Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Whitchurch-Stouffville, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	49,864	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	45,837	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.8	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	17,154	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	16,707	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	241.6	...	...	241.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	206.42	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	49,865	24,375	25,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	9,655	4,915	4,735	19.4	20.2	18.6
0 to 4 years	2,785	1,435	1,345	5.6	5.9	5.3
5 to 9 years	3,460	1,760	1,695	6.9	7.2	6.6
10 to 14 years	3,405	1,715	1,695	6.8	7.0	6.6
15 to 64 years	31,270	15,375	15,895	62.7	63.1	62.4
15 to 19 years	2,995	1,515	1,480	6.0	6.2	5.8
20 to 24 years	2,425	1,255	1,175	4.9	5.1	4.6
25 to 29 years	2,165	1,140	1,020	4.3	4.7	4.0
30 to 34 years	2,875	1,340	1,530	5.8	5.5	6.0
35 to 39 years	3,680	1,735	1,945	7.4	7.1	7.6
40 to 44 years	3,850	1,810	2,035	7.7	7.4	8.0
45 to 49 years	3,630	1,850	1,785	7.3	7.6	7.0
50 to 54 years	3,410	1,655	1,750	6.8	6.8	6.9
55 to 59 years	3,230	1,610	1,625	6.5	6.6	6.4
60 to 64 years	3,010	1,470	1,545	6.0	6.0	6.1
65 years and over	8,940	4,085	4,855	17.9	16.8	19.0
65 to 69 years	2,650	1,215	1,435	5.3	5.0	5.6
70 to 74 years	2,355	1,090	1,265	4.7	4.5	5.0
75 to 79 years	1,665	785	875	3.3	3.2	3.4
80 to 84 years	1,155	535	625	2.3	2.2	2.5
85 years and over	1,110	455	660	2.2	1.9	2.6
85 to 89 years	685	305	385	1.4	1.3	1.5
90 to 94 years	340	120	215	0.7	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	75	25	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.4	20.2	18.6	19.4	20.2	18.6
15 to 64 years	62.7	63.1	62.4	62.7	63.1	62.4
65 years and over	17.9	16.8	19.0	17.9	16.8	19.0
85 years and over	2.2	1.9	2.6	2.2	1.9	2.6
Average age of the population	40.8	40.0	41.6	40.8	40.0	41.6
Median age of the population	41.6	40.8	42.0	41.6	40.8	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	16,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,420	...	...	74.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	825	...	...	4.9	...	...
Row house	1,805	...	...	10.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	445	...	...	2.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	940	...	...	5.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	250	...	...	1.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	16,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	2,650	...	...	15.9	...	...
2 persons	5,020	...	...	30.1	...	...
3 persons	2,965	...	...	17.7	...	...
4 persons	3,740	...	...	22.4	...	...
5 or more persons	2,340	...	...	14.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	49,425	24,235	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	40,210	19,460	20,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	26,360	13,145	13,210	65.6	67.5	63.7
Married	23,940	11,955	11,985	59.5	61.4	57.8
Living common-law	2,415	1,195	1,220	6.0	6.1	5.9
Living common law - Never married	1,525	760	765	3.8	3.9	3.7
Living common law - Separated	130	70	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	670	335	340	1.7	1.7	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	90	35	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	13,855	6,310	7,540	34.5	32.4	36.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	9,295	4,950	4,350	23.1	25.4	21.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	820	325	490	2.0	1.7	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	1,735	645	1,095	4.3	3.3	5.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	2,005	400	1,610	5.0	2.1	7.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	14,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	5,995	...	...	41.1	...	...
3 persons	3,240	...	...	22.2	...	...
4 persons	3,955	...	...	27.1	...	...
5 or more persons	1,395	...	...	9.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	14,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	12,910	...	...	88.5	...	...
Married couples	11,700	...	...	80.2	...	...
With children⁶	7,425	...	...	50.9	...	...
Without children	4,275	...	...	29.3	...	...
Common-law couples	1,210	...	...	8.3	...	...
With children⁶	470	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	735	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	1,680	...	...	11.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	1,295	...	...	8.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	380	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	49,425	24,235	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	44,820	22,330	22,495	90.7	92.1	89.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	25,810	12,885	12,930	52.2	53.2	51.3
Parents in one-parent families	1,680	385	1,300	3.4	1.6	5.2
Children⁶	17,325	9,065	8,260	35.1	37.4	32.8
In a two-parent family	14,715	7,655	7,060	29.8	31.6	28.0
In a one-parent family	2,615	1,405	1,205	5.3	5.8	4.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	4,605	1,910	2,695	9.3	7.9	10.7
Living alone	2,650	1,110	1,540	5.4	4.6	6.1
Living with other relatives⁷	1,215	410	805	2.5	1.7	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	745	395	345	1.5	1.6	1.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	11,920	...	...	71.3	...	...
Couple-family households	10,730	...	...	64.2	...	...
With children⁶	6,630	...	...	39.7	...	...
Without children	4,100	...	...	24.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	1,195	...	...	7.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,170	...	...	7.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	170	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	510	...	...	3.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	285	...	...	1.7	...	...
