13,755	7,020	6,730	290	150	140
Kenyan	210	95	115	0	0	0	13,565	6,510	7,055	295	160	135
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0	13,525	6,610	6,915	75	55	15
Vincentian	2,215	885	1,330	0	0	0	13,245	5,800	7,445	30	20	10
Jordanian	770	430	340	0	0	0	13,225	7,055	6,170	85	60	20
Manitoban	110	45	60	0	0	0	13,095	6,530	6,565	340	165	175
Cape Bretoner	50	15	35	0	0	0	13,065	6,175	6,885	90	45	45
Rwandan	2,125	975	1,155	0	0	0	12,890	6,150	6,740	210	105	105
Grenadian	910	350	560	0	0	0	12,890	5,965	6,930	20	10	10
Malayali	335	185	150	0	0	0	12,490	6,580	5,910	340	190	150
Chaldean	110	40	75	0	0	0	12,115	6,080	6,035	455	215	245
Sinhalese	310	150	165	0	0	0	12,080	5,905	6,170	175	65	105
Mayan	1,695	900	795	0	0	0	11,710	5,980	5,730	100	45	55
Honduran	2,260	1,015	1,240	0	0	0	10,920	5,370	5,550	80	45	35
Cherokee	195	90	100	0	0	0	10,825	5,080	5,745	560	290	275
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	0	0	0	0	10,750	5,130	5,620	15	0	15
Indo-Caribbean	280	135	140	0	0	0	10,490	4,710	5,775	20	10	10
Flemish	520	265	255	0	0	0	10,275	4,950	5,325	440	170	275
United Empire Loyalist	90	45	50	0	0	0	10,015	4,975	5,045	35	10	25
Senegalese	3,165	1,585	1,580	0	0	0	9,955	5,115	4,840	65	30	40
Azerbaijani	510	260	245	0	0	0	9,915	5,165	4,750	70	40	30
Sicilian	970	495	470	0	0	0	9,835	5,135	4,695	30	25	10
Pashtun	475	245	220	0	0	0	9,825	5,195	4,625	155	85	70
Malay	300	135	165	0	0	0	9,795	4,725	5,065	280	140	140
Goan	115	55	60	0	0	0	9,700	4,710	4,990	20	0	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,635	815	815	0	0	0	9,455	4,705	4,755	75	30	45
Tibetan	135	65	70	0	0	0	9,350	4,650	4,700	85	45	45
Zimbabwean	180	105	75	0	0	0	9,165	4,435	4,725	225	135	95
Burmese	225	105	120	0	0	0	9,150	4,385	4,760	435	245	190
Mongolian	480	210	270	0	0	0	9,090	4,240	4,850	205	95	105
Azorean	730	310	415	0	0	0	8,970	4,235	4,735	10	10	0
Atikamekw	325	145	180	0	0	0	8,400	4,270	4,125	0	0	0
Bamileke	2,160	1,115	1,040	0	0	0	8,315	4,220	4,090	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	125	60	65	0	0	0	8,310	3,765	4,545	0	0	0
Ugandan	100	55	50	0	0	0	8,285	3,910	4,375	190	95	100
Oromo	50	25	25	0	0	0	8,255	4,425	3,830	195	110	85
Tanzanian	175	85	90	0	0	0	8,140	3,945	4,195	70	45	25
Yemeni	515	275	240	0	0	0	8,115	3,995	4,130	25	10	15
Central African	1,415	675	740	0	0	0	8,080	3,830	4,250	75	45	30
Libyan	590	320	270	0	0	0	7,945	4,265	3,680	125	55	70
Basque	980	515	465	0	0	0	7,745	4,030	3,710	65	30	40
Uruguayan	785	450	335	0	0	0	7,660	3,870	3,790	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	545	270	270	0	0	0	7,640	3,835	3,805	160	95	65
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	870	500	370	0	0	0	7,635	3,690	3,950	80	50	25
Igorot	290	105	185	0	0	0	7,535	3,305	4,230	715	325	390
Fulani	2,380	1,260	1,120	0	0	0	7,480	3,865	3,620	35	25	15
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0	7,415	3,615	3,800	4,420	2,130	2,285
Guinean	2,670	1,375	1,290	0	0	0	7,390	3,700	3,695	30	20	10
St. Lucian	255	100	155	0	0	0	7,285	3,340	3,945	30	15	20
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0	0	0	7,225	3,355	3,875	25	0	25
Maliseet	200	70	135	0	0	0	7,220	3,515	3,705	30	15	20
Beninese	2,000	1,140	865	0	0	0	6,810	3,630	3,180	20	10	0
Telugu	180	125	55	0	0	0	6,670	3,730	2,945	100	50	45
Roma	235	110	125	0	0	0	6,545	3,225	3,320	220	110	110
Costa Rican	720	425	295	0	0	0	6,500	3,265	3,230	55	15	40
African Nova Scotian	215	105	115	0	0	0	6,480	2,945	3,535	15	0	15
Malagasy	1,625	755	865	0	0	0	6,255	3,085	3,170	50	30	25
Kashmiri	75	40	30	0	0	0	6,165	3,020	3,145	110	60	50
Singaporean	75	55	15	0	0	0	6,060	2,755	3,305	65	30	30
Karen	10	0	0	0	0	0	6,050	3,065	2,985	925	465	460
Edo	290	130	155	0	0	0	5,985	2,995	2,995	140	70	75
Tajik	100	45	55	0	0	0	5,980	2,965	3,015	50	30	20
Amhara	95	45	45	0	0	0	5,945	3,010	2,930	75	35	40
Paraguayan	90	35	60	0	0	0	5,925	2,855	3,075	120	70	50
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,723,230	851,610	871,620	585	300	285	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315	1,103,205	549,495	553,710
Buddhist	26,395	11,650	14,745	40	20	20	356,975	157,435	199,540	4,410	2,085	2,330
Christian	853,205	397,365	455,840	215	95	120	19,373,325	9,131,320	10,242,005	621,250	294,000	327,255
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	105,435	50,405	55,035	35	15	20	2,760,760	1,319,760	1,440,995	93,135	45,790	47,340
Anabaptist	195	80	120	0	0	0	144,145	70,095	74,050	11,620	5,605	6,025
Anglican	9,480	4,260	5,220	0	0	0	1,134,315	515,270	619,045	36,415	17,085	19,330
Baptist	11,620	5,335	6,290	10	0	0	436,940	200,325	236,615	12,150	5,715	6,435
Catholic	602,630	280,655	321,975	150	60	90	10,880,360	5,193,345	5,687,010	265,530	127,030	138,505
Christian Orthodox	55,730	26,490	29,235	10	10	0	623,010	301,055	321,955	13,320	6,610	6,710
Jehovah's Witness	6,790	2,720	4,070	0	0	0	137,255	59,505	77,750	4,530	1,960	2,570
Latter Day Saints	1,140	520	620	0	0	0	87,725	41,365	46,360	2,060	995	1,065
Lutheran	1,510	685	825	0	0	0	328,045	150,115	177,925	46,980	21,930	25,050
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	840	400	440	0	0	0	100,655	46,640	54,020	2,275	1,040	1,235
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,860	6,485	8,380	0	0	0	399,025	180,870	218,155	15,255	7,090	8,165
Presbyterian	2,615	1,230	1,380	0	0	0	301,400	136,440	164,960	4,155	1,920	2,235
Reformed	310	150	165	0	0	0	79,870	39,250	40,620	625	310	315
United Church	3,950	1,655	2,295	0	0	0	1,214,185	531,740	682,445	81,465	36,190	45,275
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	36,100	16,305	19,790	0	0	0	745,650	345,540	400,110	31,740	14,740	17,000
Hindu	30,430	16,600	13,835	25	20	0	828,195	430,135	398,060	14,150	7,865	6,285
Jewish	35,930	17,990	17,940	185	95	95	335,295	164,220	171,070	1,105	570	535
Muslim	218,395	113,570	104,820	35	25	10	1,775,715	904,205	871,510	25,455	13,285	12,165
Sikh	15,630	8,360	7,265	0	0	0	771,790	394,345	377,445	9,040	4,715	4,320
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	205	80	130	0	0	0	80,685	38,460	42,230	16,300	7,830	8,465
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,860	4,145	4,710	0	0	0	229,015	97,645	131,370	7,540	3,240	4,295
No religion and secular perspectives	534,180	281,845	252,340	80	45	35	12,577,475	6,619,395	5,958,080	403,960	215,895	188,060
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,706,230	842,970	863,255	580	300	285	35,986,480	17,761,880	18,224,600	1,090,215	542,725	547,490
Non-movers	1,471,775	723,745	748,030	515	255	260	31,600,930	15,595,875	16,005,050	952,690	475,060	477,630
Movers	234,450	119,225	115,230	65	40	25	4,385,555	2,166,005	2,219,550	137,525	67,660	69,860
Non-migrants	174,665	88,775	85,895	60	35	25	2,572,400	1,270,395	1,302,005	87,445	43,195	44,250
Migrants	59,790	30,455	29,335	10	10	0	1,813,155	895,610	917,550	50,080	24,470	25,605
Internal migrants	31,510	15,825	15,685	0	0	0	1,519,200	748,025	771,180	43,570	21,240	22,325
Intraprovincial migrants	22,730	11,190	11,535	0	0	0	1,250,235	612,810	637,425	31,135	14,955	16,180
Interprovincial migrants	8,780	4,635	4,145	0	0	0	268,965	135,215	133,750	12,435	6,290	6,145
External migrants	28,280	14,630	13,650	0	0	0	293,955	147,585	146,370	6,510	3,230	3,280
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,634,705	806,720	827,980	560	285	270	34,504,330	17,002,250	17,502,080	1,034,525	514,365	520,155
Non-movers	890,430	431,050	459,385	410	205	200	21,061,090	10,370,425	10,690,660	640,040	320,125	319,920
Movers	744,270	375,675	368,595	155	85	70	13,443,240	6,631,825	6,811,420	394,480	194,240	200,240
Non-migrants	416,555	207,830	208,725	100	60	40	5,773,890	2,840,425	2,933,460	180,065	88,355	91,715
