Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Regina, City (CY)More information: Saskatchewan [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	226,404	...	...
Population, 2016¹	215,106	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	99,134	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	92,129	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,266.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	178.81	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	226,405	111,280	115,120
0 to 14 years	42,660	21,770	20,885
0 to 4 years	13,555	6,805	6,750
5 to 9 years	14,730	7,460	7,270
10 to 14 years	14,370	7,505	6,865
15 to 64 years	148,560	74,100	74,460
15 to 19 years	12,945	6,685	6,265
20 to 24 years	14,915	7,735	7,190
25 to 29 years	15,475	7,675	7,800
30 to 34 years	17,510	8,615	8,895
35 to 39 years	17,945	8,930	9,010
40 to 44 years	16,170	8,140	8,025
45 to 49 years	13,715	6,800	6,915
50 to 54 years	12,510	6,260	6,250
55 to 59 years	13,910	6,715	7,190
60 to 64 years	13,460	6,540	6,920
65 years and over	35,185	15,415	19,775
65 to 69 years	11,370	5,415	5,955
70 to 74 years	8,610	3,995	4,615
75 to 79 years	5,755	2,550	3,205
80 to 84 years	4,295	1,690	2,605
85 years and over	5,150	1,760	3,390
85 to 89 years	2,940	1,045	1,900
90 to 94 years	1,710	600	1,115
95 to 99 years	440	110	330
100 years and over	55	10	45
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8	19.6	18.1
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.6	64.7
65 years and over	15.5	13.9	17.2
85 years and over	2.3	1.6	2.9
Average age of the population	39.0	38.0	40.1
Median age of the population	37.6	36.8	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	92,130	...	...
Single-detached house	58,120	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,625	...	...
Row house	6,025	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,210	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	18,560	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,390	...	...
Other single-attached house	25	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	170	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	92,130	...	...
1 person	27,875	...	...
2 persons	30,420	...	...
3 persons	13,605	...	...
4 persons	12,475	...	...
5 or more persons	7,745	...	...
Number of persons in private households	223,075	109,975	113,100
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	183,750	89,510	94,240
Married or living common-law	102,485	51,180	51,305
Married	85,680	42,785	42,895
Living common-law	16,805	8,395	8,410
Living common law - Never married	12,930	6,495	6,430
Living common law - Separated	485	250	230
Living common law - Divorced	3,110	1,530	1,575
Living common law - Widowed	285	120	170
Not married and not living common-law	81,260	38,330	42,930
Not married and not living common law - Never married	56,260	30,255	26,005
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,115	1,740	2,380
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	11,230	4,350	6,880
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,655	1,985	7,665
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	61,005	...	...
2 persons	30,355	...	...
3 persons	13,035	...	...
4 persons	11,915	...	...
5 or more persons	5,700	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	61,005	...	...
Total couple families	49,900	...	...
Married couples	41,500	...	...
With children⁶	22,965	...	...
Without children	18,530	...	...
Common-law couples	8,405	...	...
With children⁶	3,160	...	...
Without children	5,240	...	...
Total one-parent families	11,105	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	8,590	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,515	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	223,075	109,975	113,100
Total - Persons in census families	178,470	88,170	90,300
Married spouses or common-law partners	99,805	49,885	49,920
Parents in one-parent families	11,100	2,510	8,590
Children⁶	67,565	35,775	31,790
In a two-parent family	49,485	25,920	23,560
In a one-parent family	18,085	9,850	8,230
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	44,605	21,800	22,805
Living alone	27,880	12,455	15,420
Living with other relatives⁷	6,140	2,880	3,250
Living with non-relatives only	10,590	6,460	4,125
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	92,130	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	54,045	...	...
Couple-family households	45,345	...	...
With children⁶	23,660	...	...
Without children	21,690	...	...
One-parent-family households	8,695	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,000	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	465	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,890	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,855	...	...