One-person households	2,650	...	...	15.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	39,775	19,325	20,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	38,290	18,585	19,705	96.3	96.2	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	54,400	41,200	46,800	54,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	38,305	18,590	19,715	96.3	96.2	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	37,200	41,600	47,200	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,195	17,355	17,840	88.5	89.8	87.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	52,000	33,600	42,000	52,000	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,490	14,540	13,950	71.6	75.2	68.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,600	38,000	44,800	53,600	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,170	16,305	17,865	85.9	84.4	87.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	5,880	9,600	8,000	5,880	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,320	1,350	1,970	8.3	7.0	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,840	5,760	5,920	5,840	5,760	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,310	5,485	5,825	28.4	28.4	28.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	39,775	19,320	20,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	38,315	18,570	19,750	96.3	96.1	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,200	75,000	54,100	64,200	75,000	54,100
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	38,330	18,570	19,760	96.4	96.1	96.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,550	58,850	44,720	51,550	58,850	44,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	35,075	17,330	17,745	88.2	89.7	86.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,350	72,100	48,840	60,350	72,100	48,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,490	14,565	13,925	71.6	75.4	68.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,100	70,500	51,300	61,100	70,500	51,300
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,290	16,330	17,960	86.2	84.5	87.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,080	8,780	11,260	10,080	8,780	11,260
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,390	1,415	1,975	8.5	7.3	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,010	6,035	7,700	7,010	6,035	7,700
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,460	5,510	5,945	28.8	28.5	29.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,540	9,480	9,580	9,540	9,480	9,580
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	39,775	19,320	20,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	14,685	8,120	6,565	36.9	42.0	32.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,000	83,000	69,000	77,000	83,000	69,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,600	102,000	81,000	92,600	102,000	81,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	10,280	4,780	5,500	25.8	24.7	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	18,200	15,300	16,400	18,200	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,800	35,320	26,840	30,800	35,320	26,840
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.0	89.8	81.0	86.0	89.8	81.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.8	73.8	66.8	70.8	73.8	66.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.0	10.3	18.9	14.0	10.3	18.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4	1.0	0.6	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.0	6.2	5.0	4.0	6.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.8	5.3	4.4	3.8	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	39,775	19,325	20,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	1,485	745	745	3.7	3.9	3.6
With total income	38,290	18,580	19,705	96.3	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,330	1,405	1,930	8.7	7.6	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	4,230	1,835	2,390	11.0	9.9	12.1
$20,000 to $29,999	5,250	2,265	2,985	13.7	12.2	15.1
$30,000 to $39,999	3,970	1,665	2,305	10.4	9.0	11.7
$40,000 to $49,999	3,440	1,475	1,965	9.0	7.9	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	3,015	1,360	1,660	7.9	7.3	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	2,670	1,275	1,395	7.0	6.9	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	2,265	1,160	1,105	5.9	6.2	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	1,970	1,095	880	5.1	5.9	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,765	985	785	4.6	5.3	4.0
$100,000 and over	6,370	4,070	2,300	16.6	21.9	11.7
$100,000 to $149,999	4,055	2,430	1,625	10.6	13.1	8.2
$150,000 and over	2,315	1,635	680	6.0	8.8	3.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	39,775	19,325	20,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	1,470	740	735	3.7	3.8	3.6
With after-tax income	38,305	18,590	19,715	96.3	96.2	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,540	1,475	2,070	9.2	7.9	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	4,415	1,930	2,485	11.5	10.4	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	5,915	2,570	3,340	15.4	13.8	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	4,610	1,920	2,685	12.0	10.3	13.6
$40,000 to $49,999	4,130	1,855	2,270	10.8	10.0	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	3,540	1,685	1,855	9.2	9.1	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	2,945	1,515	1,425	7.7	8.1	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	2,430	1,385	1,050	6.3	7.5	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,135	1,155	980	5.6	6.2	5.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,250	765	485	3.3	4.1	2.5
$100,000 and over	3,400	2,335	1,070	8.9	12.6	5.4
$100,000 to $124,999	1,610	1,055	555	4.2	5.7	2.8
$125,000 and over	1,790	1,280	510	4.7	6.9	2.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	39,775	19,325	20,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	11,285	4,785	6,500	28.4	24.8	31.8
With employment income	28,490	14,540	13,950	71.6	75.2	68.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	3,910	1,785	2,125	13.7	12.3	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	2,495	1,090	1,405	8.8	7.5	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	2,935	1,385	1,545	10.3	9.5	11.1
$20,000 to $29,999	1,990	900	1,085	7.0	6.2	7.8
$30,000 to $39,999	1,905	840	1,065	6.7	5.8	7.6
$40,000 to $49,999	1,980	900	1,085	6.9	6.2	7.8
$50,000 to $59,999	1,955	910	1,045	6.9	6.3	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	1,830	920	915	6.4	6.3	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	1,580	870	715	5.5	6.0	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	1,475	825	645	5.2	5.7	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	1,510	815	695	5.3	5.6	5.0
$100,000 and over	4,925	3,300	1,625	17.3	22.7	11.6
$100,000 to $124,999	2,180	1,335	845	7.7	9.2	6.1
$125,000 and over	2,745	1,970	780	9.6	13.5	5.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	39,775	19,325	20,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	37,500	18,185	19,315	94.3	94.1	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	54,800	39,600	46,000	54,800	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	37,515	18,190	19,325	94.3	94.1	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,200	35,600	40,800	47,200	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	34,855	17,200	17,655	87.6	89.0	86.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	53,600	36,000	43,600	53,600	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	28,725	14,665	14,065	72.2	75.9	68.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,600	54,400	39,200	45,600	54,400	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	32,090	15,335	16,755	80.7	79.4	81.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,820	810	4,320	1,820	810	4,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	2,390	870	1,510	6.0	4.5	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,650	5,640	7,350	6,650	5,640	7,350
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	39,775	19,320	20,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	37,445	18,155	19,290	94.1	94.0	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,700	76,800	55,250	65,700	76,800	55,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	37,450	18,160	19,290	94.2	94.0	94.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	59,300	44,960	51,900	59,300	44,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	34,805	17,225	17,580	87.5	89.2	85.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,700	76,400	53,250	64,700	76,400	53,250
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,860	14,855	14,005	72.6	76.9	68.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,700	70,300	52,650	61,700	70,300	52,650
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	32,110	15,345	16,765	80.7	79.4	82.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,140	7,730	6,490	5,140	7,730
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,450	900	1,550	6.2	4.7	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,260	6,960	9,010	8,260	6,960	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	39,775	19,320	20,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	14,625	8,100	6,525	36.8	41.9	31.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	80,000	64,500	73,000	80,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	88,700	97,200	78,200	88,700	97,200	78,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	9,870	4,610	5,260	24.8	23.9	25.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	27,200	22,600	24,200	27,200	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,920	43,280	33,240	37,920	43,280	33,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.6	94.4	87.8	91.6	94.4	87.8
Employment income (%)	72.4	74.8	69.2	72.4	74.8	69.2
Government transfers (%)	8.5	5.7	12.2	8.5	5.7	12.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.3	0.8	0.5	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	16,705	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	2,650	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...	53,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	14,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	16,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	147,400	...	...	147,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...	118,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	2,660	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,300	...	...	67,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,700	...	...	54,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	14,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	162,400	...	...	162,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	16,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	120	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	55	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	80	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	120	...	...	0.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	260	...	...	1.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	295	...	...	1.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	300	...	...	1.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	320	...	...	1.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	360	...	...	2.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	380	...	...	2.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	750	...	...	4.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	790	...	...	4.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	850	...	...	5.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	875	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	860	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,300	...	...	61.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	2,200	...	...	13.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,900	...	...	11.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,780	...	...	16.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,420	...	...	20.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	16,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	165	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	60	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	80	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	130	...	...	0.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	280	...	...	1.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	325	...	...	1.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	325	...	...	1.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	400	...	...	2.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	445	...	...	2.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	440	...	...	2.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	920	...	...	5.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,000	...	...	6.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,065	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,140	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,090	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	8,835	...	...	52.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	2,550	...	...	15.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,090	...	...	12.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,195	...	...	25.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	13,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	4,180	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	7,915	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	3,395	1,505	1,890	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,000	53,200	48,000	50,000	53,200	48,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,600	46,000	42,400	43,600	46,000	42,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	13,900	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	161,400	...	...	161,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,400	...	...	129,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...	137,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	...	...	110,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,865	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	185,000	...	...	185,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,400	...	...	147,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	104,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,400	...	...	89,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	3,380	1,475	1,905	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	65,000	74,700	57,500	65,000	74,700	57,500
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,700	58,650	48,040	52,700	58,650	48,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	11,495	5,845	5,650	23.3	24.1	22.4
0 to 5 years	3,435	1,755	1,685	6.9	7.2	6.7
18 to 64 years	29,360	14,410	14,950	59.4	59.4	59.4
65 years and over	8,570	3,980	4,585	17.3	16.4	18.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	3,005	1,410	1,600	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	730	355	375	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	215	95	120	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	1,640	795	845	...	...	...