Migrants	327,720	167,840	159,875	55	25	30	7,669,355	3,791,400	3,877,955	214,415	105,890	108,525
Internal migrants	145,860	72,315	73,545	35	15	20	5,976,960	2,932,205	3,044,755	172,905	84,895	88,015
Intraprovincial migrants	118,675	58,715	59,960	30	15	20	5,055,615	2,472,510	2,583,105	134,460	65,855	68,605
Interprovincial migrants	27,185	13,600	13,580	0	0	0	921,345	459,695	461,650	38,445	19,040	19,410
External migrants	181,860	95,525	86,335	20	0	15	1,692,390	859,195	833,200	41,505	20,995	20,510
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,453,295	713,745	739,550	495	250	245	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	253,885	125,810	128,075	50	20	30	5,474,175	2,907,175	2,567,000	177,330	101,135	76,195
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,199,415	587,940	611,470	440	230	210	24,861,745	11,954,065	12,907,675	705,430	335,375	370,050
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	981,205	492,180	489,025	320	190	135	19,568,265	9,620,340	9,947,925	566,615	281,370	285,245
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	115,240	62,335	52,905	20	15	0	2,271,360	1,309,215	962,140	70,485	43,935	26,555
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	865,970	429,855	436,115	305	175	130	17,296,905	8,311,120	8,985,780	496,130	237,440	258,690
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,453,295	713,745	739,550	495	250	245	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
No certificate, diploma or degree	228,310	111,220	117,090	50	20	30	4,899,580	2,534,175	2,365,395	159,815	89,275	70,540
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	281,440	143,785	137,655	130	65	60	8,097,295	4,022,790	4,074,505	284,345	146,000	138,345
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	943,545	458,740	484,805	315	165	150	17,339,045	8,304,275	9,034,770	438,600	201,240	237,360
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	420,630	208,325	212,310	140	70	70	9,252,800	4,623,985	4,628,815	257,350	123,755	133,590
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	135,320	75,570	59,755	40	20	20	2,641,555	1,811,500	830,055	84,485	61,685	22,800
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	98,575	50,165	48,415	35	20	10	1,458,160	827,980	630,185	32,710	18,090	14,620
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	36,750	25,405	11,335	10	0	10	1,183,395	983,525	199,870	51,775	43,590	8,180
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	226,630	107,020	119,610	80	40	40	5,714,490	2,439,925	3,274,560	143,610	50,720	92,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	58,675	25,735	32,945	20	0	15	896,755	372,560	524,195	29,260	11,355	17,905
Bachelor's degree or higher	522,915	250,415	272,500	175	100	80	8,086,245	3,680,285	4,405,955	181,255	77,485	103,770
Bachelor's degree	294,530	137,550	156,980	115	55	60	5,295,360	2,339,045	2,956,315	130,060	53,265	76,785
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	51,000	23,685	27,315	10	10	0	556,510	243,200	313,310	8,890	3,790	5,095
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	13,135	6,300	6,830	0	0	0	214,105	108,000	106,105	5,205	2,680	2,525
Master's degree	138,940	68,590	70,355	45	30	15	1,740,605	824,250	916,355	31,315	14,210	17,105
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	25,315	14,295	11,025	0	0	0	279,660	165,795	113,870	5,790	3,535	2,255
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	981,210	492,185	489,025	320	185	135	19,568,260	9,620,335	9,947,920	566,615	281,370	285,245
No certificate, diploma or degree	97,670	52,760	44,910	15	10	0	1,931,855	1,094,855	837,000	61,380	37,625	23,755
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	146,020	79,740	66,280	55	35	15	4,501,365	2,349,540	2,151,825	171,565	91,440	80,125
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	737,515	359,680	377,835	250	135	110	13,135,045	6,175,940	6,959,105	333,670	152,305	181,370
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	302,205	152,275	149,925	110	60	50	6,703,100	3,338,215	3,364,885	187,510	91,760	95,745
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	103,365	56,740	46,625	40	20	15	1,886,510	1,280,245	606,260	61,810	45,770	16,040
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	76,115	38,060	38,055	30	20	10	1,050,285	586,420	463,865	23,150	13,115	10,035
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	27,250	18,680	8,565	10	0	10	836,220	693,830	142,395	38,660	32,655	6,005
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	155,015	75,780	79,230	55	35	25	4,193,505	1,796,935	2,396,575	106,680	38,240	68,435
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	43,825	19,755	24,070	15	0	15	623,090	261,035	362,050	19,025	7,755	11,270
Bachelor's degree or higher	435,315	207,405	227,905	140	80	60	6,431,940	2,837,720	3,594,215	146,160	60,540	85,620
Bachelor's degree	239,785	112,440	127,345	100	55	45	4,177,455	1,808,555	2,368,900	103,950	41,590	62,355
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	42,855	19,650	23,205	10	10	0	430,875	179,230	251,645	6,745	2,720	4,025
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,470	4,595	5,875	0	0	0	167,730	75,120	92,615	4,300	1,995	2,305
Master's degree	121,575	59,570	62,010	30	15	20	1,446,435	659,295	787,145	26,715	11,665	15,045
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	20,630	11,160	9,475	0	0	0	209,445	115,530	93,915	4,455	2,570	1,885
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,453,300	713,750	739,550	495	250	240	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675	882,760	436,515	446,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	509,755	255,010	254,740	180	90	95	12,996,870	6,556,970	6,439,900	444,160	235,270	208,885
Education	47,580	11,515	36,060	20	0	20	1,113,015	258,365	854,655	41,855	10,430	31,430
13. Education	47,580	11,515	36,060	20	0	20	1,113,015	258,365	854,655	41,855	10,430	31,430
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	63,605	30,650	32,955	10	0	0	631,255	274,065	357,190	8,250	3,400	4,850
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,690	5,340	2,350	0	0	0	74,785	53,390	21,395	1,135	805	330
50. Visual and performing arts	55,915	25,310	30,600	10	0	0	556,470	220,680	335,790	7,115	2,595	4,520
Humanities	69,055	27,655	41,405	20	15	0	926,560	354,120	572,440	16,710	7,370	9,340
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	13,280	3,420	9,860	10	0	0	106,345	23,460	82,885	1,080	310	770
23. English language and literature/letters	7,005	2,310	4,695	0	0	0	184,600	53,020	131,580	3,555	1,180	2,380
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,785	10,755	14,030	0	0	0	316,050	119,215	196,830	3,575	1,315	2,260
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	750	270	485	0	0	0	18,935	6,835	12,095	315	100	215
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,470	2,710	1,765	0	0	0	57,745	33,040	24,700	1,355	740	610
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,895	1,240	655	0	0	0	77,510	46,140	31,365	4,520	2,525	1,995
54. History	5,890	3,170	2,720	0	0	0	108,935	58,310	50,620	2,015	1,150	870
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10,980	3,785	7,195	0	0	0	56,440	14,090	42,345	290	45	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	135,105	49,230	85,875	50	15	40	2,016,125	670,770	1,345,360	33,210	10,740	22,470
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,930	580	1,345	0	0	0	29,430	7,065	22,365	830	210	625
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,825	7,570	14,260	0	0	0	233,400	88,205	145,200	2,930	1,320	1,615