One-person households	27,880	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	180,515	88,260	92,255
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	172,475	84,055	88,420
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	51,200	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	172,530	84,085	88,450
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	44,800	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	156,630	77,335	79,295
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,400	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	129,495	66,025	63,470
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	153,065	73,240	79,825
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,650	5,520	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	16,300	8,315	7,985
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,520	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	44,490	21,960	22,530
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	180,515	88,270	92,240
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	172,410	83,980	88,430
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700	63,400	50,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	172,475	84,010	88,460
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,280	51,600	43,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	156,820	77,340	79,480
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,550	60,500	44,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	129,490	65,810	63,685
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,100	58,600	45,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	152,715	72,965	79,755
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,070	8,820	11,210
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	16,120	8,290	7,820
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,970	6,115	7,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	44,490	22,075	22,415
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,920	8,890	8,960
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	180,510	88,270	92,240
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	66,735	35,970	30,765
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	71,500	62,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,200	82,700	68,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	48,570	22,880	25,690
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,400	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,440	32,160	25,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	88.0	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.0	72.4	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7	12.1	20.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	4.0	5.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.7	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	180,510	88,255	92,260
Without total income	8,045	4,205	3,840
With total income	172,470	84,050	88,420
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,070	6,025	7,050
$10,000 to $19,999	16,245	7,040	9,210
$20,000 to $29,999	23,555	10,145	13,410
$30,000 to $39,999	20,845	9,090	11,750
$40,000 to $49,999	19,810	8,820	10,995
$50,000 to $59,999	17,170	8,100	9,070
$60,000 to $69,999	14,075	7,155	6,915
$70,000 to $79,999	11,300	6,070	5,230
$80,000 to $89,999	8,925	4,860	4,065
$90,000 to $99,999	7,140	3,835	3,300
$100,000 and over	20,340	12,910	7,435
$100,000 to $149,999	14,395	8,695	5,700
$150,000 and over	5,945	4,210	1,730
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	180,510	88,255	92,260
Without after-tax income	7,980	4,175	3,810
With after-tax income	172,530	84,080	88,450
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,595	6,185	7,410
$10,000 to $19,999	17,125	7,425	9,700
$20,000 to $29,999	27,115	11,855	15,260
$30,000 to $39,999	25,285	11,290	14,000
$40,000 to $49,999	23,600	11,005	12,595
$50,000 to $59,999	19,355	9,775	9,580
$60,000 to $69,999	14,600	7,735	6,860
$70,000 to $79,999	10,790	5,730	5,065
$80,000 to $89,999	6,865	3,790	3,070
$90,000 to $99,999	4,475	2,645	1,830
$100,000 and over	9,735	6,650	3,085
$100,000 to $124,999	5,345	3,515	1,830
$125,000 and over	4,395	3,140	1,255
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	180,510	88,255	92,260
Without employment income	51,020	22,235	28,785
With employment income	129,495	66,025	63,470
Under $5,000 (including loss)	15,130	6,950	8,180
$5,000 to $9,999	9,600	4,335	5,260
$10,000 to $19,999	13,950	6,395	7,555
$20,000 to $29,999	11,210	5,415	5,790
$30,000 to $39,999	11,040	5,205	5,835
$40,000 to $49,999	11,605	5,475	6,130
$50,000 to $59,999	10,895	5,470	5,425
$60,000 to $69,999	9,755	5,220	4,535
$70,000 to $79,999	8,090	4,455	3,635
$80,000 to $89,999	6,830	3,720	3,110
$90,000 to $99,999	5,720	3,080	2,635
$100,000 and over	15,670	10,290	5,375
$100,000 to $124,999	7,735	4,660	3,075
$125,000 and over	7,935	5,635	2,305
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	180,515	88,260	92,255
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,335	81,900	86,430
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	51,200	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,395	81,905	86,485
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,400	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	153,960	76,000	77,960
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,000	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	128,340	65,415	62,925
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,400	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	144,080	68,975	75,110
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,100	1,130	4,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	12,025	5,915	6,110
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,400	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	180,515	88,270	92,240
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	168,460	81,880	86,580
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,850	62,350	47,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	168,505	81,890	86,615
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,400	50,440	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	154,535	76,130	78,400
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,350	62,000	45,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	128,830	65,605	63,220
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,100	60,100	45,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	144,205	69,075	75,130
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,910	5,595	8,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	12,030	5,960	6,065
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,660	6,335	8,970
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	180,510	88,270	92,240
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	66,185	35,655	30,525
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	68,500	58,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,900	80,200	64,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	45,210	21,230	23,980
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,800	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,360	40,720	30,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	92.4	85.2
Employment income (%)	74.0	77.2	70.0
Government transfers (%)	10.8	7.6	14.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	92,130	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	27,880	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	64,250	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	92,130	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	27,865	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,450	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	64,265	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	92,125	...	...