65 years and over	635	260	380	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.1	5.8	6.3	6.1	5.8	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	6.4	6.1	6.6	6.4	6.1	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.2	5.5	7.0	6.2	5.5	7.0
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	5.5	5.7	5.6	5.5	5.7
65 years and over (%)	7.4	6.5	8.2	7.4	6.5	8.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	49,425	24,235	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	11,500	5,850	5,655	23.3	24.1	22.5
0 to 5 years	3,440	1,755	1,680	7.0	7.2	6.7
18 to 64 years	29,355	14,410	14,950	59.4	59.5	59.4
65 years and over	8,565	3,985	4,585	17.3	16.4	18.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,070	520	550	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	235	105	125	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	60	25	35	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	695	345	345	...	...	...
65 years and over	135	65	75	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2
0 to 17 years (%)	2.0	1.8	2.2	2.0	1.8	2.2
0 to 5 years (%)	1.7	1.3	2.2	1.7	1.3	2.2
18 to 64 years (%)	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.3
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	49,425	24,235	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	16,795	8,025	8,770	34.0	33.1	34.8
In bottom decile	2,520	1,190	1,330	5.1	4.9	5.3
In second decile	2,835	1,325	1,515	5.7	5.5	6.0
In third decile	3,280	1,570	1,710	6.6	6.5	6.8
In fourth decile	3,965	1,900	2,065	8.0	7.8	8.2
In fifth decile	4,185	2,035	2,150	8.5	8.4	8.5
In top half of the distribution	32,630	16,215	16,415	66.0	66.9	65.2
In sixth decile	4,825	2,345	2,485	9.8	9.7	9.9
In seventh decile	5,455	2,705	2,750	11.0	11.2	10.9
In eighth decile	6,660	3,285	3,380	13.5	13.6	13.4
In ninth decile	7,595	3,780	3,815	15.4	15.6	15.1
In top decile	8,095	4,110	3,985	16.4	17.0	15.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	49,425	...	...	49,425	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.341	...	...	0.341	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.429	...	...	0.429	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.291	...	...	0.291	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	49,595	24,290	25,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	44,420	22,125	22,290	89.6	91.1	88.1
French only	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	3,485	1,465	2,015	7.0	6.0	8.0
Neither English nor French	1,680	695	985	3.4	2.9	3.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	49,595	24,290	25,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	47,270	23,305	23,960	95.3	95.9	94.7
French	390	165	225	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and French	295	135	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	1,650	680	965	3.3	2.8	3.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	49,595	24,290	25,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	46,835	22,970	23,865	94.4	94.6	94.3
Official languages	30,850	15,375	15,470	62.2	63.3	61.1
English	30,465	15,210	15,255	61.4	62.6	60.3
French	380	165	220	0.8	0.7	0.9
Non-official languages	15,985	7,590	8,400	32.2	31.2	33.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,985	7,590	8,395	32.2	31.2	33.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	460	235	220	0.9	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	455	235	220	0.9	1.0	0.9
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	420	215	200	0.8	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	135	60	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	125	60	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	520	185	340	1.0	0.8	1.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	430	150	285	0.9	0.6	1.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,125	1,035	1,090	4.3	4.3	4.3
Kannada	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,920	935	985	3.9	3.8	3.9
Telugu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,605	2,685	2,925	11.3	11.1	11.6
Albanian	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	125	55	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	920	415	505	1.9	1.7	2.0
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	895	405	490	1.8	1.7	1.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	255	120	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Polish	150	65	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	285	130	160	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	75	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	5	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	420	180	235	0.8	0.7	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	310	135	175	0.6	0.6	0.7
German	290	130	165	0.6	0.5	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	35	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	410	210	200	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	1,805	865	945	3.6	3.6	3.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,330	625	700	2.7	2.6	2.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	385	180	200	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hindi	145	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	275	135	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	400	175	220	0.8	0.7	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	480	230	240	1.0	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	440	215	230	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	125	65	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	265	130	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,890	940	950	3.8	3.9	3.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,100	560	540	2.2	2.3	2.1
Portuguese	230	120	110	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romanian	150	65	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	410	195	215	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	185	80	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,615	3,170	3,445	13.3	13.1	13.6
Chinese languages	6,610	3,170	3,440	13.3	13.1	13.6
Hakka	105	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	2,270	1,030	1,240	4.6	4.2	4.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,100	2,025	2,080	8.3	8.3	8.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	75	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	150	65	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	100	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,765	1,330	1,435	5.6	5.5	5.7
English and French	215	90	125	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,260	1,100	1,155	4.6	4.5	4.6
French and non-official language(s)	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	195	90	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	49,595	24,290	25,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	31,895	15,885	16,015	64.3	65.4	63.3
French	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	4,665	2,180	2,485	9.4	9.0	9.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,665	2,180	2,485	9.4	9.0	9.8
English and French	500	210	285	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	11,585	5,585	6,000	23.4	23.0	23.7
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	430	190	240	0.9	0.8	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	435	200	240	0.9	0.8	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	49,595	24,290	25,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	46,760	22,940	23,825	94.3	94.4	94.2
Official languages	37,535	18,540	18,995	75.7	76.3	75.1
English	37,440	18,495	18,950	75.5	76.1	74.9
French	95	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	9,225	4,405	4,825	18.6	18.1	19.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,225	4,405	4,825	18.6	18.1	19.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	185	95	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	185	95	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	170	85	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	210	95	120	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	160	70	95	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,525	730	795	3.1	3.0	3.1
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,400	670	730	2.8	2.8	2.9
Telugu	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,100	995	1,110	4.2	4.1	4.4
Albanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	340	160	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	330	155	175	0.7	0.6	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	995	465	530	2.0	1.9	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	730	340	395	1.5	1.4	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	225	100	120	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hindi	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160	75	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	220	95	125	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	260	125	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	235	110	125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	140	65	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	575	275	300	1.2	1.1	1.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	250	115	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	205	105	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,910	2,355	2,555	9.9	9.7	10.1
