Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Calgary, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,306,784	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,239,220	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	531,062	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	502,301	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,592.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	820.62	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,306,780	648,835	657,950
0 to 14 years	235,855	121,145	114,710
0 to 4 years	73,840	37,865	35,980
5 to 9 years	80,585	41,225	39,365
10 to 14 years	81,425	42,055	39,370
15 to 64 years	893,525	445,660	447,865
15 to 19 years	73,490	37,720	35,770
20 to 24 years	78,365	40,280	38,085
25 to 29 years	88,385	43,930	44,460
30 to 34 years	105,960	52,030	53,930
35 to 39 years	110,765	54,785	55,985
40 to 44 years	100,080	49,490	50,595
45 to 49 years	91,385	45,430	45,945
50 to 54 years	84,725	42,550	42,175
55 to 59 years	82,570	41,000	41,570
60 to 64 years	77,790	38,450	39,345
65 years and over	177,405	82,035	95,375
65 to 69 years	62,120	30,410	31,710
70 to 74 years	46,495	22,225	24,270
75 to 79 years	28,965	13,485	15,485
80 to 84 years	19,405	8,370	11,035
85 years and over	20,420	7,540	12,875
85 to 89 years	12,620	4,995	7,625
90 to 94 years	6,225	2,115	4,110
95 to 99 years	1,375	390	990
100 years and over	195	45	155
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.7	17.4
15 to 64 years	68.4	68.7	68.1
65 years and over	13.6	12.6	14.5
85 years and over	1.6	1.2	2.0
Average age of the population	38.8	38.2	39.5
Median age of the population	38.0	37.6	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	502,300	...	...
Single-detached house	276,050	...	...
Semi-detached house	31,660	...	...
Row house	48,860	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,165	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	81,870	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	40,700	...	...
Other single-attached house	200	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,790	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	502,305	...	...
1 person	132,695	...	...
2 persons	159,955	...	...
3 persons	80,020	...	...
4 persons	79,565	...	...
5 or more persons	50,070	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,291,770	642,160	649,610
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,070,930	527,695	543,240
Married or living common-law	624,845	312,690	312,150
Married	529,175	264,635	264,545
Living common-law	95,665	48,060	47,610
Living common law - Never married	73,555	37,065	36,490
Living common law - Separated	3,080	1,645	1,435
Living common law - Divorced	17,645	8,750	8,890
Living common law - Widowed	1,390	595	795
Not married and not living common-law	446,090	215,005	231,085
Not married and not living common law - Never married	313,900	170,360	143,540
Not married and not living common law - Separated	24,245	10,380	13,865
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	67,400	25,865	41,535
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	40,550	8,395	32,150
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	356,225	...	...
2 persons	164,970	...	...
3 persons	78,740	...	...
4 persons	79,565	...	...
5 or more persons	32,950	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	356,220	...	...
Total couple families	304,050	...	...
Married couples	256,225	...	...
With children⁶	155,795	...	...
Without children	100,430	...	...
Common-law couples	47,830	...	...
With children⁶	14,805	...	...
Without children	33,020	...	...
Total one-parent families	52,170	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	40,670	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	11,505	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,291,770	642,160	649,610
Total - Persons in census families	1,060,650	527,080	533,570
Married spouses or common-law partners	608,110	304,145	303,965
Parents in one-parent families	52,170	11,500	40,665
Children⁶	400,375	211,435	188,940
In a two-parent family	319,875	167,975	151,905
In a one-parent family	80,495	43,460	37,035
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	231,120	115,080	116,040
Living alone	132,690	62,770	69,920
Living with other relatives⁷	34,850	14,875	19,980
Living with non-relatives only	63,575	37,435	26,140
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	502,300	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	302,280	...	...
Couple-family households	262,950	...	...
With children⁶	147,735	...	...
Without children	115,220	...	...
One-parent-family households	39,325	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	17,040	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,035	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	18,975	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	27,275	...	...
One-person households	132,690	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,056,225	521,185	535,040
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,003,515	495,570	507,940
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,800	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,004,015	495,845	508,175
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,800	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	909,585	457,190	452,395
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,400	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	761,365	391,230	370,130
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	880,900	428,430	452,470
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	5,640	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,990	54,710	61,280
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	326,795	158,290	168,500
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,056,230	521,175	535,050
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,003,175	495,345	507,830
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,600	76,500	53,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,003,685	495,595	508,095
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,500	60,400	44,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	909,780	457,395	452,390
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,600	74,500	48,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	761,230	391,465	369,765
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,450	71,900	48,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	879,935	427,945	451,995
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,010	8,920	11,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,600	54,695	60,905
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,060	6,620	7,460
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	325,765	158,290	167,480
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,260	9,440
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,056,230	521,175	535,055
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	356,230	200,300	155,925
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	79,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,600	105,800	77,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	309,535	144,060	165,475
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,400	23,000	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,600	39,360	28,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.4	90.0	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	74.2	66.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.6	10.1	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.2	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.9	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,056,220	521,185	535,035
Without total income	52,710	25,610	27,100
With total income	1,003,510	495,570	507,940
Under $10,000 (including loss)	88,650	37,295	51,350
$10,000 to $19,999	95,485	40,550	54,935
$20,000 to $29,999	150,395	67,505	82,885
$30,000 to $39,999	120,085	52,190	67,895
$40,000 to $49,999	102,800	47,405	55,400
$50,000 to $59,999	84,010	40,150	43,855
$60,000 to $69,999	69,945	34,995	34,950
$70,000 to $79,999	56,175	29,855	26,315
$80,000 to $89,999	43,630	24,315	19,315
$90,000 to $99,999	36,520	20,230	16,285
$100,000 and over	155,825	101,065	54,765
$100,000 to $149,999	90,875	54,255	36,615
$150,000 and over	64,950	46,810	18,145
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,056,220	521,185	535,035
Without after-tax income	52,205	25,340	26,860
With after-tax income	1,004,020	495,845	508,175
Under $10,000 (including loss)	92,205	38,635	53,565
$10,000 to $19,999	99,660	42,515	57,150
$20,000 to $29,999	170,545	76,940	93,605
$30,000 to $39,999	139,800	62,515	77,285
$40,000 to $49,999	119,345	56,570	62,770
$50,000 to $59,999	94,265	46,850	47,410
$60,000 to $69,999	71,155	37,840	33,320
$70,000 to $79,999	52,530	29,120	23,415
$80,000 to $89,999	41,555	22,700	18,850
$90,000 to $99,999	28,220	16,610	11,610
$100,000 and over	94,730	65,540	29,195
$100,000 to $124,999	39,250	25,260	13,985
$125,000 and over	55,485	40,285	15,205
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,056,220	521,185	535,035
Without employment income	294,855	129,955	164,905
With employment income	761,365	391,235	370,135
Under $5,000 (including loss)	93,565	43,905	49,665
$5,000 to $9,999	61,265	26,265	35,000
$10,000 to $19,999	84,600	37,635	46,965
$20,000 to $29,999	65,430	30,260	35,170
$30,000 to $39,999	62,020	29,540	32,480
$40,000 to $49,999	60,110	29,420	30,685
$50,000 to $59,999	56,160	27,655	28,505
$60,000 to $69,999	50,010	25,670	24,345
$70,000 to $79,999	40,770	22,575	18,195
$80,000 to $89,999	33,160	18,845	14,315
$90,000 to $99,999	29,855	16,295	13,560
$100,000 and over	124,415	83,170	41,245
$100,000 to $124,999	49,530	29,135	20,400
$125,000 and over	74,880	54,035	20,845
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,056,225	521,185	535,040
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	980,505	483,190	497,310
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	51,200	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	980,815	483,265	497,550
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	897,540	451,120	446,420
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	51,200	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	762,840	391,880	370,965
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	51,600	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	833,025	405,905	427,120
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,140	950	2,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	70,610	32,260	38,350
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,600	5,840	7,300
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,056,230	521,175	535,050
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	980,005	482,985	497,015
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,200	77,400	51,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	980,295	483,045	497,250
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,800	60,800	43,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	897,990	451,595	446,395
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,500	78,300	50,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	762,865	392,125	370,740
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	63,450	75,800	50,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	833,205	406,035	427,170
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,005	4,932	7,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,185	31,980	38,210
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,230	7,210	9,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,056,230	521,175	535,055
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	352,800	198,465	154,335
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	62,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,200	104,000	74,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	292,225	136,270	155,955
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,800	32,400	26,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,240	51,500	36,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.0	94.6	88.2
Employment income (%)	77.0	79.6	73.2
Government transfers (%)	7.9	5.4	11.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	502,305	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	132,690	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	369,610	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	502,305	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	132,725	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	369,575	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	502,305	...	...