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	16,140	1,820	14,315	10	0	10	344,150	27,905	316,240	7,185	500	6,685
22. Legal professions and studies	24,300	9,690	14,610	0	0	0	325,785	115,335	210,445	5,120	1,925	3,190
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,725	1,115	2,610	0	0	0	49,855	16,000	33,850	590	225	370
42. Psychology	18,040	4,375	13,670	10	0	10	327,965	79,295	248,665	6,215	1,630	4,590
45. Social sciences	49,145	24,080	25,070	25	15	15	705,540	336,960	368,580	10,330	4,935	5,395
Business, management and public administration	212,570	93,910	118,660	95	50	40	3,758,250	1,488,175	2,270,075	92,220	29,255	62,965
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	110	85	0	0	0	5,335	1,705	3,630	165	45	120
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,270	2,590	7,675	0	0	0	272,240	55,995	216,245	9,905	2,070	7,835
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	202,105	91,205	110,895	90	45	40	3,480,675	1,430,475	2,050,200	82,150	27,140	55,010
Physical and life sciences and technologies	48,295	25,025	23,270	10	0	0	719,715	353,540	366,175	13,015	6,260	6,750
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	19,755	8,140	11,615	0	0	0	297,055	121,615	175,435	6,320	2,775	3,545
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,970	4,260	3,710	0	0	0	155,955	72,245	83,705	1,960	830	1,125
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	4,885	2,495	2,400	0	0	0	35,380	14,950	20,430	150	35	110
40. Physical sciences	14,030	9,170	4,855	0	0	0	196,620	130,745	65,875	3,390	2,190	1,205
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,650	965	690	0	0	0	34,710	13,985	20,730	1,195	435	760
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	58,555	41,475	17,080	15	10	0	804,230	531,435	272,795	14,360	9,055	5,305
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	47,925	35,890	12,030	15	10	0	643,145	454,370	188,775	11,735	8,025	3,710
25. Library science	3,205	810	2,400	0	0	0	43,085	7,100	35,985	950	120	825
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,060	3,785	2,280	0	0	0	99,360	57,560	41,800	1,435	765	675
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,365	995	375	0	0	0	18,640	12,400	6,240	235	145	90
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	153,375	127,040	26,335	45	45	0	3,506,120	3,131,220	374,900	94,645	87,115	7,530
04. Architecture and related services	11,945	6,400	5,550	0	0	0	135,020	81,930	53,090	1,710	1,050	660
14. Engineering	67,700	52,785	14,915	10	10	0	900,475	723,080	177,395	15,975	13,055	2,920
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,350	20,890	3,460	15	15	0	726,155	638,355	87,800	18,400	16,330	2,075
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	25	45	0	0	0	580	190	390	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	19,805	18,840	970	10	10	0	703,905	683,060	20,845	24,630	23,810	820
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	18,350	17,680	675	15	15	0	659,480	640,895	18,590	21,790	21,240	550
48. Precision production	11,150	10,425	725	0	0	0	380,505	363,710	16,795	12,130	11,630	500
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,155	5,040	5,115	0	0	0	407,545	234,360	173,175	18,995	12,340	6,650
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,670	3,340	3,330	0	0	0	262,580	140,520	122,070	15,775	10,225	5,550
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,490	1,700	1,785	0	0	0	144,960	93,845	51,115	3,220	2,120	1,100
Health and related fields	106,500	26,315	80,185	45	15	25	2,444,500	485,615	1,958,885	77,105	13,095	64,015
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	10	30	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,050	3,110	2,945	0	0	0	180,785	89,005	91,780	4,765	2,240	2,525
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	95,775	20,920	74,855	40	15	25	2,194,395	360,540	1,833,855	70,660	9,930	60,730
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	170	75	100	0	0	0	5,255	1,425	3,825	150	60	85
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,505	2,215	2,290	0	0	0	64,030	34,630	29,400	1,535	860	675
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,585	20,835	17,750	10	0	10	1,006,425	520,970	485,455	28,170	12,145	16,030
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,500	9,050	15,445	10	0	10	548,520	151,115	397,410	17,195	3,335	13,860
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0	0	0	3,965	3,520	445	35	30	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	160	160	0	0	0	0	6,900	6,210	690	100	95	10
43. Security and protective services	6,385	4,920	1,465	0	0	0	227,835	160,930	66,905	5,415	3,655	1,760
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,525	6,685	840	0	0	0	219,205	199,190	20,010	5,425	5,035	390
Other¹⁷⁹	165	45	120	0	0	0	5,305	1,640	3,665	70	40	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	981,205	492,180	489,025	325	185	135	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925	566,615	281,375	285,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	243,690	132,500	111,190	70	55	20	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825	232,940	129,065	103,875
Education	33,780	8,105	25,675	20	0	20	742,175	158,185	583,990	27,555	6,340	21,215
13. Education	33,780	8,105	25,675	20	0	20	742,175	158,185	583,990	27,555	6,340	21,215
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	50,935	25,035	25,900	0	0	0	490,455	210,500	279,955	6,520	2,715	3,800
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	6,360	4,440	1,920	0	0	0	54,645	38,170	16,475	775	565	210
50. Visual and performing arts	44,575	20,595	23,980	0	0	0	435,815	172,330	263,480	5,740	2,150	3,590
Humanities	46,970	18,990	27,980	20	15	0	649,695	241,235	408,465	12,145	5,295	6,850
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	10,150	2,655	7,500	0	0	0	79,235	16,400	62,835	825	250	575
23. English language and literature/letters	5,430	1,810	3,620	0	0	0	134,815	37,610	97,210	2,665	875	1,790
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	14,680	6,710	7,965	0	0	0	216,725	80,505	136,220	2,815	1,065	1,755
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	530	180	345	0	0	0	12,910	4,540	8,370	220	75	150
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,255	1,965	1,290	0	0	0	41,640	23,645	17,990	1,010	515	500
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,090	765	325	0	0	0	48,920	29,245	19,675	2,930	1,695	1,235
54. History	4,355	2,340	2,015	0	0	0	78,415	40,800	37,615	1,490	810	680
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	7,470	2,560	4,910	0	0	0	37,045	8,490	28,555	190	20	170
Social and behavioural sciences and law	106,455	38,085	68,370	35	10	25	1,588,720	502,835	1,085,885	26,915	8,320	18,600
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,550	480	1,065	0	0	0	23,895	5,520	18,370	725	170	550
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,665	6,420	12,245	0	0	0	196,475	72,125	124,350	2,545	1,165	1,375
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	12,815	1,340	11,475	10	0	10	270,970	20,095	250,875	5,850	405	5,450
22. Legal professions and studies	19,485	7,385	12,100	0	0	0	261,265	82,850	178,420	4,075	1,360	2,720
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,760	840	1,925	0	0	0	37,830	12,160	25,670	460	150	310
42. Psychology	13,520	3,205	10,310	10	0	10	249,205	55,840	193,365	4,770	1,125	3,640
45. Social sciences	37,670	18,415	19,255	10	10	0	549,090	254,250	294,840	8,490	3,940	4,550
Business, management and public administration	173,115	76,040	97,075	65	40	25	2,941,315	1,140,050	1,801,260	72,350	22,735	49,615
30.16 Accounting and computer science	165	90	65	0	0	0	3,995	1,335	2,665	145	40	105