Chinese languages	4,910	2,355	2,555	9.9	9.7	10.1
Hakka	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	1,775	825	950	3.6	3.4	3.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,045	1,490	1,555	6.1	6.1	6.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,835	1,355	1,485	5.7	5.6	5.9
English and French	110	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,615	1,245	1,365	5.3	5.1	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	49,595	24,290	25,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	38,960	19,220	19,735	78.6	79.1	78.0
English	3,600	1,765	1,830	7.3	7.3	7.2
French	505	215	290	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	5,240	2,490	2,755	10.6	10.3	10.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,240	2,490	2,755	10.6	10.3	10.9
English and French	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	550	270	280	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	200	90	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	490	220	270	1.0	0.9	1.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	49,425	24,235	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	47,750	23,580	24,165	96.6	97.3	95.9
English	47,710	23,560	24,150	96.5	97.2	95.9
French	3,480	1,545	1,930	7.0	6.4	7.7
Non-official languages	21,810	10,345	11,465	44.1	42.7	45.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,805	10,345	11,460	44.1	42.7	45.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	830	475	355	1.7	2.0	1.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	830	475	355	1.7	2.0	1.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	770	450	320	1.6	1.9	1.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	195	85	115	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Vietnamese	170	70	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	890	315	575	1.8	1.3	2.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	835	295	540	1.7	1.2	2.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,760	1,320	1,435	5.6	5.4	5.7
Kannada	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	130	65	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	2,575	1,230	1,350	5.2	5.1	5.4
Telugu	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,880	4,305	4,580	18.0	17.8	18.2
Albanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	1,265	575	690	2.6	2.4	2.7
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,260	575	680	2.5	2.4	2.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	95	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	480	245	235	1.0	1.0	0.9
Polish	190	80	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	330	160	170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	90	25	65	0.2	0.1	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	720	345	375	1.5	1.4	1.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	545	260	280	1.1	1.1	1.1
German	535	255	275	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	160	80	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	105	45	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	645	310	335	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	3,305	1,650	1,660	6.7	6.8	6.6
Indo-Aryan languages	2,685	1,340	1,340	5.4	5.5	5.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	595	295	295	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hindi	1,185	565	615	2.4	2.3	2.4
Kacchi	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	645	335	310	1.3	1.4	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	80	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Urdu	1,090	515	575	2.2	2.1	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages	715	340	375	1.4	1.4	1.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	645	305	340	1.3	1.3	1.4
Dari	185	70	120	0.4	0.3	0.5
Iranian Persian	380	210	170	0.8	0.9	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	40	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,040	1,465	1,575	6.2	6.0	6.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,785	865	925	3.6	3.6	3.7
Portuguese	345	170	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	130	55	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	875	430	450	1.8	1.8	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	225	80	140	0.5	0.3	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	145	100	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,135	3,835	4,300	16.5	15.8	17.1
Chinese languages	8,135	3,835	4,300	16.5	15.8	17.1
Hakka	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mandarin	3,975	1,735	2,240	8.0	7.2	8.9
Min Dong	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	35	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	5,500	2,640	2,865	11.1	10.9	11.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	85	120	0.4	0.4	0.5
Estonian	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Finnish	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	150	65	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	425	230	195	0.9	0.9	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	400	215	190	0.8	0.9	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	215	115	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
Métis	160	75	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	49,000	24,010	24,990	99.1	99.1	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	145	80	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	49,285	24,160	25,130	99.7	99.7	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	14,695	...	...	87.9	...	...
Renter	2,010	...	...	12.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	1,920	...	...	11.5	...	...
Not condominium	14,785	...	...	88.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	35	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	690	...	...	4.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	2,645	...	...	15.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	5,445	...	...	32.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,895	...	...	47.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	2,385	...	...	14.3	...	...
5 rooms	2,285	...	...	13.7	...	...
6 rooms	2,640	...	...	15.8	...	...
7 rooms	2,595	...	...	15.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,800	...	...	40.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	16,425	...	...	98.3	...	...
More than one person per room	285	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	16,140	...	...	96.6	...	...
Not suitable	565	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,595	...	...	9.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	2,150	...	...	12.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,660	...	...	9.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,480	...	...	8.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,335	...	...	8.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,105	...	...	24.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,615	...	...	15.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,765	...	...	10.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	16,135	...	...	96.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	570	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	6,450	...	...	38.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	9,280	...	...	55.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	980	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	16,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	55	...	...	0.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	1,395	...	...	8.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	3,550	...	...	21.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	3,740	...	...	22.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	3,405	...	...	20.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,535	...	...	15.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,430	...	...	8.6	...	...
85 years and over	600	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	16,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	12,330	...	...	74.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	4,280	...	...	25.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	3,785	...	...	22.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	16,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	5,115	...	...	30.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	4,020	...	...	24.1	...	...
Not suitable only	420	...	...	2.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	385	...	...	2.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	105	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	145	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	11,595	...	...	69.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	16,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,590	...	...	9.9	...	...