Under $5,000	5,975	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,895	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,930	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,410	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,160	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	14,505	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,430	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,120	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,160	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,195	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	30,875	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	31,950	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	31,405	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	29,885	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	28,640	...	...
$100,000 and over	245,760	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	61,565	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	47,245	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	61,440	...	...
$200,000 and over	75,515	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	502,305	...	...
Under $5,000	6,665	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,985	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,035	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,855	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,290	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	16,415	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,475	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,635	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	18,230	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,030	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	37,875	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,390	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	36,910	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	35,205	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,690	...	...
$100,000 and over	203,605	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	64,210	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	45,680	...	...
$150,000 and over	93,720	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	350,080	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	119,715	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	170,690	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	47,790	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	196,265	100,210	96,060
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	45,200	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,000	38,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	350,020	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	119,860	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	113,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	170,590	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	178,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,630	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	196,265	100,075	96,185
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,850	61,150	58,550
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,480	50,080	48,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,291,770	642,160	649,610
0 to 17 years	279,980	143,740	136,235
0 to 5 years	90,035	46,090	43,945
18 to 64 years	844,490	419,605	424,880
65 years and over	167,305	78,810	88,495
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	115,560	55,845	59,720
0 to 17 years	30,045	15,495	14,550
0 to 5 years	9,980	5,085	4,895
18 to 64 years	68,060	33,225	34,835
65 years and over	17,455	7,120	10,335
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.0	8.7	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	10.8	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.0	11.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	7.9	8.2
65 years and over (%)	10.4	9.0	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,291,770	642,160	649,610
0 to 17 years	279,975	143,740	136,235
0 to 5 years	90,035	46,090	43,945
18 to 64 years	844,490	419,610	424,880
65 years and over	167,305	78,810	88,495
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	74,755	38,790	35,970
0 to 17 years	16,260	8,345	7,910
0 to 5 years	5,165	2,630	2,530
18 to 64 years	52,615	27,685	24,930
65 years and over	5,885	2,755	3,135
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.8	6.0	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.8	5.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.7	5.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.9
65 years and over (%)	3.5	3.5	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,291,770	642,160	649,610
In bottom half of the distribution	567,165	277,385	289,775
In bottom decile	107,675	54,440	53,230
In second decile	113,610	53,540	60,065
In third decile	112,705	54,705	58,005
In fourth decile	115,075	56,390	58,690
In fifth decile	118,100	58,310	59,790
In top half of the distribution	724,605	364,770	359,830
In sixth decile	122,380	60,845	61,535
In seventh decile	125,895	62,890	63,005
In eighth decile	132,170	66,300	65,865
In ninth decile	145,410	73,125	72,290
In top decile	198,750	101,615	97,135
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,291,770	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.471	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,296,120	644,020	652,095
English only	1,177,415	591,385	586,025
French only	825	350	480
English and French	85,355	39,160	46,200
Neither English nor French	32,520	13,125	19,395
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,296,120	644,020	652,095
English	1,240,980	619,695	621,280
French	16,810	8,335	8,480
English and French	6,620	3,275	3,345
Neither English nor French	31,705	12,710	18,995
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,296,120	644,020	652,095
Single responses	1,229,455	611,620	617,835
Official languages	846,405	428,260	418,145
English	830,305	420,265	410,040
French	16,100	7,990	8,105
Non-official languages	383,050	183,360	199,690
Indigenous languages³⁹	580	240	345
Algonquian languages	415	165	250
Blackfoot	175	80	90
Cree-Innu languages	185	70	120
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	185	70	120
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	15	30
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	125	45	75
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	40
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	45	15	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20	0	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	50	30	25
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	25	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	5	5
Salish languages	5	0	5
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	80	30	55
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	15	5	10
Stoney	60	20	40
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	382,470	183,120	199,345
Afro-Asiatic languages	34,290	17,610	16,680
Berber languages	125	70	55
Kabyle	90	45	45
Tamazight	30	20	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Chadic languages	40	20	20
Hausa	40	20	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	30	10	15
Cushitic languages	3,165	1,585	1,580
Bilen	170	85	85
Oromo	1,370	685	685
Somali	1,600	795	805
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5
Semitic languages	30,935	15,925	15,005
Amharic	4,460	2,140	2,315
Arabic	20,395	10,695	9,705
Aramaic languages	635	305	330
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	325	160	165
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	215	100	110
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	55
Harari	40	20	25
Hebrew	455	225	230
Maltese	15	5	10
Tigrigna	4,890	2,510	2,380
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,755	6,180	7,575
Khmer (Cambodian)	795	365	425
Vietnamese	12,855	5,750	7,100
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	110	60	50
Austronesian languages	51,040	22,530	28,505
Bikol	195	85	110
Bisaya, n.o.s.	865	370	495
Cebuano	1,840	815	1,020
Fijian	45	25	20
Hiligaynon	955	405	550
Ilocano	3,435	1,545	1,890
Indonesian	665	270	395
Kankanaey	190	80	110
Kinaray-a	85	40	40
Malagasy languages	30	15	10
Merina	5	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Malay	135	65	70
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	225	240
Pangasinan	195	95	100
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	41,375	18,235	23,135
Waray-Waray	155	75	75
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	420	180	235
Creole languages	560	275	285
Haitian Creole	165	75	85
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	5
Krio	55	25	30
Morisyen	95	50	50
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	145	75	75
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40
Dravidian languages	6,430	3,300	3,125
Kannada	355	180	175
Malayalam	2,655	1,335	1,320
Tamil	2,095	1,095	1,000
Telugu	1,255	660	595
Tulu	50	25	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Georgian	120	70	55
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	182,725	89,715	93,015
Albanian	1,330	695	630
Armenian	260	135	125
Balto-Slavic languages	27,355	12,635	14,725
Baltic languages	435	205	230
Latvian	170	75	95
Lithuanian	270	130	140
Slavic languages	26,925	12,430	14,490
Belarusian	20	5	15
Bulgarian	785	395	390
Czech	1,190	545	650
Macedonian	135	70	70
Polish	6,845	3,190	3,650
Russian	9,460	4,205	5,255
Rusyn	0	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,440	2,150	2,290
Bosnian	780	380	405
Croatian	1,755	830	925
Serbian	1,830	900	925
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Slovak	940	465	475
Slovene (Slovenian)	195	85	110
Ukrainian	2,900	1,315	1,585
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Celtic languages	100	55	45
Irish	30	20	15
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10
Welsh	40	25	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Germanic languages	12,360	5,935	6,430
Frisian	30	15	15
High German languages	7,370	3,450	3,915
German	7,100	3,315	3,790
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	210	105	100
Yiddish	55	25	30
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,940	1,950	1,990
Afrikaans	905	445	455
Dutch	2,750	1,370	1,375
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Low Saxon	10	5	0
Plautdietsch	180	75	105
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	35	35
Scandinavian languages	1,000	495	505
Danish	560	295	265
Icelandic	40	20	20
Norwegian	165	70	95
Swedish	235	110	125
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5
Greek	1,385	640	745
Indo-Iranian languages	98,325	49,490	48,840
Indo-Aryan languages	85,530	43,050	42,485
Assamese	45	20	25
Bengali	4,350	2,175	2,180