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,055	2,070	5,980	0	0	0	213,140	40,230	172,910	7,740	1,425	6,315
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	164,900	73,875	91,030	65	40	25	2,724,175	1,098,490	1,625,685	64,470	21,270	43,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	32,990	16,980	16,010	10	0	0	513,555	241,780	271,785	10,095	4,775	5,315
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	16,185	6,735	9,450	0	0	0	227,460	90,390	137,075	4,900	2,080	2,825
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,955	2,115	1,840	0	0	0	108,350	48,075	60,280	1,530	640	890
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,310	725	585	0	0	0	14,270	5,690	8,580	125	30	95
40. Physical sciences	10,390	6,710	3,680	0	0	0	140,510	88,540	51,970	2,740	1,720	1,020
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,150	700	450	0	0	0	22,960	9,090	13,870	795	310	485
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	48,495	34,620	13,875	15	10	0	667,305	445,970	221,330	12,025	7,645	4,375
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	40,770	30,640	10,130	15	10	0	554,185	392,835	161,350	10,205	7,005	3,195
25. Library science	2,310	595	1,715	0	0	0	27,610	4,720	22,885	655	65	590
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,525	2,760	1,765	0	0	0	70,940	39,000	31,940	980	470	510
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	890	625	265	0	0	0	14,565	9,415	5,155	190	110	80
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	123,175	100,630	22,545	35	35	0	2,611,205	2,292,785	318,420	72,215	65,655	6,560
04. Architecture and related services	10,010	5,255	4,750	0	0	0	105,845	61,230	44,605	1,350	785	565
14. Engineering	57,935	44,795	13,135	0	0	0	724,235	568,385	155,850	13,255	10,650	2,600
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	18,540	15,920	2,620	15	15	0	536,600	464,510	72,090	14,385	12,545	1,845
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	25	45	0	0	0	510	160	350	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	15,040	14,235	805	10	10	0	510,105	493,000	17,100	18,380	17,710	670
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,695	13,120	575	15	15	0	467,225	452,385	14,840	15,630	15,160	470
48. Precision production	7,890	7,285	605	0	0	0	266,690	253,110	13,585	9,210	8,800	405
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,675	4,150	4,525	0	0	0	314,120	170,440	143,680	14,555	8,905	5,650
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,650	2,705	2,950	0	0	0	199,335	99,700	99,635	11,965	7,285	4,680
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,020	1,445	1,575	0	0	0	114,780	70,745	44,040	2,590	1,620	970
Health and related fields	82,510	20,560	61,950	30	10	20	1,839,975	371,180	1,468,795	57,430	10,205	47,225
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	0	30	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,900	2,500	2,395	0	0	0	139,280	67,885	71,385	3,605	1,645	1,955
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	73,950	16,430	57,525	30	10	20	1,648,120	279,090	1,369,030	52,460	7,860	44,605
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	145	50	95	0	0	0	4,430	945	3,485	100	30	65
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,510	1,570	1,940	0	0	0	48,115	23,255	24,860	1,265	670	600
Personal, protective and transportation services	30,275	16,455	13,825	10	0	10	772,450	399,835	372,615	21,820	9,680	12,135
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	19,020	6,985	12,035	10	0	10	414,520	112,935	301,590	12,955	2,655	10,305
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0	0	0	2,955	2,575	375	30	25	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	95	0	0	0	0	3,850	3,415	435	45	40	10
43. Security and protective services	5,050	3,915	1,135	0	0	0	183,025	128,295	54,725	4,425	2,915	1,505
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,095	5,435	655	0	0	0	168,105	152,620	15,485	4,360	4,050	310
Other¹⁷⁹	135	30	105	0	0	0	4,075	1,150	2,930	45	20	25
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	981,205	492,180	489,025	325	185	135	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925	566,615	281,375	285,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	243,690	132,500	111,190	70	55	20	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825	232,940	129,065	103,875
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	737,515	359,685	377,835	245	130	115	13,135,040	6,175,940	6,959,100	333,675	152,305	181,370
Location of study inside Canada	529,195	254,400	274,795	150	80	75	10,490,520	4,926,390	5,564,130	277,810	125,215	152,600
Same as province or territory of residence	503,230	241,010	262,225	150	80	75	9,251,025	4,324,195	4,926,830	221,390	98,410	122,980
Different than province or territory of residence	25,965	13,390	12,570	0	0	0	1,239,495	602,195	637,300	56,420	26,805	29,615
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	208,320	105,280	103,040	95	55	40	2,644,520	1,249,550	1,394,970	55,865	27,090	28,775
Americas	36,730	18,600	18,130	10	10	0	483,810	238,040	245,775	7,105	3,490	3,615
United States of America	10,760	6,075	4,690	10	10	0	279,005	143,575	135,435	5,385	2,725	2,660
Mexico	4,800	2,245	2,555	0	0	0	36,400	16,175	20,230	285	130	160
Cuba	1,340	685	660	0	0	0	8,345	4,275	4,070	55	30	20
Haiti	5,065	2,775	2,295	0	0	0	10,620	5,645	4,970	0	0	0
Jamaica	110	70	45	0	0	0	12,780	6,110	6,670	320	130	190
Brazil	3,765	1,800	1,960	0	0	0	40,050	18,445	21,605	320	155	165
Colombia	3,560	1,695	1,870	0	0	0	31,165	13,875	17,295	205	95	110
Peru	1,375	580	795	0	0	0	7,780	3,025	4,750	50	10	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,680	680	995	0	0	0	12,655	5,330	7,320	60	25	35
Other locations of study in Americas	4,265	1,995	2,270	0	0	0	45,000	21,575	23,425	430	195	235
Europe	68,060	36,130	31,930	20	15	0	543,725	281,205	262,520	7,140	3,870	3,270
Belgium	1,775	910	865	0	0	0	7,795	4,260	3,535	55	35	15
France	41,640	22,775	18,860	20	15	0	97,770	53,930	43,840	180	95	85
Germany	1,035	560	475	0	0	0	22,450	12,070	10,380	555	305	245
Netherlands	465	260	205	0	0	0	10,825	6,065	4,765	220	140	85
Switzerland	965	570	400	0	0	0	8,470	4,420	4,050	80	40	40
Hungary	195	105	95	0	0	0	5,160	2,465	2,700	80	35	40
Moldova¹⁸³	1,825	870	955	0	0	0	9,055	4,165	4,890	105	50	50
Poland	815	285	530	0	0	0	25,215	11,115	14,100	200	100	100
Romania	3,250	1,665	1,585	0	0	0	32,250	16,190	16,060	155	75	80
Russian Federation	2,410	1,105	1,305	0	0	0	36,095	16,250	19,845	285	130	160
Ukraine	2,045	895	1,150	0	0	0	36,405	16,635	19,775	1,700	820	885
Ireland⁹⁶	285	190	95	0	0	0	16,040	9,175	6,865	350	200	155
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,680	2,520	2,160	0	0	0	151,900	81,980	69,920	2,180	1,320	860
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	75	55	0	0	0	6,030	2,915	3,115	115	55	60
Italy	1,325	760	565	0	0	0	8,895	5,055	3,840	45	30	15
Serbia⁸⁶	115	40	75	0	0	0	8,745	4,470	4,280	125	80	45
Other locations of study in Europe	5,105	2,535	2,570	0	0	0	60,615	30,055	30,560	705	365	345
Africa	48,445	25,700	22,745	0	0	0	216,815	111,010	105,805	4,770	2,465	2,300
Nigeria	1,230	655	575	0	0	0	33,280	16,395	16,880	2,085	1,040	1,045
Algeria	19,210	9,980	9,230	0	0	0	33,230	17,020	16,210	10	10	0
Morocco	9,515	4,945	4,575	0	0	0	23,640	12,125	11,510	90	60	30
Tunisia	4,555	2,570	1,990	0	0	0	12,655	7,100	5,555	50	40	10
Egypt	3,025	1,615	1,410	0	0	0	30,255	15,145	15,115	385	195	190
South Africa, Republic of	250	110	145	0	0	0	19,060	9,900	9,160	1,035	545	495
Other locations of study in Africa	10,660	5,840	4,825	0	0	0	64,700	33,325	31,385	1,115	575	540
Asia	53,780	24,120	29,655	55	20	35	1,352,215	594,805	757,410	36,065	16,830	19,235