Not in core need	14,525	...	...	90.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,665	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.3	...	...	65.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.4	...	...	23.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.5	...	...	7.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,100	...	...	2,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,242	...	...	2,242	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,194,000	...	...	1,194,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,005	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	43.6	...	...	43.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.5	...	...	27.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660	...	...	1,660	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,744	...	...	1,744	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	65	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	460	245	215	0.9	1.0	0.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	460	245	215	0.9	1.0	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	295	160	140	0.6	0.7	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	135	60	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	48,905	23,955	24,945	98.9	98.8	99.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	46,225	22,845	23,380	93.5	94.2	92.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	11,240	5,700	5,540	22.7	23.5	22.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	34,990	17,140	17,845	70.8	70.7	70.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	3,200	1,395	1,805	6.5	5.8	7.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	31,590	15,920	15,665	63.9	65.7	62.2
Immigrants⁸¹	17,450	8,150	9,300	35.3	33.6	36.9
Before 1980	3,625	1,790	1,840	7.3	7.4	7.3
1980 to 1990	2,375	1,085	1,290	4.8	4.5	5.1
1991 to 2000	4,735	2,325	2,415	9.6	9.6	9.6
2001 to 2010	3,995	1,750	2,245	8.1	7.2	8.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	2,710	1,200	1,515	5.5	5.0	6.0
2011 to 2015	1,485	650	835	3.0	2.7	3.3
2016 to 2021	1,230	550	675	2.5	2.3	2.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	385	170	220	0.8	0.7	0.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	17,450	8,150	9,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,595	770	830	9.1	9.4	8.9
5 to 14 years	3,235	1,555	1,680	18.5	19.1	18.1
15 to 24 years	3,740	1,715	2,025	21.4	21.0	21.8
25 to 44 years	7,135	3,365	3,765	40.9	41.3	40.5
45 years and over	1,745	745	1,000	10.0	9.1	10.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	17,450	8,150	9,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,575	690	890	9.0	8.5	9.6
Brazil	35	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	110	45	65	0.6	0.6	0.7
El Salvador	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Guyana	220	100	125	1.3	1.2	1.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	390	160	235	2.2	2.0	2.5
Mexico	60	30	30	0.3	0.4	0.3
Peru	30	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	105	40	60	0.6	0.5	0.6
United States of America	325	150	175	1.9	1.8	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	290	140	150	1.7	1.7	1.6
Europe	3,530	1,715	1,815	20.2	21.0	19.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatia	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	75	50	25	0.4	0.6	0.3
Germany	290	120	170	1.7	1.5	1.8
Greece	190	95	95	1.1	1.2	1.0
Hungary	45	25	20	0.3	0.3	0.2
Italy	745	385	355	4.3	4.7	3.8
Netherlands	95	45	50	0.5	0.6	0.5
Poland	125	45	80	0.7	0.6	0.9
Portugal	95	45	50	0.5	0.6	0.5
Romania	105	45	65	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian Federation	105	45	60	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	65	40	20	0.4	0.5	0.2
Ukraine	105	45	60	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	960	480	480	5.5	5.9	5.2
Other places of birth in Europe	500	240	260	2.9	2.9	2.8
Africa	710	390	325	4.1	4.8	3.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	165	95	70	0.9	1.2	0.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	40	25	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	85	45	45	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	405	220	190	2.3	2.7	2.0
Asia	11,550	5,310	6,240	66.2	65.2	67.1
Afghanistan	150	60	90	0.9	0.7	1.0
Iran⁸⁸	330	180	155	1.9	2.2	1.7
Iraq	75	30	50	0.4	0.4	0.5
Lebanon	85	50	40	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	55	30	25	0.3	0.4	0.3
Turkey	40	20	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	2,985	1,290	1,690	17.1	15.8	18.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,135	1,020	1,120	12.2	12.5	12.0
Korea, South⁹²	140	55	85	0.8	0.7	0.9
Taiwan	155	60	90	0.9	0.7	1.0
Philippines	830	310	515	4.8	3.8	5.5
Viet Nam	295	140	150	1.7	1.7	1.6
Bangladesh	35	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,440	680	760	8.3	8.3	8.2
Pakistan	585	290	300	3.4	3.6	3.2
Sri Lanka	1,605	765	840	9.2	9.4	9.0
Other places of birth in Asia	615	315	300	3.5	3.9	3.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	80	50	30	0.5	0.6	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,225	550	675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	120	50	65	9.8	9.1	9.6
Brazil	10	0	10	0.8	0.0	1.5
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	10	0	10	0.8	0.0	1.5
United States of America	60	25	30	4.9	4.5	4.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	25	15	0	2.0	2.7	0.0
Europe	110	45	60	9.0	8.2	8.9
France	25	15	10	2.0	2.7	1.5
Germany	10	0	10	0.8	0.0	1.5
Ireland⁹⁶	25	10	15	2.0	1.8	2.2
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	10	0	10	0.8	0.0	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	0	0.8	1.8	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	30	15	10	2.4	2.7	1.5
Africa	50	30	20	4.1	5.5	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	20	10	10	1.6	1.8	1.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	15	0	0	1.2	0.0	0.0
Asia	935	420	520	76.3	76.4	77.0
Afghanistan	45	20	25	3.7	3.6	3.7
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	360	150	210	29.4	27.3	31.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	30	50	6.1	5.5	7.4
India	160	70	90	13.1	12.7	13.3
Iran⁸⁸	20	20	0	1.6	3.6	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	15	15	2.4	2.7	2.2
Philippines	120	55	70	9.8	10.0	10.4
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	40	20	20	3.3	3.6	3.0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	30	10	15	2.4	1.8	2.2
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0	1.2	1.8	0.0
Australia	15	10	0	1.2	1.8	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	49,425	24,235	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	18,440	8,640	9,800	37.3	35.7	38.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	15,235	7,780	7,460	30.8	32.1	29.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	15,745	7,820	7,930	31.9	32.3	31.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	13,820	6,360	7,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,250	3,535	3,710	52.5	55.6	49.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,580	1,600	975	18.7	25.2	13.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,675	1,940	2,735	33.8	30.5	36.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,520	1,730	2,785	32.7	27.2	37.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,855	1,010	845	13.4	15.9	11.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	195	80	115	1.4	1.3	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	13,820	6,360	7,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,185	650	535	8.6	10.2	7.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	940	465	475	6.8	7.3	6.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	535	285	245	3.9	4.5	3.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	630	260	370	4.6	4.1	5.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	35	40	0.5	0.6	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,455	4,665	5,790	75.7	73.3	77.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	49,425	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	22,860	11,050	11,810	46.3	45.6	46.9
South Asian	6,830	3,350	3,480	13.8	13.8	13.8
Chinese	9,250	4,450	4,800	18.7	18.4	19.1
Black	1,385	760	625	2.8	3.1	2.5
Filipino	1,350	550	800	2.7	2.3	3.2
Arab	535	300	240	1.1	1.2	1.0
Latin American	535	250	290	1.1	1.0	1.2
Southeast Asian	345	170	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
West Asian	640	295	345	1.3	1.2	1.4
Korean	265	95	170	0.5	0.4	0.7
Japanese	170	100	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	350	165	180	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple visible minorities	1,200	565	635	2.4	2.3	2.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	26,560	13,185	13,375	53.7	54.4	53.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	49,425	24,235	25,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	4,180	2,155	2,025	8.5	8.9	8.0
English	7,435	3,645	3,790	15.0	15.0	15.0
Irish	5,610	2,670	2,935	11.4	11.0	11.7
Scottish	5,690	2,775	2,920	11.5	11.5	11.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,620	825	805	3.3	3.4	3.2
German	2,765	1,390	1,375	5.6	5.7	5.5
Chinese	8,555	4,075	4,480	17.3	16.8	17.8
Italian	5,005	2,490	2,520	10.1	10.3	10.0
Indian (India)	2,575	1,250	1,320	5.2	5.2	5.2
Ukrainian	720	375	345	1.5	1.5	1.4
Dutch	960	450	505	1.9	1.9	2.0
Polish	990	455	535	2.0	1.9	2.1
Québécois	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,590	800	790	3.2	3.3	3.1
Filipino	1,520	635	880	3.1	2.6	3.5
French Canadian	340	165	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	360	190	170	0.7	0.8	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	145	80	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Métis	140	65	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	370	190	185	0.7	0.8	0.7
Russian	645	290	355	1.3	1.2	1.4