Gujarati	6,290	3,245	3,045
Hindi	7,905	3,990	3,920
Kacchi	1,030	455	580
Kashmiri	75	40	35
Konkani	160	75	85
Marathi	980	495	480
Nepali	2,195	1,135	1,065
Oriya languages	95	50	40
Odia	55	30	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	43,685	21,975	21,710
Rohingya	25	10	10
Sindhi	285	150	135
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	960	475	490
Urdu	16,835	8,445	8,390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	625	330	290
Iranian languages	12,760	6,425	6,335
Baluchi	50	30	15
Kurdish	1,055	515	540
Parsi	20	10	15
Pashto	1,960	1,000	960
Persian languages	9,625	4,835	4,780
Dari	2,800	1,400	1,395
Iranian Persian	5,565	2,800	2,765
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,255	635	620
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	41,550	20,105	21,450
Catalan	45	15	25
Italian	4,100	2,060	2,040
Portuguese	4,065	1,935	2,125
Romanian	4,155	2,045	2,115
Spanish	29,175	14,035	15,135
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Japanese	2,195	735	1,455
Korean	10,205	4,705	5,510
Mongolian	450	200	245
Niger-Congo languages	5,870	2,945	2,920
Akan (Twi)	620	315	305
Bamanankan	10	10	5
Edo	90	45	40
Éwé	50	30	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	45
Ga	35	20	20
Ganda	60	25	30
Gikuyu	55	25	30
Igbo	730	380	355
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	190	95	95
Lingala	55	30	20
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	115	55	60
Ndebele	85	40	45
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	60	80
Shona	290	130	155
Soninke	10	5	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	25
Swahili	725	355	380
Wojenaka	5	0	0
Wolof	80	40	45
Yoruba	1,685	880	805
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	700	335	360
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,270	640	625
Dinka	535	295	240
Nuer	375	165	215
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	305	155	155
African, n.o.s.	55	35	25
Sign languages	230	115	110
American Sign Language	185	100	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	67,255	31,260	36,000
Chinese languages	65,980	30,640	35,335
Hakka	280	135	150
Mandarin	31,270	14,465	16,810
Min Dong	30	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,205	515	690
Wu (Shanghainese)	250	125	125
Yue (Cantonese)	32,065	14,990	17,075
Chinese, n.o.s.	840	380	460
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,235	600	635
Burmese	255	120	135
Kuki-Chin languages	90	40	45
Karenic languages	220	110	115
S'gaw Karen	170	85	85
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30
Tibetan	635	320	325
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25
Tai-Kadai languages	1,070	390	685
Lao	415	195	215
Thai	620	175	445
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Turkic languages	1,870	1,000	865
Azerbaijani	240	135	110
Kazakh	55	20	35
Turkish	1,340	730	610
Uyghur	65	30	35
Uzbek	95	45	45
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40
Uralic languages	3,070	1,415	1,655
Estonian	70	35	35
Finnish	240	85	155
Hungarian	2,765	1,300	1,465
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Multiple responses	66,660	32,400	34,265
English and French	5,245	2,530	2,715
English and non-official language(s)	53,970	26,410	27,560
French and non-official language(s)	1,145	565	580
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,015	465	545
Multiple non-official languages	5,295	2,430	2,865
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,296,120	644,020	652,095
English	858,205	432,905	425,300
French	3,800	1,885	1,915
Non-official language	119,530	56,930	62,595
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	20
Non-Indigenous	119,485	56,915	62,570
English and French	12,035	5,650	6,380
English and non-official language(s)	283,170	137,555	145,610
French and non-official language(s)	525	235	290
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,990	3,275	3,715
Multiple non-official languages	11,860	5,575	6,290
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,296,120	644,020	652,095
Single responses	1,226,245	609,935	616,315
Official languages	983,495	492,440	491,055
English	977,675	489,585	488,090
French	5,820	2,860	2,965
Non-official languages	242,750	117,500	125,255
Indigenous languages³⁹	105	40	60
Algonquian languages	65	30	35
Blackfoot	35	15	20
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	15	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	5	5	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	20	5	15
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	20	5	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	242,650	117,455	125,195
Afro-Asiatic languages	21,960	10,980	10,975
Berber languages	45	30	15
Kabyle	35	20	15
Tamazight	5	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Chadic languages	25	10	10
Hausa	25	10	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	10	5
Cushitic languages	2,135	1,040	1,100
Bilen	130	65	70
Oromo	995	495	495
Somali	1,010	470	535
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	19,740	9,895	9,845
Amharic	2,800	1,320	1,485
Arabic	12,395	6,275	6,120
Aramaic languages	485	230	255
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	250	120	130
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	150	75	80
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	45	45
Harari	25	10	15
Hebrew	235	115	115
Maltese	5	5	0
Tigrigna	3,765	1,920	1,845
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,355	4,270	5,090
Khmer (Cambodian)	430	190	240
Vietnamese	8,840	4,030	4,810
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35
Austronesian languages	32,480	15,230	17,250
Bikol	75	35	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	470	220	245
Cebuano	1,090	530	560
Fijian	10	5	0
Hiligaynon	520	250	270
Ilocano	2,135	990	1,150
Indonesian	225	115	110
Kankanaey	110	50	55
Kinaray-a	50	30	20
Malagasy languages	15	5	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Malay	40	20	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	240	120	120
Pangasinan	50	25	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	27,210	12,710	14,500
Waray-Waray	70	40	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	90	90
Creole languages	325	155	170
Haitian Creole	115	60	60
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	20	15	10
Morisyen	70	35	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25
Dravidian languages	4,160	2,085	2,080
Kannada	190	90	95
Malayalam	1,785	890	900
Tamil	1,395	710	680
Telugu	760	375	380
Tulu	30	15	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	75	40	30
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	112,245	55,440	56,805
Albanian	610	325	290
Armenian	140	65	75
Balto-Slavic languages	12,980	6,225	6,760
Baltic languages	195	95	95
Latvian	70	40	35
Lithuanian	120	60	60
Slavic languages	12,790	6,130	6,660
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	360	175	185
Czech	345	160	185
Macedonian	70	35	35
Polish	2,795	1,345	1,455
Russian	6,055	2,880	3,170
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,860	905	960
Bosnian	315	155	160
Croatian	650	300	350
Serbian	895	440	450
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	350	165	180
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	20	15
Ukrainian	905	435	470
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	5	10
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Germanic languages	1,535	735	805
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	665	320	345
German	640	305	335
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	10	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	725	345	380
Afrikaans	435	215	225
Dutch	275	125	150
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	10
Scandinavian languages	130	60	75
Danish	40	20	20
Icelandic	10	5	5
Norwegian	15	10	5
Swedish	70	30	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	430	185	245
Indo-Iranian languages	73,220	36,630	36,595
Indo-Aryan languages	64,720	32,425	32,290
Assamese	20	10	15
Bengali	2,905	1,420	1,490
Gujarati	4,045	2,085	1,960
Hindi	5,165	2,605	2,565
Kacchi	565	235	325
Kashmiri	50	25	30
Konkani	70	35	35
Marathi	565	285	280
Nepali	1,565	805	765
Oriya languages	40	20	20
Odia	25	15	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	36,445	18,325	18,120
Rohingya	10	5	5
Sindhi	165	85	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	520	255	265
Urdu	12,250	6,075	6,175
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	165	175
Iranian languages	8,490	4,190	4,295
Baluchi	30	15	15
Kurdish	735	355	380
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	1,215	625	595
Persian languages	6,470	3,185	3,285
Dari	1,710	830	880
Iranian Persian	3,900	1,930	1,975
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	860	430	430
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Italic (Romance) languages	23,265	11,255	12,015
Catalan	25	10	15
Italian	945	425	520
Portuguese	2,220	1,090	1,125
Romanian	1,980	980	995
Spanish	18,095	8,740	9,360
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Japanese	1,075	455	615
Korean	7,740	3,650	4,090
Mongolian	305	135	170
Niger-Congo languages	2,045	965	1,080
Akan (Twi)	315	155	160
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	10	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25
Ga	15	5	5
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	10	5	5
Igbo	195	100	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	45
Lingala	35	10	20
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	10	5
Ndebele	40	20	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30
Shona	85	35	50
Soninke	10	5	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5
Swahili	275	125	145
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	50	25	20
Yoruba	615	290	325
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	65	80
Nilo-Saharan languages	700	350	350
Dinka	325	185	145
Nuer	255	110	145
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	60
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	380	210	165
American Sign Language	295	160	135
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,145	22,180	24,965
Chinese languages	46,220	21,715	24,505
Hakka	80	30	50
Mandarin	23,495	11,210	12,290
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	460	185	280
Wu (Shanghainese)	150	75	75
Yue (Cantonese)	21,510	9,980	11,530
Chinese, n.o.s.	500	230	270
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	910	460	455
Burmese	160	75	80
Kuki-Chin languages	85	40	45
Karenic languages	165	80	85
S'gaw Karen	125	65	60
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Tibetan	485	250	235
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	435	205	230
Lao	175	80	95
Thai	240	110	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Turkic languages	1,135	580	560
Azerbaijani	120	55	65