Under $5,000	1,025	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	440	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	745	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,400	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,135	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,890	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,740	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,020	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,190	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,350	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,715	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,615	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,315	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,815	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,445	...	...
$100,000 and over	39,290	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,365	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,465	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,635	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,820	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	92,125	...	...
Under $5,000	1,115	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	445	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	770	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,460	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,430	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,290	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,245	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,785	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,930	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,990	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,140	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,795	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,240	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,590	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,820	...	...
$100,000 and over	31,100	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,745	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,785	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,570	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	60,885	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	22,235	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	26,215	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	10,370	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	38,465	18,920	19,550
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	42,400	42,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	38,000	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	60,920	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,270	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	26,225	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,370	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	38,405	18,935	19,475
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,600	52,200	51,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,480	43,240	43,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	223,075	109,975	113,100
0 to 17 years	50,185	25,655	24,530
0 to 5 years	16,460	8,265	8,195
18 to 64 years	140,050	69,635	70,415
65 years and over	32,840	14,685	18,155
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	23,980	11,385	12,590
0 to 17 years	7,235	3,695	3,540
0 to 5 years	2,605	1,245	1,365
18 to 64 years	13,305	6,485	6,820
65 years and over	3,440	1,205	2,230
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.4	11.1
0 to 17 years (%)	14.4	14.4	14.4
0 to 5 years (%)	15.8	15.1	16.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5	9.3	9.7
65 years and over (%)	10.5	8.2	12.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	223,075	109,975	113,100
0 to 17 years	50,190	25,655	24,535
0 to 5 years	16,465	8,260	8,200
18 to 64 years	140,045	69,635	70,415
65 years and over	32,840	14,690	18,155
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,110	5,450	4,660
0 to 17 years	2,380	1,220	1,155
0 to 5 years	795	395	400
18 to 64 years	7,290	4,030	3,260
65 years and over	445	200	245
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.5	5.0	4.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.7	4.8	4.7
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.8	4.9
18 to 64 years (%)	5.2	5.8	4.6
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.4	1.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	223,075	109,975	113,100
In bottom half of the distribution	106,475	51,510	54,960
In bottom decile	21,960	10,990	10,975
In second decile	21,470	9,915	11,550
In third decile	21,120	10,170	10,955
In fourth decile	20,780	10,030	10,745
In fifth decile	21,145	10,400	10,745
In top half of the distribution	116,600	58,465	58,135
In sixth decile	22,300	10,955	11,350
In seventh decile	23,405	11,675	11,730
In eighth decile	24,275	12,145	12,130
In ninth decile	24,685	12,445	12,235
In top decile	21,940	11,240	10,695
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	223,075	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.326	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.427	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	223,810	110,280	113,535
English only	207,155	102,745	104,415
French only	180	80	95
English and French	13,580	6,160	7,420
Neither English nor French	2,900	1,295	1,605
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	223,810	110,280	113,535
English	218,150	107,635	110,515
French	2,300	1,120	1,180
English and French	590	300	290
Neither English nor French	2,775	1,225	1,550
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	223,810	110,280	113,535
Single responses	215,360	106,115	109,245
Official languages	173,925	85,390	88,535
English	171,680	84,300	87,375
French	2,250	1,090	1,160
Non-official languages	41,435	20,730	20,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	325	120	205
Algonquian languages	255	90	160
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	190	70	120
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	190	70	120
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	5	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	70	20	45
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	10
Cree, n.o.s.	95	40	60
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	20	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	65	15	45
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	50	20	35
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	25	10	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	10	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	5	10
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	25	10	15
Assiniboine	5	0	5
Dakota	10	5	5
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,115	20,605	20,505
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,025	1,515	1,515
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	5	10
Hausa	15	5	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	585	280	305
Bilen	75	40	35
Oromo	50	20	30
Somali	425	205	225