Norwegian	160	95	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
Welsh	445	260	185	0.9	1.1	0.7
Portuguese	855	430	425	1.7	1.8	1.7
American	355	155	200	0.7	0.6	0.8
Spanish	305	150	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	175	80	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hungarian	505	280	225	1.0	1.2	0.9
Acadian	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	910	405	500	1.8	1.7	2.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	435	210	230	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jewish	375	215	155	0.8	0.9	0.6
Punjabi	255	140	120	0.5	0.6	0.5
Vietnamese	325	160	170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	250	130	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Greek	1,425	735	690	2.9	3.0	2.7
Jamaican	800	395	400	1.6	1.6	1.6
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	685	345	340	1.4	1.4	1.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	285	105	185	0.6	0.4	0.7
Romanian	205	95	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lebanese	160	95	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iranian	425	200	230	0.9	0.8	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	405	220	185	0.8	0.9	0.7
Danish	230	120	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sikh	160	80	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	240	140	100	0.5	0.6	0.4
Belgian	75	35	35	0.2	0.1	0.1
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	510	240	275	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mexican	70	40	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mennonite	110	65	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Swiss	255	145	115	0.5	0.6	0.5
Finnish	145	85	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lankan	1,610	770	840	3.3	3.2	3.3
Croatian	80	55	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Japanese	225	125	110	0.5	0.5	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	445	235	210	0.9	1.0	0.8
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Muslim	180	100	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	420	255	165	0.8	1.1	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,395	700	695	2.8	2.9	2.8
Icelandic	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	170	85	90	0.3	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	180	90	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	355	195	160	0.7	0.8	0.6
Afghan	280	95	195	0.6	0.4	0.8
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	145	90	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Serbian	130	70	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	100	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	890	465	425	1.8	1.9	1.7
Ontarian	255	120	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	130	60	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
Turkish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bangladeshi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	75	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Armenian	250	120	125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slovak	95	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	145	40	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
Iraqi	85	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Salvadorean	55	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	300	160	140	0.6	0.7	0.6
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	125	75	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	130	65	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algonquin	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	105	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	80	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
South African	125	70	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australian	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Palestinian	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	75	35	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	65	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	810	420	395	1.6	1.7	1.6
Slovenian	90	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	95	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israeli	85	20	65	0.2	0.1	0.3
Mohawk	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	60	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	120	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
African American	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	25	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	50	40	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	115	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	175	105	70	0.4	0.4	0.3
Thai	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	80	35	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	25	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	85	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Goan	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	55	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	25	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Roma	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	49,420	24,240	25,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,040	475	565	2.1	2.0	2.2
Christian	26,220	12,450	13,770	53.1	51.4	54.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,790	2,325	2,465	9.7	9.6	9.8
Anabaptist	155	85	70	0.3	0.4	0.3
Anglican	1,605	695	905	3.2	2.9	3.6
Baptist	755	390	360	1.5	1.6	1.4
Catholic	12,290	5,795	6,495	24.9	23.9	25.8
Christian Orthodox	2,360	1,275	1,085	4.8	5.3	4.3
Jehovah's Witness	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	270	125	150	0.5	0.5	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	185	90	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	230	85	145	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	650	290	355	1.3	1.2	1.4
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	1,595	655	940	3.2	2.7	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,180	565	615	2.4	2.3	2.4
Hindu	3,510	1,730	1,780	7.1	7.1	7.1
Jewish	435	220	215	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	2,660	1,275	1,390	5.4	5.3	5.5
Sikh	410	220	190	0.8	0.9	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	110	30	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	15,035	7,835	7,195	30.4	32.3	28.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	48,965	24,010	24,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	44,030	21,585	22,445	89.9	89.9	89.9
Movers	4,935	2,430	2,505	10.1	10.1	10.0
Non-migrants	1,810	860	950	3.7	3.6	3.8
Migrants	3,125	1,565	1,565	6.4	6.5	6.3
Internal migrants	2,835	1,410	1,425	5.8	5.9	5.7
Intraprovincial migrants	2,795	1,385	1,410	5.7	5.8	5.7
Interprovincial migrants	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	295	155	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	46,640	22,760	23,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	30,595	14,920	15,675	65.6	65.6	65.6
Movers	16,045	7,840	8,205	34.4	34.4	34.4
Non-migrants	3,455	1,695	1,755	7.4	7.4	7.3
Migrants	12,590	6,140	6,450	27.0	27.0	27.0
Internal migrants	11,395	5,585	5,815	24.4	24.5	24.4
Intraprovincial migrants	11,075	5,415	5,655	23.7	23.8	23.7
Interprovincial migrants	325	170	150	0.7	0.7	0.6
External migrants	1,190	555	635	2.6	2.4	2.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	39,775	19,320	20,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,600	2,820	2,780	14.1	14.6	13.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	34,175	16,500	17,675	85.9	85.4	86.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	25,805	12,580	13,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,910	1,080	835	7.4	8.6	6.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	23,895	11,505	12,390	92.6	91.5	93.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	39,775	19,320	20,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,140	2,520	2,620	12.9	13.0	12.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,270	4,885	5,385	25.8	25.3	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,370	11,915	12,450	61.3	61.7	60.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	10,610	5,565	5,045	26.7	28.8	24.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,760	1,290	470	4.4	6.7	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	820	515	305	2.1	2.7	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	940	775	160	2.4	4.0	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	7,615	3,715	3,895	19.1	19.2	19.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,240	560	685	3.1	2.9	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	13,760	6,360	7,405	34.6	32.9	36.2
Bachelor's degree	9,755	4,370	5,385	24.5	22.6	26.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	805	360	440	2.0	1.9	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	220	105	120	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	2,690	1,335	1,360	6.8	6.9	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	285	185	100	0.7	1.0	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	25,805	12,580	13,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,670	915	750	6.5	7.3	5.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	5,360	2,725	2,635	20.8	21.7	19.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,770	8,935	9,835	72.7	71.0	74.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,745	4,070	3,675	30.0	32.4	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,180	870	315	4.6	6.9	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	550	345	205	2.1	2.7	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	630	525	105	2.4	4.2	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	5,705	2,825	2,880	22.1	22.5	21.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	860	375	485	3.3	3.0	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	11,025	4,870	6,160	42.7	38.7	46.6