Iran⁸⁸	5,230	2,440	2,790	0	0	0	66,630	30,180	36,450	545	270	280
Iraq	330	180	150	0	0	0	16,515	8,250	8,265	170	95	70
Israel	520	285	235	0	0	0	11,355	5,725	5,630	90	40	50
Lebanon	4,185	2,105	2,075	0	0	0	19,565	9,355	10,210	40	30	20
Syria⁸⁹	3,120	1,480	1,640	0	0	0	16,405	7,885	8,520	140	85	60
Turkey	695	400	295	0	0	0	11,855	6,595	5,260	70	45	30
China⁹⁰	9,950	4,420	5,540	0	0	0	201,100	87,370	113,720	3,445	1,580	1,865
Taiwan	365	150	220	0	0	0	14,520	4,750	9,770	75	25	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	230	110	120	0	0	0	18,325	7,445	10,875	85	40	45
Japan	800	300	500	0	0	0	18,605	5,280	13,325	145	55	90
Korea, South⁹²	1,265	435	825	0	0	0	53,575	20,575	33,000	595	270	325
Philippines	8,890	2,860	6,030	35	15	25	305,795	115,370	190,420	15,730	6,870	8,860
Viet Nam	1,125	415	710	0	0	0	12,500	4,490	8,005	655	300	355
Bangladesh	2,020	1,065	955	0	0	0	25,000	11,360	13,645	1,510	765	745
Sri Lanka	645	240	410	0	0	0	15,085	7,090	7,995	145	70	75
India	9,500	4,925	4,575	0	0	0	405,850	199,380	206,475	9,290	4,660	4,630
Pakistan	1,165	575	590	0	0	0	75,155	35,055	40,100	2,595	1,310	1,285
Other locations of study in Asia	3,745	1,750	1,995	0	0	0	64,385	28,650	35,735	735	335	400
Oceania	1,305	730	575	0	0	0	47,960	24,495	23,460	780	430	355
Australia	1,095	610	490	0	0	0	38,525	19,270	19,250	645	365	280
New Zealand	165	100	70	0	0	0	7,785	4,300	3,485	125	60	60
Other locations of study in Oceania	50	25	20	0	0	0	1,655	930	730	15	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,453,295	713,745	739,550	495	250	245	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670	882,760	436,515	446,245
In the labour force	959,135	498,125	461,010	350	185	170	19,310,345	10,056,270	9,254,070	577,510	303,915	273,590
Employed	859,920	445,255	414,665	295	160	135	17,321,695	9,056,680	8,265,025	528,900	277,285	251,620
Unemployed	99,210	52,870	46,345	50	25	25	1,988,645	999,600	989,045	48,605	26,640	21,970
Not in the labour force	494,165	215,620	278,540	145	65	75	11,025,575	4,804,970	6,220,605	305,250	132,595	172,660
Participation rate	66.0	69.8	62.3	70.7	74.0	69.4	63.7	67.7	59.8	65.4	69.6	61.3
Employment rate	59.2	62.4	56.1	59.6	64.0	55.1	57.1	60.9	53.4	59.9	63.5	56.4
Unemployment rate	10.3	10.6	10.1	14.3	13.5	14.7	10.3	9.9	10.7	8.4	8.8	8.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,453,300	713,750	739,550	495	250	245	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675	882,760	436,515	446,245
Did not work¹⁸⁶	508,670	222,700	285,970	185	85	100	11,140,775	4,889,605	6,251,170	312,775	138,210	174,575
Worked	944,630	491,050	453,580	310	165	145	19,195,145	9,971,640	9,223,500	569,980	298,310	271,675
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	464,805	252,405	212,400	135	75	65	10,215,385	5,685,910	4,529,475	313,995	176,910	137,085
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	479,820	238,645	241,180	175	95	80	8,979,760	4,285,730	4,694,025	255,980	121,395	134,590
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7	40.1	39.2	37.8	36.8	38.8	41.0	41.7	40.3	41.7	42.2	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	959,130	498,125	461,010	345	185	165	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070	577,505	303,920	273,590
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,560	13,975	14,585	25	10	20	486,865	237,950	248,915	14,000	7,290	6,715
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	930,570	484,150	446,425	320	175	145	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160	563,505	296,630	266,870
Employee	811,850	411,090	400,750	285	140	145	16,103,455	8,139,075	7,964,375	469,850	237,200	232,650
Permanent position	661,995	340,865	321,135	230	130	105	13,431,685	6,866,375	6,565,310	383,850	196,385	187,470
Temporary position	149,850	70,230	79,620	50	10	40	2,671,765	1,272,700	1,399,065	86,000	40,815	45,180
Fixed term (1 year or more)	63,645	28,710	34,935	25	0	25	867,740	386,965	480,775	24,010	9,810	14,200
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	86,205	41,520	44,685	30	10	20	1,804,030	885,740	918,285	61,985	31,005	30,985
Self-employed¹⁹²	118,725	73,050	45,670	35	35	0	2,720,025	1,679,250	1,040,780	93,655	59,430	34,225
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	959,130	498,125	461,010	345	185	165	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070	577,505	303,920	273,590
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,560	13,975	14,585	25	10	20	486,865	237,950	248,915	14,000	7,290	6,715
All occupations¹⁹¹	930,570	484,150	446,425	320	175	145	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160	563,505	296,630	266,870
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	14,540	10,000	4,545	0	0	0	254,760	177,450	77,315	5,305	3,110	2,195
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	180,355	69,570	110,785	70	35	35	3,303,180	1,062,425	2,240,755	82,325	22,340	59,985
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	101,555	76,005	25,555	20	20	0	1,587,980	1,199,390	388,595	30,545	23,195	7,345
3 Health occupations	75,605	18,730	56,870	30	0	25	1,504,100	298,960	1,205,135	49,765	8,520	41,245
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	124,755	41,025	83,730	25	0	20	2,322,345	752,280	1,570,075	71,380	22,580	48,800
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	56,870	29,555	27,310	10	10	0	596,785	275,420	321,360	11,145	4,145	7,000
6 Sales and service occupations	234,485	120,480	114,005	115	55	60	4,616,050	2,072,110	2,543,945	133,655	57,805	75,855
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	98,535	89,140	9,395	30	30	0	3,239,500	2,950,915	288,585	105,470	96,690	8,780
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,025	3,855	1,170	0	0	0	541,235	416,960	124,270	54,755	42,350	12,405
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	38,850	25,795	13,060	25	15	15	857,540	612,415	245,120	19,165	15,900	3,265
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	959,130	498,125	461,010	345	185	165	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070	577,505	303,920	273,590
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,560	13,975	14,585	25	10	20	486,865	237,950	248,915	14,000	7,290	6,715
All industries¹⁹¹	930,570	484,150	446,425	320	175	145	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160	563,505	296,630	266,870
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,920	1,730	1,185	0	0	0	434,800	295,160	139,640	48,750	34,620	14,130
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,195	805	390	0	0	0	239,030	195,605	43,425	18,555	16,035	2,515
22 Utilities	5,150	3,245	1,905	0	0	0	147,750	109,475	38,270	5,855	4,320	1,530
23 Construction	33,445	28,300	5,150	0	0	0	1,469,085	1,269,060	200,025	44,130	38,640	5,490
31-33 Manufacturing	76,115	51,395	24,725	20	20	10	1,540,490	1,095,160	445,330	26,200	20,290	5,910
41 Wholesale trade	33,845	20,380	13,470	15	0	15	610,295	406,960	203,335	19,815	14,675	5,135
44-45 Retail trade	98,705	49,745	48,960	55	25	35	2,149,640	1,027,160	1,122,480	61,480	30,005	31,475
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	49,075	38,320	10,755	10	10	0	981,030	742,515	238,515	24,225	19,320	4,910
51 Information and cultural industries	40,020	24,295	15,730	0	0	0	400,460	237,940	162,520	8,130	4,180	3,950
52 Finance and insurance	47,065	23,830	23,235	20	10	10	815,225	358,145	457,080	19,600	6,845	12,750
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	16,780	9,730	7,045	10	10	0	343,940	186,230	157,710	7,195	3,950	3,240
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	113,755	65,950	47,800	45	40	0	1,571,160	877,780	693,380	26,670	13,725	12,945