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Semitic languages	2,425	1,230	1,200
Amharic	170	85	90
Arabic	1,750	885	860
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	465	245	225
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,605	775	830
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	15
Vietnamese	1,565	755	815
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,330	3,480	3,850
Bikol	30	15	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	195	90	100
Cebuano	405	190	220
Fijian	5	5	0
Hiligaynon	90	40	55
Ilocano	435	200	235
Indonesian	20	5	15
Kankanaey	25	15	15
Kinaray-a	10	5	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	40	40
Pangasinan	25	15	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,905	2,825	3,085
Waray-Waray	30	10	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	30	40
Creole languages	75	40	35
Haitian Creole	10	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	30	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	1,105	605	500
Kannada	30	10	20
Malayalam	620	330	295
Tamil	205	110	90
Telugu	240	150	95
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20,315	10,480	9,840
Albanian	175	90	80
Armenian	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	2,770	1,275	1,495
Baltic languages	50	25	25
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	30	15	10
Slavic languages	2,720	1,250	1,470
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	15
Czech	25	10	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	350	160	195
Russian	840	395	445
Rusyn	10	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	340	165	175
Bosnian	75	40	35
Croatian	130	60	70
Serbian	125	60	65
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	25	15	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	1,090	485	610
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,810	850	955
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,400	645	755
German	1,385	640	745
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	340	175	165
Afrikaans	135	85	55
Dutch	160	75	85
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Low Saxon	5	0	0
Plautdietsch	35	15	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	70	35	35
Danish	35	20	10
Icelandic	10	5	5
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	460	230	230
Indo-Iranian languages	13,150	7,060	6,095
Indo-Aryan languages	12,310	6,620	5,690
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	1,365	715	645
Gujarati	2,635	1,485	1,155
Hindi	1,165	655	510
Kacchi	10	0	5
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	25	10	10
Marathi	65	40	30
Nepali	360	180	175
Oriya languages	15	10	10
Odia	10	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,980	2,140	1,840
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	25
Urdu	2,505	1,280	1,230
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	60	40
Iranian languages	840	435	395
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	55	35	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	175	105	75
Persian languages	595	300	300
Dari	215	105	105
Iranian Persian	335	170	170
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,925	955	970
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	290	145	145
Portuguese	175	90	90
Romanian	200	90	110
Spanish	1,265	630	630
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	85	25	60
Korean	505	210	295
Mongolian	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,140	585	560
Akan (Twi)	60	30	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	10	5
Éwé	20	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	10	5	0
Ganda	35	20	15
Gikuyu	5	5	5
Igbo	145	85	60
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	40	25
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	10	0	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	5
Ndebele	5	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	110	50	55
Shona	30	15	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	10	5
Swahili	150	75	75
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	335	165	170
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55
Nilo-Saharan languages	155	85	70
Dinka	55	35	25
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	45
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	25	10	15
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,125	2,515	2,615
Chinese languages	4,585	2,240	2,345
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	3,170	1,560	1,605
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,225	590	640
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	40	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	525	265	260
Burmese	30	15	10
Kuki-Chin languages	35	20	15
Karenic languages	420	215	205
S'gaw Karen	350	180	165
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Tibetan	10	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	175	75	105
Lao	130	60	70
Thai	50	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	130	60	70
Azerbaijani	15	5	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	95	50	50
Uyghur	5	0	5
Uzbek	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	295	135	160
Estonian	5	5	0
Finnish	15	5	10
Hungarian	275	130	145
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Multiple responses	8,455	4,165	4,285
English and French	760	390	375
English and non-official language(s)	6,670	3,295	3,375
French and non-official language(s)	145	75	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	55	65
Multiple non-official languages	750	350	400
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	223,810	110,280	113,535
English	174,880	85,845	89,030
French	630	310	320
Non-official language	11,290	5,610	5,675
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15
Non-Indigenous	11,270	5,605	5,665
English and French	2,030	940	1,090
English and non-official language(s)	32,530	16,345	16,185
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	940	460	475
Multiple non-official languages	1,405	710	690
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	223,810	110,280	113,535
Single responses	214,720	105,675	109,040
Official languages	188,395	92,390	96,000
English	187,440	91,930	95,515
French	950	460	490
Non-official languages	26,325	13,290	13,040
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	30	45
Algonquian languages	65	25	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	50	20	30
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	50	20	30
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	5	5
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	5	5	5
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,245	13,255	12,990
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,095	1,015	1,080
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	420	195	220
Bilen	65	35	25
Oromo	45	20	25
Somali	290	135	155
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Semitic languages	1,675	815	860
Amharic	70	30	45
Arabic	1,225	595	630
Aramaic languages	15	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	355	180	175
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,280	630	650
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	5
Vietnamese	1,270	625	640