Bachelor's degree	7,795	3,385	4,405	30.2	26.9	33.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	640	260	380	2.5	2.1	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	180	70	110	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	2,200	1,020	1,185	8.5	8.1	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	220	125	90	0.9	1.0	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	39,775	19,315	20,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,405	7,400	8,005	38.7	38.3	39.1
Education	1,575	365	1,210	4.0	1.9	5.9
13. Education	1,575	365	1,210	4.0	1.9	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,055	430	625	2.7	2.2	3.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	95	40	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	930	335	590	2.3	1.7	2.9
Humanities	1,440	540	900	3.6	2.8	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	120	35	85	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	320	60	260	0.8	0.3	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	470	140	330	1.2	0.7	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	55	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	120	55	0.4	0.6	0.3
54. History	185	120	55	0.5	0.6	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	0	55	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,345	1,110	2,235	8.4	5.7	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	330	155	170	0.8	0.8	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	530	30	505	1.3	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	455	125	330	1.1	0.6	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	25	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	560	110	450	1.4	0.6	2.2
45. Social sciences	1,385	665	720	3.5	3.4	3.5
Business, management and public administration	6,460	3,055	3,400	16.2	15.8	16.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	260	65	195	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,190	2,990	3,200	15.6	15.5	15.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,225	555	665	3.1	2.9	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	510	195	310	1.3	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	345	140	210	0.9	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	295	205	90	0.7	1.1	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,495	960	530	3.8	5.0	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,140	755	380	2.9	3.9	1.9
25. Library science	55	10	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	255	160	95	0.6	0.8	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	35	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	3,950	3,585	365	9.9	18.6	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	200	145	55	0.5	0.8	0.3
14. Engineering	1,360	1,125	235	3.4	5.8	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	895	840	55	2.3	4.3	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	710	700	0	1.8	3.6	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	580	575	0	1.5	3.0	0.0
48. Precision production	205	200	0	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	350	210	140	0.9	1.1	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	245	145	95	0.6	0.8	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	105	70	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	2,600	625	1,975	6.5	3.2	9.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	330	180	155	0.8	0.9	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	2,200	420	1,785	5.5	2.2	8.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	60	25	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	870	470	395	2.2	2.4	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	420	130	290	1.1	0.7	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	340	260	80	0.9	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	100	80	25	0.3	0.4	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	25,805	12,575	13,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	7,030	3,640	3,390	27.2	28.9	25.6
Education	1,145	265	880	4.4	2.1	6.7
13. Education	1,145	265	880	4.4	2.1	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	845	350	495	3.3	2.8	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	85	65	20	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	765	285	480	3.0	2.3	3.6
Humanities	985	355	625	3.8	2.8	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	80	15	60	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	215	45	170	0.8	0.4	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	370	100	270	1.4	0.8	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	55	25	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	90	25	0.4	0.7	0.2
54. History	115	80	35	0.4	0.6	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	30	0.2	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,685	815	1,865	10.4	6.5	14.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	260	100	160	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	410	30	385	1.6	0.2	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	380	90	290	1.5	0.7	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	45	15	35	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	455	90	365	1.8	0.7	2.8
45. Social sciences	1,100	500	605	4.3	4.0	4.6
Business, management and public administration	5,170	2,330	2,840	20.0	18.5	21.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	215	50	165	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,955	2,270	2,680	19.2	18.1	20.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	815	345	470	3.2	2.7	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	370	135	235	1.4	1.1	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	220	85	135	0.9	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	180	110	65	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,295	825	470	5.0	6.6	3.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,045	685	360	4.0	5.4	2.7
25. Library science	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	195	110	80	0.8	0.9	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	25	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	2,935	2,615	325	11.4	20.8	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	165	110	55	0.6	0.9	0.4
14. Engineering	1,050	840	215	4.1	6.7	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	665	620	45	2.6	4.9	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	495	490	0	1.9	3.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	435	435	0	1.7	3.5	0.0
48. Precision production	115	115	0	0.4	0.9	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	270	150	120	1.0	1.2	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	185	100	85	0.7	0.8	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	85	50	35	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	1,940	490	1,450	7.5	3.9	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	245	120	125	0.9	1.0	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	1,650	355	1,300	6.4	2.8	9.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	45	10	35	0.2	0.1	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	675	385	290	2.6	3.1	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	310	105	205	1.2	0.8	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	280	220	60	1.1	1.7	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	80	60	20	0.3	0.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	25,805	12,575	13,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	7,030	3,640	3,390	27.2	28.9	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	18,775	8,935	9,835	72.8	71.1	74.4
Location of study inside Canada	14,695	7,090	7,600	56.9	56.4	57.5
Same as province or territory of residence	13,990	6,765	7,220	54.2	53.8	54.6
Different than province or territory of residence	705	330	375	2.7	2.6	2.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	4,075	1,845	2,240	15.8	14.7	16.9
Americas	695	340	350	2.7	2.7	2.6
United States of America	510	260	255	2.0	2.1	1.9
Mexico	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	45	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazil	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	30	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Europe	615	290	325	2.4	2.3	2.5
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germany	20	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.2
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Romania	30	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.2
Russian Federation	55	35	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	50	10	40	0.2	0.1	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	300	160	140	1.2	1.3	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	70	35	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	170	100	75	0.7	0.8	0.6
Nigeria	25	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	90	45	45	0.3	0.4	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	30	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	2,485	1,045	1,435	9.6	8.3	10.9
Iran⁸⁸	75	50	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Iraq	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	570	240	330	2.2	1.9	2.5
Taiwan	25	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	190	90	95	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japan	35	20	20	0.1	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	70	25	45	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	395	125	270	1.5	1.0	2.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	135	65	75	0.5	0.5	0.6
India	625	275	350	2.4	2.2	2.6
Pakistan	180	80	100	0.7	0.6	0.8
Other locations of study in Asia	110	50	60	0.4	0.4	0.5
Oceania	110	65	45	0.4	0.5	0.3
Australia	110	65	45	0.4	0.5	0.3
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	39,775	19,320	20,460	...	...	...