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,720	850	875	0	0	0	45,455	21,495	23,955	785	350	440
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	45,325	27,460	17,860	20	20	0	792,600	457,880	334,725	17,545	10,140	7,405
61 Educational services	84,380	31,030	53,350	25	0	25	1,413,320	436,645	976,670	46,205	13,905	32,305
62 Health care and social assistance	128,175	32,195	95,980	30	0	25	2,446,370	470,340	1,976,030	80,465	14,190	66,270
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	20,970	10,860	10,105	10	10	0	350,710	180,205	170,500	10,150	5,090	5,060
72 Accommodation and food services	53,745	29,185	24,555	30	15	15	1,085,270	478,000	607,270	32,705	14,110	18,595
81 Other services (except public administration)	39,595	16,105	23,490	25	0	15	797,935	373,775	424,165	25,825	12,800	13,025
91 Public administration	38,595	18,740	19,850	0	0	0	1,188,915	598,780	590,135	39,210	19,420	19,795
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,016,810	527,690	489,125	335	175	155	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490	615,785	321,390	294,395
English	161,015	89,010	72,005	115	50	65	14,942,170	7,807,315	7,134,855	597,140	312,770	284,370
French	399,340	197,680	201,660	50	35	15	3,164,890	1,592,470	1,572,420	1,205	335	865
Non-official language	7,340	3,600	3,735	0	0	0	169,205	89,515	79,685	2,200	1,100	1,100
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0	0	0	6,935	3,590	3,345	250	130	125
Non-Indigenous	7,330	3,600	3,725	0	0	0	162,265	85,925	76,345	1,950	975	975
English and French	405,305	214,915	190,385	115	65	50	1,682,510	859,635	822,870	3,715	1,425	2,290
English and non-official language(s)	10,790	6,090	4,695	20	10	15	570,220	291,000	279,220	11,275	5,640	5,640
French and non-official language(s)	7,145	3,405	3,745	10	0	0	20,935	9,955	10,980	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25,465	12,730	12,735	15	10	0	69,340	34,190	35,145	180	80	100
Multiple non-official languages	420	260	160	0	0	0	11,265	5,960	5,305	70	45	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,016,810	527,690	489,125	335	175	155	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490	615,785	321,390	294,395
Single responses	908,980	471,095	437,880	250	135	115	20,176,640	10,458,830	9,717,810	613,080	320,105	292,980
Official languages	895,835	464,520	431,315	245	135	110	19,866,180	10,297,010	9,569,175	608,585	317,760	290,825
English	286,010	155,790	130,215	160	80	85	15,879,850	8,272,750	7,607,105	606,550	317,230	289,325
French	609,825	308,725	301,095	80	55	30	3,986,330	2,024,260	1,962,070	2,035	530	1,500
Non-official languages	13,145	6,580	6,565	10	0	10	310,455	161,825	148,635	4,495	2,340	2,155
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	20	0	0	0	19,435	9,725	9,710	1,140	595	550
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	11,600	6,020	5,575	735	405	330
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0	0	0	60	35	25	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	9,115	4,715	4,400	720	400	325
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,015	585	430	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	5,985	3,170	2,815	720	400	325
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	110	65	40	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	765	385	385	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	80	45	40	20	10	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	190	110	85	105	60	45
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0	0	0	140	80	65	75	50	30
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	4,695	2,500	2,205	520	275	245
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,955	875	1,075	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0	0	0	155	80	80	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	835	435	400	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0	0	0	825	430	395	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,585	830	755	15	10	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	20	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0	0	0	875	490	385	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	695	340	355	15	10	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	20	20	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	25	10	15	10	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	610	295	320	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	895	410	480	370	175	200
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	890	410	475	370	175	200
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	10	15	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	535	255	280	370	175	200
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	155	70	90	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	15	15	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	0	15	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	45	55	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0	0	0	130	75	55	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	10	25	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0	0	0	6,630	3,200	3,425	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	20	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0	0	0	6,605	3,200	3,405	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	0	25	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	0	25	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	10	10	25	10	10
Salish languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	125	50	80	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	15	20	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	0	25	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	10	15	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	10	20	10	10	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	10	10	10
Stoney	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	10	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	15	30	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	10	10	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	10	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	0	35	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,120	6,580	6,545	10	0	10	291,025	152,095	138,925	3,360	1,750	1,610
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,295	720	575	0	0	0	9,265	5,300	3,955	40	15	25
Berber languages	20	15	0	0	0	0	45	35	10	0	0	0
Kabyle	20	15	0	0	0	0	30	20	10	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	415	185	235	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	20	15	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0	0	0	0	365	155	210	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,275	710	570	0	0	0	8,785	5,080	3,705	40	15	25
Amharic	0	0	0	0	0	0	215	95	120	0	0	0
Arabic	1,190	670	520	0	0	0	7,190	4,250	2,940	30	15	20
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	460	325	130	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0	330	240	90	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0	0	0	90	70	25	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	20	20	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	30	40	0	0	0	585	240	340	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0	0	0	325	165	160	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	10	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,220	535	685	0	0	0	9,770	4,135	5,635	360	175	185
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	70	100	0	0	0	495	215	285	0	0	0
Vietnamese	1,045	460	585	0	0	0	9,260	3,905	5,350	360	175	185
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	15	0	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	120	60	55	0	0	0	4,760	2,180	2,580	220	90	130