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	910	470	440
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	40	15	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5
Uralic languages	1,065	505	555
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	35	20	15
Hungarian	1,025	490	540
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Multiple responses	69,870	34,085	35,785
English and French	2,485	1,205	1,285
English and non-official language(s)	64,950	31,765	33,190
French and non-official language(s)	240	105	135
English, French and non-official language(s)	640	290	350
Multiple non-official languages	1,550	715	835
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,296,115	644,020	652,100
None	1,038,845	519,700	519,145
English	97,335	47,975	49,365
French	9,450	4,360	5,090
Non-official language	116,850	55,575	61,275
Indigenous³⁹	600	265	330
Non-Indigenous	116,250	55,305	60,945
English and French	1,235	595	640
English and non-official language(s)	15,885	7,880	8,005
French and non-official language(s)	3,285	1,535	1,755
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	105	90
Multiple non-official languages	13,040	6,300	6,735
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,291,770	642,130	649,635
Official languages	1,259,370	628,960	630,410
English	1,258,480	628,565	629,915
French	86,135	39,155	46,980
Non-official languages	518,025	249,240	268,785
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,600	630	965
Algonquian languages	1,045	395	650
Blackfoot	460	180	275
Cree-Innu languages	520	215	305
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	520	215	305
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	15	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	220	65	155
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	25	25	0
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	120	40	85
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	120	40	85
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	55	10	45
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	15	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	225	90	135
Northern Athabaskan languages	215	85	130
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	10	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	35	10	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	10	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	30	10	20
Salish languages	20	20	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	215	115	100
Assiniboine	15	0	15
Dakota	20	20	0
Stoney	170	90	80
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Non-Indigenous languages	516,570	248,665	267,905
Afro-Asiatic languages	52,310	27,045	25,265
Berber languages	275	175	95
Kabyle	165	90	70
Tamazight	80	60	20
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	25	10
Chadic languages	350	215	135
Hausa	340	210	135
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	85	35	45
Cushitic languages	4,685	2,455	2,225
Bilen	235	130	105
Oromo	2,085	1,115	970
Somali	2,420	1,260	1,165
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Semitic languages	48,400	24,960	23,435
Amharic	8,360	4,130	4,230
Arabic	33,325	17,480	15,845
Aramaic languages	820	480	345
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	345	210	135
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	370	210	160
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	65	50
Harari	80	45	35
Hebrew	1,975	1,000	975
Maltese	30	15	15
Tigrigna	7,570	3,870	3,695
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	125	90	40
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,430	8,935	10,495
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,135	540	595
Vietnamese	18,090	8,270	9,820
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	270	150	120
Austronesian languages	70,310	31,065	39,240
Bikol	505	265	240
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,065	475	595
Cebuano	3,285	1,510	1,775
Fijian	90	50	40
Hiligaynon	1,265	525	735
Ilocano	6,395	2,785	3,610
Indonesian	1,175	545	635
Kankanaey	250	105	145
Kinaray-a	85	50	35
Malagasy languages	40	20	20
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	10
Malay	780	350	430
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,130	490	635
Pangasinan	460	235	225
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	66,715	29,420	37,300
Waray-Waray	390	190	200
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,700	770	925
Creole languages	1,915	975	940
Haitian Creole	540	285	255
Jamaican English Creole	135	55	80
Krio	125	60	60
Morisyen	355	170	185
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	475	275	205
Creole languages, n.i.e.	470	225	240
Dravidian languages	10,080	5,160	4,920
Kannada	1,075	550	530
Malayalam	3,775	1,935	1,840
Tamil	4,200	2,140	2,055
Telugu	2,335	1,220	1,115
Tulu	70	35	35
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Georgian	220	120	100
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	257,340	126,440	130,900
Albanian	1,825	990	840
Armenian	460	265	195
Balto-Slavic languages	34,205	16,055	18,150
Baltic languages	485	220	270
Latvian	155	65	90
Lithuanian	330	155	175
Slavic languages	33,920	15,935	17,985
Belarusian	85	30	50
Bulgarian	985	445	540
Czech	1,940	970	970
Macedonian	290	135	150
Polish	8,485	4,025	4,460
Russian	14,155	6,685	7,470
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	6,010	2,820	3,195
Bosnian	1,560	745	810
Croatian	3,010	1,400	1,615
Serbian	2,905	1,385	1,520
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	120	55	65
Slovak	1,295	590	700
Slovene (Slovenian)	280	115	165
Ukrainian	4,265	1,890	2,375
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	435	245	190
Irish	205	125	85
Scottish Gaelic	85	35	40
Welsh	135	80	60
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Germanic languages	21,235	10,295	10,935
Frisian	55	20	35
High German languages	14,220	6,860	7,360
German	13,950	6,720	7,235
Pennsylvania German	10	0	0
Swiss German	350	165	185
Yiddish	110	65	40
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5,870	2,990	2,885
Afrikaans	1,785	960	825
Dutch	3,780	1,890	1,885
Low German, n.o.s.	40	25	15
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	230	90	135
Vlaams (Flemish)	125	60	65
Scandinavian languages	1,920	895	1,030
Danish	940	480	460
Icelandic	50	15	35
Norwegian	380	165	215
Swedish	630	275	355
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Greek	2,155	1,065	1,090
Indo-Iranian languages	132,795	67,155	65,640
Indo-Aryan languages	118,560	60,020	58,540
Assamese	80	45	35
Bengali	6,005	3,015	2,990
Gujarati	10,800	5,485	5,315
Hindi	42,160	21,290	20,875
Kacchi	2,245	985	1,260
Kashmiri	190	95	95
Konkani	425	200	230
Marathi	2,245	1,150	1,095
Nepali	2,880	1,485	1,395
Oriya languages	105	45	55
Odia	15	10	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	40	50
Punjabi (Panjabi)	61,205	31,170	30,030
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	630	360	270
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,330	640	690
Urdu	29,980	15,280	14,705
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,355	730	625
Iranian languages	16,480	8,290	8,195
Baluchi	65	35	30
Kurdish	1,360	690	670
Parsi	10	10	0
Pashto	2,930	1,485	1,445
Persian languages	12,595	6,355	6,230
Dari	4,430	2,165	2,265
Iranian Persian	6,735	3,460	3,275
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,605	835	770
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	160	75	80
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75
Italic (Romance) languages	71,550	34,010	37,540
Catalan	100	45	60
Italian	8,730	4,240	4,490
Portuguese	6,170	3,070	3,100
Romanian	5,390	2,695	2,695
Spanish	54,235	25,520	28,715
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	145	65	80
Japanese	4,845	2,125	2,715
Korean	11,695	5,490	6,205
Mongolian	640	300	335
Niger-Congo languages	16,975	8,610	8,365
Akan (Twi)	1,270	645	620
Bamanankan	35	20	15
Edo	310	165	145
Éwé	100	45	55
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	170	110	65
Ga	275	140	140
Ganda	110	60	45
Gikuyu	155	70	85
Igbo	2,800	1,465	1,335
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	295	140	150
Lingala	395	185	210
Luba-Kasai	75	25	50
Mòoré	15	10	0
Mwani	255	140	110
Ndebele	125	65	65
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	85	65
Shona	580	270	310
Soninke	20	10	10
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	60	55
Swahili	3,220	1,700	1,520
Wojenaka	35	25	10
Wolof	230	130	100
Yoruba	5,915	2,900	3,015
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,355	1,175	1,180
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,815	925	890
Dinka	815	435	380
Nuer	440	200	240
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	575	300	270
African, n.o.s.	170	80	90
Sign languages	1,775	630	1,145
American Sign Language	1,495	515	980
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	335	155	185
Sino-Tibetan languages	81,025	38,350	42,680
Chinese languages	79,265	37,475	41,795
Hakka	390	160	235
Mandarin	45,330	21,095	24,235
Min Dong	35	25	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,295	1,000	1,295
Wu (Shanghainese)	335	140	195
Yue (Cantonese)	42,090	19,730	22,350
Chinese, n.o.s.	840	395	445
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,785	885	900
Burmese	495	245	250
Kuki-Chin languages	120	60	60
Karenic languages	365	180	190
S'gaw Karen	295	145	150
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50
Tibetan	765	395	370
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	155	70	85
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65
Tai-Kadai languages	1,640	680	955
Lao	595	300	295
Thai	1,160	445	710
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40
Turkic languages	3,420	1,785	1,635
Azerbaijani	550	285	270
Kazakh	170	75	95
Turkish	2,530	1,425	1,100
Uyghur	110	30	80
Uzbek	180	80	100
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	65
Uralic languages	3,760	1,750	2,010
Estonian	125	55	70
Finnish	360	170	190
Hungarian	3,290	1,535	1,755
Other languages, n.i.e.	485	275	210
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,291,770	642,135	649,635
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	41,350	19,270	22,085
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	39,720	18,515	21,210
First Nations (North American Indian)	18,440	8,300	10,135
Métis	20,855	9,990	10,865
Inuk (Inuit)	430	220	205
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	865	385	475
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	765	365	395
Non-Indigenous identity	1,250,420	622,865	627,555
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,291,770	642,135	649,635
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	14,405	6,575	7,825
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,277,370	635,560	641,810
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	502,305	...	...