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,720	2,285	2,435
Bikol	20	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	130	65	65
Cebuano	220	105	115
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	15	20
Ilocano	180	90	90
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	20
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,015	1,940	2,070
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Creole languages	40	15	25
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Dravidian languages	750	395	355
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	455	245	220
Tamil	125	65	65
Telugu	135	75	60
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,250	6,405	5,840
Albanian	85	40	45
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,170	585	590
Baltic languages	25	15	5
Latvian	10	5	0
Lithuanian	15	10	5
Slavic languages	1,150	570	580
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	15	10	10
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	95	40	50
Russian	550	275	280
Rusyn	10	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	135	65	70
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	45	20	25
Serbian	60	30	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	325	170	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	170	75	90
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	90	35	55
German	90	35	55
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	40	40
Afrikaans	70	40	35
Dutch	5	5	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	235	110	125
Indo-Iranian languages	9,745	5,185	4,560
Indo-Aryan languages	9,190	4,915	4,280
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	965	505	465
Gujarati	1,990	1,100	885
Hindi	840	480	360
Kacchi	5	0	5
Kashmiri	5	0	0
Konkani	5	5	5
Marathi	30	15	20
Nepali	270	135	135
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,245	1,745	1,505
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10
Urdu	1,735	870	860
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25
Iranian languages	550	270	275
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	35	15	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	115	60	50
Persian languages	395	195	200
Dari	120	65	55
Iranian Persian	235	110	125
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	830	400	430
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	60	25	30
Portuguese	70	35	35
Romanian	65	30	30
Spanish	635	305	325
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	40	10	25
Korean	375	165	210
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	470	235	240
Akan (Twi)	25	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	0	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	15	10	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	50	25	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	25	10
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	70	30	35
Shona	15	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	95	50	50
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	10
Yoruba	105	45	60
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	50	45
Dinka	40	20	20
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	70	40	25
American Sign Language	55	30	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,855	1,905	1,955
Chinese languages	3,445	1,695	1,750
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	2,560	1,275	1,285
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	790	375	410
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	405	210	200
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	25	20	10
Karenic languages	335	170	160
S'gaw Karen	280	140	135
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	25
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages	75	35	35
Lao	60	30	30
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	80	35	40
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	65	35	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	45	25	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	45	25	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	9,095	4,600	4,495
English and French	325	160	160
English and non-official language(s)	8,445	4,285	4,160
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	45	35
Multiple non-official languages	190	85	100
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	223,810	110,275	113,535
None	193,760	95,265	98,495
English	11,190	5,645	5,545
French	1,745	810	930
Non-official language	12,130	5,975	6,155
Indigenous³⁹	395	145	245
Non-Indigenous	11,730	5,825	5,905
English and French	120	60	60
English and non-official language(s)	2,735	1,445	1,290
French and non-official language(s)	400	180	220
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	20	15
Multiple non-official languages	1,705	880	825
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	223,075	109,975	113,100
Official languages	220,175	108,690	111,480
English	220,040	108,625	111,415
French	13,815	6,470	7,345
Non-official languages	56,270	28,045	28,225
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,005	440	565
Algonquian languages	870	395	475
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	745	340	410
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	745	340	410
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	10	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	330	145	185
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	375	185	190
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	175	90	85
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	175	90	85
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	160	80	70
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	15	0	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	0	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	0	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	30	15	15
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	120	55	65
Assiniboine	35	20	20
Dakota	40	25	20
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	15	0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,310	27,620	27,690
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,400	2,235	2,170
Berber languages	10	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	85	30	60
Hausa	85	30	60
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	10	0
Cushitic languages	850	415	430
Bilen	135	75	60
Oromo	55	15	40
Somali	615	300	315
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Semitic languages	3,665	1,880	1,785
Amharic	355	175	180
Arabic	2,685	1,410	1,280
Aramaic languages	115	50	65
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	85	40	50
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	290	165	125
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	670	340	330
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,135	1,030	1,110
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	45	30
Vietnamese	2,055	980	1,075
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	0
Austronesian languages	10,005	4,785	5,215
Bikol	120	50	75
Bisaya, n.o.s.	270	135	130
Cebuano	605	285	325
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	160	75	85