Bikol	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	15	25	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0	0	0	95	45	50	20	10	10
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	10	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0	0	0	165	90	70	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0	0	0	170	90	80	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	90	50	45	0	0	0	4,205	1,895	2,310	195	75	120
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0	0	0	50	30	20	0	0	0
Creole languages	210	95	110	0	0	0	390	185	210	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	210	95	110	0	0	0	375	170	205	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	80	25	55	0	0	0	3,010	1,410	1,605	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	10	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	10	0	0	0	250	140	110	0	0	0
Tamil	75	25	45	0	0	0	2,685	1,255	1,425	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0	0	0	0	70	15	55	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0	0	0	0	80	45	35	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,260	3,210	3,055	0	0	0	112,395	64,055	48,335	1,000	550	450
Albanian	10	0	0	0	0	0	315	170	140	0	0	0
Armenian	80	60	25	0	0	0	530	295	235	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	550	180	370	0	0	0	10,085	4,390	5,695	95	60	35
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	95	15	75	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0	0	0	0	50	10	35	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	10	40	0	0	0
Slavic languages	550	180	370	0	0	0	9,995	4,375	5,620	95	60	35
Bulgarian	15	0	15	0	0	0	145	55	90	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0	0	0	0	105	50	55	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0	0	0	75	60	15	0	0	0
Polish	90	30	65	0	0	0	2,265	1,000	1,265	0	0	0
Russian	385	130	250	0	0	0	5,240	2,085	3,155	45	30	15
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0	0	0	0	835	485	355	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	80	40	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0	0	0	0	155	95	65	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0	0	0	0	555	310	245	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0	0	0	0	40	10	25	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0	0	0	0
Ukrainian	35	10	25	0	0	0	1,265	620	650	55	30	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	0	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	60	30	30	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0	0	0	55	25	30	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Germanic languages	825	405	425	0	0	0	14,250	8,060	6,190	225	145	85
Frisian	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	10	0	0	0
High German languages	790	385	405	0	0	0	10,480	5,695	4,790	105	70	35
German	95	65	35	0	0	0	6,615	3,655	2,970	95	65	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,560	1,405	1,150	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0	0	0	255	115	135	10	0	0
Yiddish	695	325	375	0	0	0	1,050	520	530	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0	0	0	3,540	2,245	1,290	120	70	45
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	20	40	0	0	0
Dutch	10	0	10	0	0	0	965	515	440	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	560	420	140	80	55	30
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0	0	0	1,940	1,275	670	30	15	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15	0	0	0	190	100	85	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	0	15	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	20	0	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0	0	0	55	30	25	0	0	0
Swedish	15	0	0	0	0	0	90	45	45	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	15	10	0	0	0
Greek	175	55	120	0	0	0	875	445	430	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	1,695	935	755	0	0	0	55,455	32,965	22,490	455	250	205
Indo-Aryan languages	1,405	760	650	0	0	0	48,020	28,910	19,100	400	220	175
Bengali	85	25	55	0	0	0	645	290	355	25	15	15
Gujarati	20	0	20	0	0	0	1,115	515	600	40	0	35
Hindi	120	55	60	0	0	0	2,235	1,145	1,090	35	30	0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	15	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0	0	0	0	275	125	145	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,080	615	465	0	0	0	40,840	25,480	15,365	240	145	90
Sindhi	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	0	20	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0	0	0	105	80	25	0	0	0
Urdu	100	55	45	0	0	0	2,725	1,265	1,465	55	25	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	10	15	0	0	0
Iranian languages	285	175	110	0	0	0	7,430	4,045	3,385	60	30	30
Kurdish	0	0	0	0	0	0	175	145	35	0	0	0
Pashto	25	20	0	0	0	0	130	70	60	0	0	0
Persian languages	255	150	105	0	0	0	7,110	3,825	3,285	60	30	30
Dari	20	10	10	0	0	0	800	445	360	10	10	0
Iranian Persian	225	130	95	0	0	0	5,715	2,980	2,735	50	25	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0	0	0	0	595	400	195	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,925	1,575	1,355	0	0	0	30,795	17,685	13,105	195	80	115
Catalan	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	0	0	0	0
Italian	310	160	150	0	0	0	1,625	730	900	0	0	0
Portuguese	245	90	155	0	0	0	6,970	4,070	2,895	15	0	15
Romanian	80	50	30	0	0	0	680	375	310	0	0	0
Spanish	2,290	1,265	1,025	0	0	0	21,455	12,465	8,990	175	80	95
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	35	10	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	15	20	0	0	0
Japanese	125	25	105	0	0	0	3,560	1,225	2,340	0	0	0
Korean	240	100	145	0	0	0	14,345	7,125	7,225	75	50	30
Mongolian	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	15	10	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	15	0	0	0	410	210	200	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	10	20	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	15	10	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	15	10	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	10	10	0	0	0
Lingala	15	0	0	0	0	0	20	15	0	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0	0	0	25	15	10	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	0	0	0	0	150	95	55	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0	0	0	65	20	45	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	10	20	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	15	0	0	0
Sign languages	85	30	55	0	0	0	2,010	795	1,210	50	20	25
American Sign Language	15	10	10	0	0	0	1,590	620	970	45	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	60	20	40	0	0	0	285	110	180	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	135	65	65	10	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,325	1,700	1,635	0	0	0	128,375	64,180	64,190	1,565	820	740
Chinese languages	3,325	1,700	1,635	0	0	0	128,045	63,990	64,055	1,505	795	710
Hakka	0	0	0	0	0	0	45	25	25	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,100	1,110	995	0	0	0	76,040	37,760	38,280	1,125	580	545
Min Dong	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	20	20	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	40	0	0	0	485	210	270	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	10	15	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,140	550	590	0	0	0	50,950	25,725	25,225	345	190	150
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0	0	0	460	240	220	30	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	295	175	125	55	25	30
Burmese	0	0	0	0	0	0	60	40	20	10	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0	0	0	135	85	50	50	25	20