Owner	345,690	...	...
Renter	156,615	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	502,305	...	...
Condominium	124,190	...	...
Not condominium	378,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	502,305	...	...
No bedrooms	2,920	...	...
1 bedroom	59,385	...	...
2 bedrooms	116,625	...	...
3 bedrooms	167,895	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	155,480	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	502,305	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	153,485	...	...
5 rooms	78,585	...	...
6 rooms	69,385	...	...
7 rooms	59,530	...	...
8 or more rooms	141,320	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	502,305	...	...
One person or fewer per room	486,420	...	...
More than one person per room	15,885	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	502,305	...	...
Suitable	476,790	...	...
Not suitable	25,515	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	502,305	...	...
1960 or before	43,855	...	...
1961 to 1980	133,035	...	...
1981 to 1990	59,780	...	...
1991 to 2000	75,685	...	...
2001 to 2005	50,390	...	...
2006 to 2010	47,665	...	...
2011 to 2015	45,850	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	46,045	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	502,305	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	479,525	...	...
Major repairs needed	22,780	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	502,305	...	...
One-maintainer household	242,815	...	...
Two-maintainer household	228,860	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	30,630	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	502,305	...	...
15 to 24 years	13,825	...	...
25 to 34 years	83,280	...	...
35 to 44 years	110,705	...	...
45 to 54 years	100,130	...	...
55 to 64 years	93,305	...	...
65 to 74 years	62,865	...	...
75 to 84 years	27,860	...	...
85 years and over	10,340	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	499,855	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	385,380	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	114,470	...	...
30% to less than 100%	102,665	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	502,305	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	150,520	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	103,650	...	...
Not suitable only	19,875	...	...
Major repairs needed only	14,995	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,215	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,360	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,170	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	...	...
Acceptable housing	351,785	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	488,040	...	...
In core need	49,860	...	...
Not in core need	438,185	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	345,680	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,774	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	456,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	519,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	156,615	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,404	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,291,770	642,135	649,635
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	14,495	6,615	7,875
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	14,125	6,430	7,695
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	10,035	4,560	5,475
Métis single ancestry	3,975	1,790	2,185
Inuit single ancestry	115	75	40
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	370	190	185
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	355	180	180
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	34,850	16,545	18,305
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	33,825	16,090	17,740
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,015	9,015	10,005
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	14,490	6,925	7,565
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	145	170
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,030	460	570
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	935	420	515
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	35
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,242,425	618,970	623,455
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,291,770	642,135	649,640
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,131,540	565,050	566,495
Canadian citizens aged under 18	257,900	132,670	125,230
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	873,645	432,380	441,265
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	160,225	77,085	83,140
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,291,770	642,135	649,640
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	834,100	420,985	413,120
Immigrants⁸¹	430,640	207,060	223,575
Before 1980	48,430	23,310	25,115
1980 to 1990	40,330	19,730	20,600
1991 to 2000	61,465	29,575	31,890
2001 to 2010	117,055	56,175	60,875
2011 to 2021⁸²	163,365	78,275	85,095
2011 to 2015	82,050	39,320	42,735
2016 to 2021	81,315	38,960	42,360
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,025	14,085	12,940
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	430,640	207,065	223,575
Under 5 years	37,050	18,960	18,090
5 to 14 years	71,460	37,200	34,265
15 to 24 years	74,550	34,020	40,525
25 to 44 years	204,525	97,045	107,480
45 years and over	43,060	19,840	23,220
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	430,640	207,065	223,575
Americas	44,125	20,585	23,540
Brazil	2,010	890	1,120
Colombia	5,865	2,710	3,160
El Salvador	2,425	1,135	1,290
Guyana	740	340	400
Haiti	510	295	220
Jamaica	3,135	1,475	1,660
Mexico	4,895	2,410	2,480
Peru	1,070	470	595
Trinidad and Tobago	1,315	620	695
United States of America	10,895	4,960	5,935
Other places of birth in Americas	11,260	5,275	5,985
Europe	68,740	34,275	34,465
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,000	960	1,045
Croatia	1,330	620	705
France	1,265	645	620
Germany	4,685	2,155	2,525
Greece	865	455	415
Hungary	1,550	740	815
Italy	3,075	1,590	1,490
Netherlands	2,620	1,375	1,245
Poland	5,890	2,750	3,140
Portugal	990	505	485
Romania	4,025	2,030	1,995
Russian Federation	4,210	1,785	2,430
Serbia⁸⁶	980	460	515
Ukraine	3,035	1,385	1,655
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20,420	10,815	9,600
Other places of birth in Europe	11,795	6,010	5,780
Africa	51,610	26,045	25,560
Algeria	630	310	315
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	855	425	435
Egypt	3,320	1,745	1,575
Eritrea	4,720	2,465	2,250
Ethiopia	7,090	3,435	3,655
Morocco	870	445	425
Nigeria	12,450	6,340	6,110
Somalia	1,580	775	805
South Africa, Republic of	3,095	1,620	1,480
Other places of birth in Africa	17,005	8,480	8,525
Asia	262,700	124,535	138,160
Afghanistan	3,980	1,970	2,010
Iran⁸⁸	5,515	2,865	2,650
Iraq	3,935	1,990	1,950
Lebanon	4,095	2,205	1,890
Syria⁸⁹	4,340	2,280	2,060
Turkey	1,085	540	545
China⁹⁰	36,245	16,615	19,625
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,775	5,180	5,595
Korea, South⁹²	8,215	3,835	4,375
Taiwan	2,110	885	1,220
Philippines	65,430	29,000	36,430
Viet Nam	15,395	6,875	8,525
Bangladesh	3,510	1,785	1,725
India	56,510	28,275	28,240
Pakistan	18,375	9,305	9,070
Sri Lanka	1,820	900	925
Other places of birth in Asia	21,375	10,040	11,335
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,470	1,630	1,840
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	81,315	38,960	42,360
Americas	7,550	3,475	4,070
Brazil	840	355	490
Colombia	615	245	370
Haiti	105	55	45
Jamaica	475	215	255
Mexico	1,265	645	615
United States of America	2,130	1,000	1,130
Venezuela⁹⁵	885	390	500
Other places of birth in Americas	1,245	570	675
Europe	6,505	3,340	3,170
France	200	95	105
Germany	225	105	120
Ireland⁹⁶	470	315	160
Italy	260	160	105
Russian Federation	635	235	405
Ukraine	680	295	385
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,420	805	610
Other places of birth in Europe	2,615	1,330	1,290
Africa	15,065	7,475	7,590
Algeria	60	15	50
Burundi	40	15	25
Cameroon	380	170	210
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	155	85	75
Côte d'Ivoire	55	30	20
Egypt	595	300	300
Eritrea	2,525	1,325	1,195
Ethiopia	1,845	880	965
Morocco	210	95	110
Nigeria	5,885	2,895	2,990
Somalia	310	140	170
South Africa, Republic of	650	360	295
Sudan⁹⁷	445	215	225
Tunisia	95	65	30
Other places of birth in Africa	1,815	895	920
Asia	51,570	24,320	27,250
Afghanistan	845	405	435
Bangladesh	630	310	320
China⁹⁰	5,520	2,410	3,115
Hong Kong⁹¹	310	120	190
India	14,070	7,095	6,970
Iran⁸⁸	865	415	445
Iraq	945	440	505
Israel	340	185	150
Japan	170	25	140
Jordan	165	90	70
Korea, South⁹²	1,740	740	1,000
Lebanon	425	215	210
Nepal	460	235	230
Pakistan	2,315	1,130	1,185
Philippines	15,485	7,055	8,435
Saudi Arabia	265	160	105
Sri Lanka	145	75	70
Syria⁸⁹	3,070	1,630	1,445
Turkey	405	175	225
United Arab Emirates	360	200	165
Viet Nam	955	310	640
Other places of birth in Asia	2,090	885	1,205
Oceania and other⁹³	620	345	280
Australia	435	230	205
Other places of birth⁹⁸	185	115	75
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,291,770	642,130	649,635
First generation¹⁰⁰	471,470	228,280	243,195
Second generation¹⁰¹	281,465	142,090	139,380
Third generation or more¹⁰²	538,830	271,765	267,065
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	382,215	183,750	198,460
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	215,420	108,005	107,410
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	88,050	52,955	35,090
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	127,375	55,055	72,315
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	107,140	43,925	63,210
Refugees¹⁰⁸	55,735	29,885	25,845
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,920	1,925	1,990
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	382,215	183,750	198,460
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	13,615	7,955	5,660
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	46,635	20,170	26,460
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	9,450	4,855	4,595
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	22,045	11,495	10,545
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,375	605	770
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	289,095	138,665	150,425
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,291,770	642,135	649,635
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	534,695	262,355	272,340
South Asian	141,660	71,810	69,845
Chinese	91,410	44,315	47,095
Black	70,680	35,655	35,020
Filipino	84,215	38,660	45,550
Arab	30,735	16,175	14,560
Latin American	31,855	15,340	16,520
Southeast Asian	26,395	12,300	14,095
West Asian	15,150	7,705	7,440
Korean	12,380	5,945	6,430
Japanese	5,825	2,530	3,295
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,445	2,710	2,740
Multiple visible minorities	18,955	9,210	9,745
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	757,075	379,775	377,295