Ilocano	1,055	490	565
Indonesian	30	10	25
Kankanaey	45	20	25
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	60	45	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	175	95	80
Pangasinan	45	25	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	9,730	4,640	5,090
Waray-Waray	90	55	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	330	175	160
Creole languages	365	185	185
Haitian Creole	30	20	10
Jamaican English Creole	70	40	35
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	80	35	40
Sango	25	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	95	50	55
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35
Dravidian languages	1,650	850	795
Kannada	80	35	40
Malayalam	900	465	440
Tamil	440	255	185
Telugu	400	215	185
Tulu	15	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	27,325	13,960	13,365
Albanian	260	150	110
Armenian	10	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,615	1,700	1,915
Baltic languages	70	35	35
Latvian	10	10	0
Lithuanian	65	30	35
Slavic languages	3,575	1,680	1,900
Belarusian	10	0	10
Bulgarian	25	15	10
Czech	50	20	25
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	365	175	195
Russian	1,610	785	825
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	585	290	295
Bosnian	165	85	80
Croatian	290	150	135
Serbian	260	125	135
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Slovak	50	20	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	30
Ukrainian	1,665	750	915
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	0	10
Irish	10	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,405	1,225	1,185
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,770	870	895
German	1,740	860	880
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	490	285	195
Afrikaans	200	130	70
Dutch	250	140	110
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	30	10	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	180	85	95
Danish	35	20	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	75	30	45
Swedish	70	35	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	755	390	365
Indo-Iranian languages	17,290	9,110	8,180
Indo-Aryan languages	16,400	8,620	7,780
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,820	915	910
Gujarati	3,340	1,860	1,485
Hindi	7,705	4,100	3,610
Kacchi	30	15	15
Kashmiri	45	25	20
Konkani	30	20	10
Marathi	260	130	130
Nepali	390	205	185
Oriya languages	20	0	15
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,940	3,155	2,785
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	20	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	15
Urdu	3,945	2,035	1,910
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	210	120	90
Iranian languages	1,080	590	490
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	40	60
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	260	145	120
Persian languages	765	425	340
Dari	355	185	170
Iranian Persian	420	240	180
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,635	1,740	1,895
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	575	235	340
Portuguese	350	175	175
Romanian	190	115	75
Spanish	2,670	1,285	1,390
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Japanese	400	175	230
Korean	630	300	330
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,110	1,590	1,515
Akan (Twi)	195	85	105
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	65	40	25
Éwé	35	25	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	0
Ga	75	55	25
Ganda	45	25	20
Gikuyu	20	10	10
Igbo	530	285	240
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	75	80
Lingala	45	30	20
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	15	10	0
Ndebele	25	15	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	160	80	75
Shona	30	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	15	10
Swahili	460	235	225
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	25	10	10
Yoruba	1,280	645	635
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	310	160	150
Nilo-Saharan languages	185	85	100
Dinka	55	25	30
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	60	65
African, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Sign languages	305	180	125
American Sign Language	250	135	120
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	50	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,055	2,965	3,090
Chinese languages	5,315	2,630	2,685
Hakka	10	10	0
Mandarin	4,130	2,050	2,080
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	20	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,570	760	815
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	70	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	685	305	380
Burmese	140	60	80
Kuki-Chin languages	30	25	10
Karenic languages	525	235	290
S'gaw Karen	455	210	250
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	65	25	45
Tibetan	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	75	25	50
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30
Tai-Kadai languages	245	120	125
Lao	185	105	80
Thai	95	30	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	190	85	105
Azerbaijani	10	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	170	80	90
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	315	150	165
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	0
Hungarian	305	145	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	45	25
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	223,070	109,975	113,100
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	23,290	11,030	12,260
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	22,710	10,755	11,955
First Nations (North American Indian)	14,040	6,565	7,470
Métis	8,535	4,140	4,395
Inuk (Inuit)	140	45	90
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	370	170	205
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	200	100	100
Non-Indigenous identity	199,790	98,950	100,840
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	223,070	109,975	113,100
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	12,680	5,905	6,780
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	210,395	104,070	106,320
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	92,125	...	...
Owner	61,220	...	...
Renter	30,915	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	92,125	...	...
Condominium	14,130	...	...
Not condominium	78,000	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	92,125	...	...
No bedrooms	510	...	...
1 bedroom	10,810	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,810	...	...
3 bedrooms	30,900	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	26,105	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	92,125	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,460	...	...
5 rooms	14,260	...	...
6 rooms	12,625	...	...
7 rooms	11,565	...	...
8 or more rooms	26,220	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	92,125	...	...
One person or fewer per room	89,080	...	...
More than one person per room	3,050	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	92,125	...	...
Suitable	86,520	...	...
Not suitable	5,610	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	92,125	...	...
1960 or before	18,285	...	...
1961 to 1980	31,850	...	...