In the labour force	26,275	13,600	12,680	...	...	...
Employed	23,530	12,310	11,220	...	...	...
Unemployed	2,750	1,290	1,460	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	13,500	5,720	7,780	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.1	70.4	62.0	66.1	70.4	62.0
Employment rate	59.2	63.7	54.8	59.2	63.7	54.8
Unemployment rate	10.5	9.5	11.5	10.5	9.5	11.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	39,775	19,320	20,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	13,555	5,730	7,825	34.1	29.7	38.2
Worked	26,220	13,590	12,630	65.9	70.3	61.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	15,155	8,375	6,780	38.1	43.3	33.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	11,065	5,210	5,850	27.8	27.0	28.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.6	40.7	41.7	42.6	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	26,275	13,595	12,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	640	275	365	2.4	2.0	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	25,635	13,320	12,315	97.6	98.0	97.2
Employee	21,110	10,505	10,605	80.3	77.3	83.7
Permanent position	18,125	9,120	9,005	69.0	67.1	71.0
Temporary position	2,990	1,385	1,600	11.4	10.2	12.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	990	455	535	3.8	3.3	4.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	2,000	930	1,070	7.6	6.8	8.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	4,525	2,820	1,705	17.2	20.7	13.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	26,275	13,595	12,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	640	275	365	2.4	2.0	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	25,635	13,320	12,315	97.6	98.0	97.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	575	425	155	2.2	3.1	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	5,870	1,915	3,955	22.3	14.1	31.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,490	1,930	560	9.5	14.2	4.4
3 Health occupations	1,530	330	1,195	5.8	2.4	9.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	3,215	1,065	2,150	12.2	7.8	17.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	845	395	450	3.2	2.9	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	6,255	3,130	3,130	23.8	23.0	24.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,515	3,205	305	13.4	23.6	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	575	415	165	2.2	3.1	1.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	765	515	250	2.9	3.8	2.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	26,275	13,595	12,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	640	275	365	2.4	2.0	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	25,635	13,320	12,315	97.6	98.0	97.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	275	140	140	1.0	1.0	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	55	45	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	160	115	45	0.6	0.8	0.4
23 Construction	2,270	1,845	425	8.6	13.6	3.4
31-33 Manufacturing	1,710	1,095	615	6.5	8.1	4.9
41 Wholesale trade	1,130	650	480	4.3	4.8	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	2,810	1,440	1,370	10.7	10.6	10.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	890	685	200	3.4	5.0	1.6
51 Information and cultural industries	720	420	300	2.7	3.1	2.4
52 Finance and insurance	2,480	1,200	1,275	9.4	8.8	10.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	775	400	375	2.9	2.9	3.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,600	1,440	1,160	9.9	10.6	9.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	250	115	130	1.0	0.8	1.0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	965	555	410	3.7	4.1	3.2
61 Educational services	2,250	660	1,595	8.6	4.9	12.6
62 Health care and social assistance	2,405	520	1,880	9.2	3.8	14.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	590	300	290	2.2	2.2	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	1,190	565	625	4.5	4.2	4.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	900	410	490	3.4	3.0	3.9
91 Public administration	1,220	715	500	4.6	5.3	3.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	28,090	14,480	13,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	25,660	13,285	12,365	91.3	91.7	90.9
French	45	15	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	605	320	285	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	605	320	285	2.2	2.2	2.1
English and French	255	85	165	0.9	0.6	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,420	710	710	5.1	4.9	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	65	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	28,090	14,480	13,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	27,740	14,340	13,395	98.8	99.0	98.4
Official languages	26,745	13,810	12,935	95.2	95.4	95.0
English	26,630	13,775	12,855	94.8	95.1	94.5
French	110	35	75	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	1,000	530	465	3.6	3.7	3.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,000	530	465	3.6	3.7	3.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	920	480	440	3.3	3.3	3.2
Chinese languages	920	480	440	3.3	3.3	3.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	350	175	170	1.2	1.2	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	575	305	270	2.0	2.1	2.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	355	140	215	1.3	1.0	1.6
English and French	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	325	130	190	1.2	0.9	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	28,090	14,480	13,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	26,575	13,735	12,840	94.6	94.9	94.3
English	305	150	155	1.1	1.0	1.1
French	170	60	105	0.6	0.4	0.8
Non-official language	690	350	340	2.5	2.4	2.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	690	350	340	2.5	2.4	2.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	90	50	35	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	40	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	230	105	125	0.8	0.7	0.9
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	23,530	12,310	11,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	8,980	4,215	4,765	38.2	34.2	42.5
Worked outside Canada	85	60	25	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	2,570	1,960	605	10.9	15.9	5.4
Usual place of work	11,900	6,080	5,820	50.6	49.4	51.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	11,900	6,080	5,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	3,525	1,515	2,010	29.6	24.9	34.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,520	2,340	2,180	38.0	38.5	37.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,845	2,215	1,630	32.3	36.4	28.0
Commute to a different province or territory	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	14,470	8,035	6,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	13,290	7,515	5,775	91.8	93.5	89.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	12,350	7,175	5,175	85.3	89.3	80.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	940	340	595	6.5	4.2	9.3
Public transit	470	225	250	3.2	2.8	3.9
Walked	335	115	220	2.3	1.4	3.4
Bicycle	45	40	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Other method	325	140	180	2.2	1.7	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	14,470	8,035	6,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	3,130	1,445	1,690	21.6	18.0	26.3
15 to 29 minutes	3,730	1,905	1,830	25.8	23.7	28.5
30 to 44 minutes	4,110	2,455	1,655	28.4	30.6	25.7
45 to 59 minutes	1,640	1,045	585	11.3	13.0	9.1
60 minutes and over	1,860	1,185	670	12.9	14.7	10.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	14,470	8,035	6,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,085	865	215	7.5	10.8	3.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,400	1,565	835	16.6	19.5	13.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	3,510	1,835	1,670	24.3	22.8	26.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,025	1,505	1,525	20.9	18.7	23.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	2,600	1,255	1,345	18.0	15.6	20.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	1,850	1,005	840	12.8	12.5	13.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	11,705	5,940	5,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	930	465	465	7.9	7.8	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,775	5,475	5,300	92.1	92.2	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	8,730	4,405	4,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	720	355	365	8.2	8.1	8.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	415	195	220	4.8	4.4	5.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	300	155	145	3.4	3.5	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,010	4,050	3,955	91.8	91.9	91.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 14, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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