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,291,770	642,135	649,635
Canadian	125,490	65,430	60,065
English	205,980	102,400	103,575
Irish	153,865	74,665	79,195
Scottish	177,490	87,675	89,815
French, n.o.s.¹²²	79,635	39,135	40,500
German	146,970	72,775	74,190
Chinese	96,180	46,325	49,860
Italian	36,235	18,060	18,175
Indian (India)	71,115	35,960	35,155
Ukrainian	69,030	33,640	35,390
Dutch	38,505	19,070	19,430
Polish	42,735	20,560	22,175
Québécois	1,580	785	795
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	41,520	20,955	20,570
Filipino	79,200	36,580	42,625
French Canadian	9,130	4,545	4,590
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,860	10,850	10,005
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	12,415	5,805	6,615
Métis	19,805	9,345	10,460
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,790	11,410	11,380
Russian	28,470	13,255	15,215
Norwegian	32,675	15,535	17,140
Welsh	21,030	9,965	11,065
Portuguese	6,770	3,400	3,370
American	18,030	8,720	9,310
Spanish	17,085	7,820	9,265
Swedish	20,940	10,255	10,685
Hungarian	16,335	7,965	8,375
Acadian	2,935	1,520	1,415
Pakistani	22,800	11,565	11,240
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,470	6,635	6,830
Jewish	6,595	3,345	3,250
Punjabi	18,050	9,135	8,920
Vietnamese	21,145	9,890	11,255
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	10,585	5,620	4,965
Greek	5,540	2,865	2,680
Jamaican	5,860	2,915	2,950
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	14,510	6,955	7,555
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	5,915	2,675	3,240
Korean	12,445	5,920	6,525
Romanian	10,540	4,990	5,545
Lebanese	11,360	5,955	5,405
Iranian	6,105	3,130	2,975
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,815	2,325	2,490
Danish	14,575	7,305	7,270
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,225	2,020	2,200
Sikh	14,120	7,270	6,850
Austrian	10,255	5,080	5,175
Belgian	5,295	2,545	2,755
Haitian	930	475	455
Hindu	8,550	4,305	4,245
Mexican	7,685	3,755	3,930
Mennonite	3,750	1,840	1,910
Swiss	5,765	2,795	2,965
Finnish	5,250	2,540	2,705
Sri Lankan	1,865	925	940
Croatian	5,170	2,540	2,635
Japanese	7,785	3,465	4,320
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,655	2,305	2,345
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,330	620	705
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	6,340	3,050	3,290
Muslim	6,060	3,145	2,915
Egyptian	4,610	2,475	2,135
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	5,960	2,910	3,050
Tamil	1,370	710	665
Icelandic	6,025	3,195	2,830
Colombian	6,420	3,075	3,345
Moroccan	880	425	460
Czech	6,295	3,085	3,215
Syrian	4,215	2,150	2,065
Guyanese	1,210	595	615
Afghan	6,465	3,170	3,290
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,530	1,325	1,205
Serbian	3,125	1,485	1,635
Ojibway	1,165	595	575
Newfoundlander	1,500	795	705
Hong Konger	3,940	1,925	2,015
Ontarian	1,030	470	565
Persian	2,700	1,440	1,260
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,495	745	750
Turkish	2,610	1,435	1,175
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	520	265	255
Bangladeshi	3,570	1,810	1,765
Algerian	645	320	320
Brazilian	2,555	1,260	1,290
Nigerian	8,120	4,145	3,975
Armenian	925	495	430
Slovak	3,520	1,750	1,770
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,620	1,220	1,400
Somali	2,830	1,485	1,350
Taiwanese	2,120	890	1,230
Iraqi	3,035	1,470	1,570
Salvadorean	2,325	1,150	1,175
African Caribbean	930	495	430
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,670	1,710	1,960
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,645	1,375	1,270
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,330	650	680
Algonquin	380	165	220
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	835	370	465
Lithuanian	2,015	880	1,130
South African	2,915	1,465	1,445
Australian	3,060	1,585	1,475
Palestinian	1,675	910	760
Chilean	2,925	1,505	1,420
Congolese	1,045	500	545
Nova Scotian	850	380	470
Ethiopian	6,695	3,225	3,465
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	2,920	1,375	1,550
Peruvian	1,450	690	760
Yoruba	5,200	2,640	2,560
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,960	965	985
Berber	405	225	175
Albanian	1,870	1,030	835
Maltese	505	230	275
Macedonian	385	185	200
Slovenian	1,445	715	730
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,960	925	1,035
New Brunswicker	410	170	235
Gujarati	1,665	880	785
Eritrean	5,320	2,700	2,615
African Canadian	940	465	475
Israeli	1,095	565	525
Mohawk	500	300	200
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,685	790	900
Bulgarian	1,305	635	670
Albertan	5,465	2,785	2,685
Ghanaian	1,405	705	700
Barbadian	640	310	330
African American	935	435	495
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,030	545	480
Tunisian	300	150	155
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,305	675	630
Cuban	830	395	435
Bosnian	1,870	890	975
Venezuelan	3,025	1,445	1,575
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	15	10
Latvian	1,025	485	540
Bengali	1,200	585	610
Cameroonian	930	485	450
Guatemalan	1,200	555	645
Indonesian	1,555	750	800
Laotian	1,015	505	510
Ilocano	2,575	1,195	1,380
Northern Irish	920	445	475
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	805	420	385
British Columbian	520	295	225
Ecuadorian	405	210	190
Franco Ontarian	125	85	40
Argentinian	1,050	545	510
Estonian	980	480	500
Kurdish	1,060	525	530
Fijian	1,145	525	620
Jatt	1,410	705	705
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	645	320	325
Coptic	440	225	215
Thai	1,185	370	810
Dominican	405	245	160
Nepali	2,255	1,175	1,085
Kabyle	95	50	45
Assyrian	420	215	200
Igbo	3,150	1,635	1,515
Byelorussian	730	350	380
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	215	95	120
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	1,580	685	895
Abenaki	50	20	25
Moldovan	990	545	445
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	245	125	120
New Zealander	1,095	590	500
Sudanese	2,480	1,205	1,275
Breton	40	30	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	350	125	225
Malaysian	1,175	560	620
Plains Cree	200	100	95
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	420	210	210
Huron (Wendat)	80	40	45
Saskatchewanian	1,150	595	555
Buddhist	1,010	480	525
Gaspesian	10	0	0
Norman	145	100	45
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,270	645	625
Ivorian	210	110	105
Saulteaux	280	120	160
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	160	60	105
Burundian	150	70	85
Tigrinya	2,240	1,220	1,020
Nicaraguan	800	355	445
Mauritian	450	190	255
Kenyan	1,050	510	540
Oji-Cree	20	10	10
Vincentian	175	65	110
Jordanian	445	220	225
Manitoban	460	245	210
Cape Bretoner	175	90	85
Rwandan	280	150	130
Grenadian	225	90	135
Malayali	665	375	290
Chaldean	165	80	85
Sinhalese	555	255	305
Mayan	575	310	270
Honduran	340	150	185
Cherokee	545	255	285
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	110	45	65
Indo-Caribbean	140	70	70
Flemish	420	190	235
United Empire Loyalist	180	65	115
Senegalese	140	100	35
Azerbaijani	670	350	320
Sicilian	110	35	70
Pashtun	820	420	400
Malay	790	340	450
Goan	350	185	165
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	330	165	160
Tibetan	790	415	375
Zimbabwean	660	295	365
Burmese	540	250	285
Mongolian	985	455	535
Azorean	70	25	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	105	60	45
Indo-Guyanese	80	45	35
Ugandan	300	145	150
Oromo	1,560	875	685
Tanzanian	795	425	375
Yemeni	555	280	275
Central African	70	35	40
Libyan	445	255	190
Basque	175	80	90
Uruguayan	85	40	45
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	295	125	165
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	345	210	130
Igorot	1,195	560	625
Fulani	65	25	35
Woodland Cree	70	35	30
Guinean	155	80	70
St. Lucian	230	90	140
Prince Edward Islander	215	100	110
Maliseet	25	15	10
Beninese	145	75	70
Telugu	255	135	120
Roma	200	95	100
Costa Rican	180	95	85
African Nova Scotian	85	40	45
Malagasy	35	20	15
Kashmiri	820	405	415
Singaporean	325	120	205
Karen	390	195	195
Edo	605	340	265
Tajik	280	130	145
Amhara	810	435	380
Paraguayan	100	30	70
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,291,770	642,135	649,635
Buddhist	20,855	9,225	11,625
Christian	575,250	270,555	304,690
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	121,585	58,010	63,575
Anabaptist	2,100	1,020	1,075
Anglican	27,005	12,375	14,635
Baptist	10,875	5,050	5,825
Catholic	262,720	125,010	137,705
Christian Orthodox	24,020	11,690	12,330
Jehovah's Witness	5,160	2,300	2,860
Latter Day Saints	9,895	4,590	5,305
Lutheran	14,005	6,325	7,675
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,570	1,160	1,415
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,690	6,905	7,785
Presbyterian	8,330	3,730	4,600
Reformed	1,250	600	655
United Church	37,055	15,800	21,255
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	33,980	15,990	17,990
Hindu	33,450	17,180	16,265
Jewish	6,390	3,140	3,255
Muslim	95,925	48,855	47,075
Sikh	49,465	24,885	24,580
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,370	500	870
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,695	4,165	5,535
No religion and secular perspectives	499,375	263,630	235,745
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,277,835	634,945	642,885
Non-movers	1,101,965	547,205	554,760
Movers	175,865	87,745	88,125
Non-migrants	132,940	66,500	66,445
Migrants	42,925	21,245	21,680
Internal migrants	29,285	14,520	14,770
Intraprovincial migrants	13,780	6,700	7,080
Interprovincial migrants	15,505	7,820	7,690
External migrants	13,640	6,730	6,910
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,217,975	604,435	613,540
Non-movers	707,190	350,630	356,560
Movers	510,785	253,805	256,980
Non-migrants	333,555	166,780	166,775
Migrants	177,230	87,025	90,205
Internal migrants	103,835	51,155	52,680
Intraprovincial migrants	52,115	25,805	26,310
Interprovincial migrants	51,725	25,355	26,370
External migrants	73,395	35,870	37,525
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,056,230	521,175	535,050
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	149,010	77,165	71,850
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	907,215	444,015	463,205
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	737,750	364,645	373,105
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,615	35,580	30,040
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	672,130	329,065	343,070
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,056,230	521,180	535,055
No certificate, diploma or degree	134,565	68,700	65,865
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	273,135	137,495	135,635
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	648,530	314,980	333,550
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	271,085	134,270	136,810
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	62,155	45,900	16,255
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	22,795	12,780	10,015
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	39,360	33,125	6,235