1981 to 1990	11,435	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,825	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,955	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,265	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,045	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,475	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	92,125	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	85,405	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,725	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	92,125	...	...
One-maintainer household	46,865	...	...
Two-maintainer household	41,225	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,035	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	92,125	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,770	...	...
25 to 34 years	15,385	...	...
35 to 44 years	19,035	...	...
45 to 54 years	15,265	...	...
55 to 64 years	16,545	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,405	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,640	...	...
85 years and over	3,085	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	91,685	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	73,980	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	17,705	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,160	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	92,130	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	27,315	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,445	...	...
Not suitable only	4,400	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,835	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	745	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,430	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	380	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	85	...	...
Acceptable housing	64,810	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	90,135	...	...
In core need	9,285	...	...
Not in core need	80,850	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	61,210	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,462	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	340,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	361,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,910	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,150	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,214	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	223,075	109,975	113,100
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	12,405	5,765	6,640
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,905	5,555	6,350
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	9,865	4,575	5,290
Métis single ancestry	1,985	965	1,015
Inuit single ancestry	55	10	45
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	500	215	290
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	485	200	290
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,575	5,595	5,975
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,995	5,355	5,645
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,020	2,945	3,075
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,895	2,375	2,520
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	30	45
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	575	245	335
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	525	225	305
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	10	25
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	199,095	98,615	100,480
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	223,075	109,975	113,100
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	195,205	95,795	99,410
Canadian citizens aged under 18	45,050	22,905	22,140
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	150,155	72,885	77,270
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	27,865	14,180	13,685
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	223,075	109,975	113,100
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	171,745	84,035	87,715
Immigrants⁸¹	45,210	22,500	22,710
Before 1980	3,820	1,890	1,930
1980 to 1990	1,880	945	930
1991 to 2000	2,670	1,240	1,430
2001 to 2010	9,090	4,415	4,670
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,750	14,005	13,750
2011 to 2015	12,835	6,605	6,235
2016 to 2021	14,915	7,405	7,510
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,115	3,440	2,670
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	45,210	22,500	22,710
Under 5 years	4,335	2,280	2,055
5 to 14 years	8,155	4,400	3,755
15 to 24 years	7,195	3,230	3,965
25 to 44 years	21,815	10,655	11,160
45 years and over	3,705	1,930	1,780
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	45,210	22,500	22,710
Americas	3,275	1,565	1,705
Brazil	100	55	50
Colombia	110	70	40
El Salvador	160	80	85
Guyana	75	35	35
Haiti	20	15	0
Jamaica	675	315	355
Mexico	320	170	150
Peru	30	10	25
Trinidad and Tobago	85	30	50
United States of America	1,160	500	665
Other places of birth in Americas	525	285	240
Europe	5,675	2,870	2,800
Bosnia and Herzegovina	195	95	95
Croatia	220	120	100
France	115	45	70
Germany	440	200	235
Greece	265	160	100
Hungary	130	65	65
Italy	290	140	150
Netherlands	200	135	65
Poland	215	95	125
Portugal	35	15	25
Romania	180	90	85
Russian Federation	200	95	105
Serbia⁸⁶	95	50	45
Ukraine	885	405	475
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,380	705	675
Other places of birth in Europe	835	455	375
Africa	6,275	3,265	3,010
Algeria	10	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	220	110	110
Egypt	345	175	170
Eritrea	425	220	205
Ethiopia	320	130	195
Morocco	35	20	10
Nigeria	2,230	1,165	1,065