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0	0	0	120	80	45	50	25	20
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	10	10	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0	0	0	90	45	45	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	10	15	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0	0	0	765	310	450	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0	0	0	0	80	30	50	0	0	0
Thai	15	0	10	0	0	0	670	275	395	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	10	0	0	0
Turkic languages	85	45	30	0	0	0	1,345	695	650	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0	0	0	35	15	25	0	0	0
Turkish	80	50	30	0	0	0	1,270	660	615	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	20	15	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	0	0	0	0
Uralic languages	15	0	15	0	0	0	485	215	270	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0	0	0	0	70	15	50	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0	0	0	0	90	25	65	0	0	0
Hungarian	15	0	10	0	0	0	330	170	160	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	15	10	0	0	0
Multiple responses	107,830	56,590	51,240	80	50	30	453,880	231,205	222,675	2,710	1,290	1,420
English and French	99,075	52,050	47,030	60	30	30	321,975	163,305	158,675	390	150	250
English and non-official language(s)	3,105	1,760	1,350	0	0	0	115,955	60,210	55,745	2,290	1,140	1,155
French and non-official language(s)	2,345	1,085	1,255	0	0	0	6,280	2,795	3,485	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,255	1,680	1,575	0	0	0	7,405	3,795	3,605	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	45	10	35	0	0	0	2,265	1,100	1,165	20	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,016,810	527,690	489,125	335	175	155	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490	615,785	321,390	294,395
None	667,690	342,985	324,705	250	135	115	18,696,980	9,704,050	8,992,935	603,050	315,370	287,680
English	201,200	106,725	94,480	30	15	15	902,625	474,755	427,875	2,935	1,355	1,580
French	115,950	61,585	54,365	35	20	10	589,755	288,955	300,800	2,530	1,090	1,440
Non-official language	14,925	7,790	7,135	10	0	10	331,375	168,035	163,335	6,265	3,050	3,215
Indigenous³⁹	65	20	45	0	0	0	18,190	7,740	10,450	2,130	895	1,235
Non-Indigenous	14,860	7,770	7,095	10	0	10	313,185	160,295	152,885	4,140	2,155	1,980
English and French	1,155	540	610	0	0	0	2,940	1,445	1,495	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	8,605	4,110	4,490	0	0	0	33,125	15,680	17,445	120	45	80
French and non-official language(s)	5,480	2,970	2,510	0	0	0	22,615	11,475	11,135	130	65	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	165	85	80	0	0	0	360	210	150	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,645	895	745	0	0	0	50,740	25,425	25,315	750	420	335
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	859,920	445,255	414,665	295	160	135	17,321,700	9,056,680	8,265,020	528,900	277,280	251,620
Worked at home	260,415	132,065	128,355	75	55	25	4,214,860	2,000,150	2,214,705	97,525	49,585	47,940
Worked outside Canada	2,775	1,725	1,045	0	0	0	58,335	40,295	18,035	755	515	235
No fixed workplace address	81,290	57,160	24,130	40	25	10	2,201,745	1,660,325	541,415	71,095	54,970	16,125
Usual place of work	515,440	254,310	261,130	185	75	105	10,846,770	5,355,910	5,490,860	359,530	172,210	187,320
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	515,440	254,310	261,135	185	75	110	10,846,770	5,355,905	5,490,860	359,530	172,215	187,315
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	413,515	195,935	217,580	165	70	95	6,397,120	2,970,205	3,426,915	245,520	112,700	132,815
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	46,495	24,705	21,790	20	0	15	2,343,640	1,185,830	1,157,810	78,380	39,945	38,430
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	53,810	32,610	21,200	0	0	0	2,007,950	1,139,665	868,285	26,900	14,655	12,250
Commute to a different province or territory	1,620	1,060	565	0	0	0	98,060	60,210	37,850	8,735	4,920	3,815
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	596,730	311,465	285,265	225	105	115	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275	430,625	227,180	203,440
Car, truck or van	338,295	197,990	140,305	120	50	75	10,950,750	6,060,925	4,889,825	389,035	208,585	180,445
Car, truck or van - as a driver	313,045	188,685	124,360	95	45	50	10,106,595	5,717,830	4,388,770	364,190	199,915	164,270
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,245	9,300	15,940	25	0	20	844,155	343,100	501,050	24,850	8,670	16,180
Public transit	169,380	71,050	98,330	75	45	30	1,000,510	422,270	578,235	7,935	3,030	4,905
Walked	57,390	24,650	32,735	20	10	20	672,815	296,610	376,205	22,105	9,315	12,795
Bicycle	20,425	11,990	8,430	0	0	0	138,615	92,195	46,415	3,045	1,980	1,070
Other method	11,255	5,785	5,470	0	0	0	285,820	144,225	141,595	8,505	4,280	4,225
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	596,730	311,465	285,265	225	105	115	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275	430,625	227,180	203,440
Less than 15 minutes	106,580	52,520	54,070	50	10	40	4,178,570	1,993,385	2,185,185	202,860	98,070	104,795
15 to 29 minutes	211,950	113,835	98,115	70	35	35	4,546,195	2,418,910	2,127,285	152,070	82,490	69,585
30 to 44 minutes	161,385	87,950	73,435	70	45	25	2,487,010	1,462,340	1,024,670	42,705	25,055	17,655
45 to 59 minutes	62,880	30,620	32,255	30	15	15	910,610	542,485	368,125	14,775	8,890	5,875
60 minutes and over	53,935	26,540	27,400	0	0	0	926,120	599,115	327,005	18,210	12,675	5,535
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	596,730	311,465	285,265	225	105	115	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275	430,625	227,180	203,440
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	35,870	26,330	9,540	0	0	0	938,820	701,960	236,865	25,595	18,700	6,890
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	86,515	50,895	35,625	25	15	10	2,274,845	1,465,860	808,985	74,470	47,500	26,975
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	147,765	69,890	77,880	45	15	25	3,435,740	1,776,900	1,658,845	132,035	70,585	61,450
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	130,185	59,500	70,680	60	25	35	2,711,355	1,189,065	1,522,290	94,680	40,390	54,285
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	93,190	44,255	48,935	30	10	20	1,661,340	740,915	920,430	46,065	19,245	26,815
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	103,205	60,595	42,610	55	35	20	2,026,405	1,141,540	884,865	57,780	30,760	27,015
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	321,810	164,440	157,375	140	70	70	7,335,800	3,768,210	3,567,595	266,595	136,825	129,775
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	80,715	41,690	39,030	55	30	35	897,205	456,120	441,085	15,535	7,860	7,680
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	241,095	122,750	118,345	85	40	40	6,438,595	3,312,090	3,126,505	251,060	128,965	122,095
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	226,825	115,930	110,890	105	50	55	5,372,330	2,761,965	2,610,365	192,900	99,195	93,705
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	60,615	31,295	29,320	45	20	25	682,190	346,420	335,770	11,720	5,965	5,760
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	48,760	25,220	23,545	40	15	20	467,685	234,475	233,215	7,000	3,445	3,555
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	11,855	6,080	5,775	0	5	0	214,500	111,950	102,550	4,720	2,515	2,205
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	166,210	84,635	81,575	60	30	35	4,690,140	2,415,545	2,274,595	181,180	93,235	87,950

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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