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	172,905	73,135	99,775
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,020	15,235	20,790
Bachelor's degree or higher	377,450	180,710	196,740
Bachelor's degree	258,985	121,715	137,275
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,835	9,020	10,810
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,365	4,285	5,080
Master's degree	77,600	38,555	39,040
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,670	7,130	4,540
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	737,750	364,645	373,105
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,150	30,270	25,880
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	158,090	83,330	74,760
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	523,505	251,045	272,465
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	207,210	103,010	104,205
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	46,300	34,495	11,805
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,310	9,360	6,950
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	29,990	25,135	4,860
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	132,925	56,660	76,265
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,990	11,860	16,130
Bachelor's degree or higher	316,295	148,035	168,260
Bachelor's degree	215,545	99,580	115,960
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	15,980	7,050	8,925
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,070	3,480	4,595
Master's degree	67,610	32,685	34,925
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,100	5,240	3,855
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,056,230	521,180	535,055
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	407,695	206,200	201,495
Education	37,900	8,205	29,695
13. Education	37,900	8,205	29,695
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	20,300	8,295	12,000
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,095	1,585	515
50. Visual and performing arts	18,205	6,715	11,490
Humanities	29,295	10,450	18,845
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,420	660	2,760
23. English language and literature/letters	6,610	1,750	4,860
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,070	3,555	6,515
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	455	155	300
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,925	1,050	875
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,775	1,575	1,200
54. History	3,320	1,570	1,750
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	720	130	585
Social and behavioural sciences and law	72,710	25,400	47,315
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,020	200	820
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,885	3,435	6,450
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,890	615	7,275
22. Legal professions and studies	13,435	4,770	8,665
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,430	480	945
42. Psychology	11,935	2,745	9,190
45. Social sciences	27,130	13,155	13,975
Business, management and public administration	151,340	66,070	85,275
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	60	90
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,190	1,385	5,810
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	144,000	64,630	79,380
Physical and life sciences and technologies	35,280	18,270	17,015
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,915	4,605	7,310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,125	3,260	3,870
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	560	230	330
40. Physical sciences	14,385	9,680	4,705
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,295	495	800
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,775	21,555	11,215
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	27,025	18,865	8,165
25. Library science	1,385	170	1,210
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,675	2,070	1,610
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	685	455	230
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	141,165	119,620	21,550
04. Architecture and related services	5,715	3,555	2,165
14. Engineering	60,975	48,265	12,715
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	30,160	24,830	5,325
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10
46. Construction trades	20,365	19,740	625
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,535	15,080	455
48. Precision production	8,400	8,145	260
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,880	5,175	5,705
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,525	3,070	3,455
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,350	2,100	2,250
Health and related fields	91,710	19,495	72,215
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	7,380	3,540	3,845
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	81,445	14,515	66,930
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	150	55	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,740	1,395	1,350
Personal, protective and transportation services	24,990	12,345	12,645
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	16,005	5,380	10,625
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105	90	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	105	20
43. Security and protective services	4,485	2,870	1,615
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,270	3,900	370
Other¹⁷⁹	180	90	90
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	737,745	364,640	373,105
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	214,245	113,600	100,640
Education	27,425	5,745	21,680
13. Education	27,425	5,745	21,680
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	16,520	6,735	9,785
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,595	1,150	450
50. Visual and performing arts	14,920	5,580	9,335
Humanities	23,385	8,110	15,275
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,795	520	2,270
23. English language and literature/letters	5,440	1,440	3,995
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,205	2,785	5,420
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	340	110	230
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,575	845	730
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,930	1,110	820
54. History	2,585	1,210	1,375
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	515	90	420
Social and behavioural sciences and law	60,535	20,560	39,980
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	870	180	685
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,695	2,925	5,770
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,225	450	5,780
22. Legal professions and studies	11,170	3,705	7,465
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,180	385	795
42. Psychology	9,685	2,100	7,590
45. Social sciences	22,700	10,805	11,895
Business, management and public administration	124,905	53,865	71,040
30.16 Accounting and computer science	105	45	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,835	1,070	4,765
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	118,970	52,750	66,215
Physical and life sciences and technologies	27,230	13,335	13,895
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,575	3,600	5,975
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,600	2,495	3,105
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	465	190	270
40. Physical sciences	10,735	6,710	4,020
41. Science technologies/technicians	860	335	525
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	28,300	18,680	9,610
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	24,085	16,720	7,360
25. Library science	900	120	780
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,765	1,500	1,265
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	555	350	205
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	113,170	94,000	19,170
04. Architecture and related services	4,610	2,700	1,910
14. Engineering	51,005	39,500	11,510
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,030	19,430	4,600
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10
46. Construction trades	15,725	15,190	535
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,690	11,295	400
48. Precision production	6,095	5,885	200
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,820	4,045	4,780
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,000	2,240	2,765
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,820	1,805	2,015
Health and related fields	73,600	16,045	57,555
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,910	2,840	3,070
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	65,330	12,095	53,230
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	45	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,240	1,065	1,180
Personal, protective and transportation services	19,480	9,855	9,625
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,230	4,210	8,020
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	80	70	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0
43. Security and protective services	3,695	2,380	1,315
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,425	3,150	275
Other¹⁷⁹	140	70	70
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	737,745	364,640	373,105
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	214,245	113,600	100,640
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	523,510	251,045	272,465
Location of study inside Canada	372,000	180,455	191,540
Same as province or territory of residence	267,640	128,510	139,130
Different than province or territory of residence	104,355	51,950	52,410
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	151,510	70,585	80,925
Americas	24,755	12,395	12,360
United States of America	14,510	7,920	6,590
Mexico	2,085	930	1,160
Cuba	235	135	95
Haiti	75	45	30
Jamaica	400	175	230
Brazil	1,555	665	890
Colombia	2,015	880	1,140
Peru	365	140	225
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,780	745	1,035
Other locations of study in Americas	1,735	760	970
Europe	25,250	13,170	12,080
Belgium	170	100	70
France	1,155	600	555
Germany	925	515	405
Netherlands	600	315	285
Switzerland	280	150	130
Hungary	330	165	165
Moldova¹⁸³	570	270	300
Poland	1,375	540	835
Romania	1,725	935	795
Russian Federation	2,065	890	1,170
Ukraine	1,465	680	785
Ireland⁹⁶	855	520	335
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,355	5,195	4,155
Bosnia and Herzegovina	280	145	130
Italy	315	170	140
Serbia⁸⁶	360	180	180
Other locations of study in Europe	3,420	1,790	1,635
Africa	12,240	6,200	6,040
Nigeria	4,635	2,225	2,415
Algeria	330	170	160
Morocco	380	205	175
Tunisia	180	110	70
Egypt	1,610	825	785
South Africa, Republic of	1,315	665	655
Other locations of study in Africa	3,795	2,005	1,790
Asia	86,450	37,320	49,140
Iran⁸⁸	2,105	980	1,120
Iraq	895	440	455
Israel	385	210	175
Lebanon	590	275	315
Syria⁸⁹	730	375	355
Turkey	385	235	155
China⁹⁰	10,965	4,890	6,075
Taiwan	565	140	430
Hong Kong⁹¹	790	310	485
Japan	995	270	720
Korea, South⁹²	3,715	1,535	2,175
Philippines	28,045	11,105	16,945
Viet Nam	810	315	495
Bangladesh	1,360	510	845
Sri Lanka	455	235	220
India	23,485	11,025	12,455
Pakistan	6,015	2,670	3,345
Other locations of study in Asia	4,170	1,795	2,375
Oceania	2,815	1,510	1,305
Australia	2,225	1,200	1,025
New Zealand	480	255	230
Other locations of study in Oceania	105	55	45
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,056,230	521,180	535,055
In the labour force	730,055	382,305	347,750
Employed	638,645	335,655	302,995
Unemployed	91,405	46,650	44,755
Not in the labour force	326,175	138,875	187,310
Participation rate	69.1	73.4	65.0
Employment rate	60.5	64.4	56.6
Unemployment rate	12.5	12.2	12.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,056,230	521,180	535,055
Did not work¹⁸⁶	350,820	153,180	197,640
Worked	705,410	367,995	337,415
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	370,495	210,090	160,405
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	334,920	157,910	177,010
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.4	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	730,050	382,305	347,745
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720
Employee	596,075	303,490	292,590
Permanent position	498,865	258,105	240,765
Temporary position	97,210	45,385	51,825
Fixed term (1 year or more)	33,010	14,890	18,125
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	64,200	30,500	33,700
Self-employed¹⁹²	108,770	66,635	42,130
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	730,050	382,305	347,745
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025
All occupations¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,910	6,645	2,265
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	135,315	46,270	89,040
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	83,405	63,705	19,695
3 Health occupations	58,670	11,985	46,685
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	77,125	25,355	51,770
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,330	9,105	11,230
6 Sales and service occupations	175,295	80,580	94,715
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	115,655	103,615	12,040
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	10,185	8,205	1,980
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,960	14,655	5,300
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	730,050	382,305	347,745
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,210	12,180	13,025
All industries¹⁹¹	704,840	370,120	334,720
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,635	1,590	1,050
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	32,410	20,860	11,545
22 Utilities	8,485	5,525	2,960
23 Construction	58,805	49,750	9,055
31-33 Manufacturing	33,130	24,105	9,030
41 Wholesale trade	22,295	15,400	6,895
44-45 Retail trade	80,115	38,770	41,340
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	46,840	34,225	12,610
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790	7,585	5,205
52 Finance and insurance	26,450	12,325	14,125
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	14,175	7,965	6,215
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	83,970	48,655	35,310
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,240	995	1,250
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	31,495	17,855	13,640
61 Educational services	46,695	14,690	32,005
62 Health care and social assistance	90,910	18,065	72,845
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	14,470	7,345	7,125
72 Accommodation and food services	42,785	19,585	23,200
81 Other services (except public administration)	29,975	12,560	17,415
91 Public administration	24,185	12,265	11,920
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	764,085	398,215	365,870
English	720,920	377,180	343,730
French	1,020	295	725
Non-official language	6,605	3,350	3,255
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	6,600	3,350	3,250
English and French	6,415	2,620	3,795
English and non-official language(s)	27,865	14,130	13,730
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	665	305	370
Multiple non-official languages	570	320	250
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	764,085	398,215	365,870
Single responses	757,765	394,970	362,795
Official languages	745,365	388,565	356,810
English	743,325	387,970	355,360
French	2,040	595	1,445
Non-official languages	12,400	6,410	5,990
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	10
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	10	0	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,390	6,410	5,980
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	245	205
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	430	235	195
Amharic	35	25	10
Arabic	315	165	150
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	70	35	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	305	490
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0
Vietnamese	780	295	485
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	535	275	260
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	55	30	25
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	480	245	235
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	30	0	25
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	0
Tamil	15	0	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,915	2,660	2,260
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	425	175	250
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	425	175	250
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Czech	10	10	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	130	50	80
Russian	175	75	100
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35
Bosnian	25	10	20
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	25	20	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	0	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	30	10	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	95	50	45
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	70	35	35
German	70	35	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	3,090	1,860	1,225
Indo-Aryan languages	2,955	1,810	1,140
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	70	35	30
Hindi	110	60	45
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	30	10	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,505	1,605	900
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	225	95	135
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	135	50	80
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	10	0	10
Persian languages	125	50	70
Dari	30	10	20
Iranian Persian	90	35	50
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,285	565	720
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	10	0
Portuguese	75	50	30
Romanian	40	25	15
Spanish	1,150	475	670
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Japanese	105	25	75
Korean	775	435	345
Mongolian	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	15
American Sign Language	30	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,560	2,355	2,205
Chinese languages	4,540	2,340	2,200
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,910	975	935
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,595	1,340	1,250
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10
Burmese	10	10	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35
Lao	15	10	0
Thai	35	0	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	55	30	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	55	30	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	20	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	35	20	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	6,320	3,245	3,075
English and French	805	365	435
English and non-official language(s)	5,280	2,770	2,515
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	50
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	60
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	764,085	398,215	365,870
None	734,060	383,675	350,390
English	5,720	2,795	2,930
French	4,720	2,005	2,720
Non-official language	16,030	8,000	8,030
Indigenous³⁹	90	40	50
Non-Indigenous	15,945	7,965	7,980
English and French	15	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	640	305	330
French and non-official language(s)	440	215	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,460	1,210	1,250
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	638,645	335,655	302,990
Worked at home	182,015	89,915	92,100
Worked outside Canada	2,460	1,800	660
No fixed workplace address	89,650	66,145	23,505
Usual place of work	364,515	177,790	186,730
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	364,520	177,790	186,730
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	332,545	158,240	174,305
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,900	13,305	9,595
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	5,875	4,210	1,665
Commute to a different province or territory	3,200	2,035	1,165
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	454,170	243,935	210,235
Car, truck or van	378,085	208,085	169,995
Car, truck or van - as a driver	350,765	198,775	151,990
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	27,315	9,310	18,005
Public transit	39,905	17,255	22,645
Walked	19,195	8,805	10,390
Bicycle	3,955	2,970	985
Other method	13,035	6,820	6,215
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	454,170	243,935	210,235
Less than 15 minutes	97,610	44,795	52,810
15 to 29 minutes	213,150	115,080	98,070
30 to 44 minutes	99,695	58,885	40,805
45 to 59 minutes	20,845	11,730	9,110
60 minutes and over	22,870	13,440	9,430
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	454,170	243,935	210,235
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	28,655	20,330	8,325
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	79,585	49,005	30,585
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	116,785	61,460	55,320
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	86,045	42,180	43,860
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	67,250	30,565	36,680
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	75,850	40,390	35,455
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	285,180	146,410	138,775
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,385	10,340	10,050
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	264,795	136,070	128,725
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	205,680	105,675	100,005
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,120	7,690	7,430
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,850	3,820	4,030
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,275	3,870	3,400
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	190,560	97,990	92,580

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 20, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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