Somalia	345	165	180
South Africa, Republic of	325	190	140
Other places of birth in Africa	2,020	1,085	930
Asia	29,845	14,735	15,110
Afghanistan	260	125	135
Iran⁸⁸	250	155	100
Iraq	195	95	90
Lebanon	75	55	15
Syria⁸⁹	640	290	355
Turkey	90	45	50
China⁹⁰	2,905	1,360	1,550
Hong Kong⁹¹	255	125	130
Korea, South⁹²	395	185	210
Taiwan	55	25	25
Philippines	9,835	4,720	5,120
Viet Nam	1,410	640	775
Bangladesh	1,240	665	580
India	7,380	3,820	3,560
Pakistan	2,640	1,335	1,305
Sri Lanka	65	45	20
Other places of birth in Asia	2,155	1,070	1,085
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	145	55	85
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	14,915	7,405	7,510
Americas	800	405	390
Brazil	50	30	20
Colombia	15	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	240	135	110
Mexico	100	50	45
United States of America	265	110	155
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15
Other places of birth in Americas	110	60	45
Europe	770	450	315
France	25	15	10
Germany	30	0	20
Ireland⁹⁶	60	40	20
Italy	10	10	0
Russian Federation	30	15	20
Ukraine	160	75	85
United Kingdom⁸⁷	165	105	55
Other places of birth in Europe	295	185	105
Africa	2,760	1,430	1,330
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	10	0	10
Cameroon	25	10	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	30	15
Côte d'Ivoire	25	15	10
Egypt	165	80	85
Eritrea	215	105	110
Ethiopia	95	30	60
Morocco	10	10	0
Nigeria	1,410	760	650
Somalia	75	35	40
South Africa, Republic of	90	55	30
Sudan⁹⁷	110	55	55
Tunisia	20	15	0
Other places of birth in Africa	470	230	235
Asia	10,565	5,110	5,450
Afghanistan	105	40	65
Bangladesh	490	245	250
China⁹⁰	1,215	605	610
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	15
India	3,970	1,970	2,000
Iran⁸⁸	40	20	20
Iraq	45	20	25
Israel	20	10	10
Japan	15	0	20
Jordan	60	35	30
Korea, South⁹²	85	30	50
Lebanon	40	30	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	785	400	385
Philippines	2,320	1,085	1,235
Saudi Arabia	135	75	65
Sri Lanka	15	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	555	260	300
Turkey	35	15	20
United Arab Emirates	55	20	35
Viet Nam	320	130	190
Other places of birth in Asia	220	110	110
Oceania and other⁹³	25	0	20
Australia	10	0	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	223,070	109,975	113,100
First generation¹⁰⁰	52,445	26,425	26,015
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,220	14,020	15,205
Third generation or more¹⁰²	141,410	69,530	71,880
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	41,390	20,605	20,780
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	28,700	14,780	13,920
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,780	7,470	4,305
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,925	7,310	9,615
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,330	3,050	4,280
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,280	2,740	2,540
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	80	40	35
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	41,390	20,605	20,780
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	545	315	235
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,905	2,655	2,250
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,255	680	580
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,605	2,150	1,450
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	180	80	95
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	30,895	14,730	16,170
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	223,070	109,975	113,100
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	57,340	28,975	28,370
South Asian	19,200	10,035	9,165
Chinese	5,880	2,970	2,915
Black	9,820	5,040	4,785
Filipino	11,995	5,750	6,240
Arab	1,995	1,040	960
Latin American	1,410	690	720
Southeast Asian	3,530	1,735	1,800
West Asian	925	495	430
Korean	605	275	330
Japanese	275	120	155
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	380	175	210
Multiple visible minorities	1,320	655	660
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	165,730	81,000	84,730
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	223,075	109,975	113,095
Canadian	18,775	9,460	9,325
English	41,185	20,070	21,115
Irish	29,090	13,795	15,295
Scottish	34,185	16,635	17,550
French, n.o.s.¹²²	18,565	9,015	9,550
German	55,470	26,925	28,545
Chinese	6,350	3,160	3,190
Italian	3,005	1,445	1,560
Indian (India)	9,420	4,985	4,430
Ukrainian	25,760	12,385	13,370
Dutch	4,735	2,275	2,460
Polish	11,270	5,345	5,925
Québécois	175	80	95
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,060	2,530	2,535
Filipino	10,810	5,215	5,600
French Canadian	1,015	540	470
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,960	1,580	1,385
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	8,090	3,890	4,205
Métis	7,915	3,775	4,140
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,295	1,195	1,100
Russian	6,060	2,930	3,130
Norwegian	9,695	4,615	5,085
Welsh	3,695	1,815	1,880
Portuguese	440	220	220
American	2,240	1,165	1,075
Spanish	1,605	690	915
Swedish	5,075	2,390	2,685
Hungarian	8,225	4,050	4,170
Acadian	150	80	75
Pakistani	2,905	1,480	1,425
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,725	905	820
Jewish	750	400	355
Punjabi	1,880	990	890
Vietnamese	2,055	1,015	1,040
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	995	530	465
Greek	1,275	680	590
Jamaican	965	440	525
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,120	1,045	1,075
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	4,185	1,935	2,250
Korean	615	285	325
Romanian	4,560	2,215	2,345
Lebanese	295	150	150
Iranian	410	230	180
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	540	290	255
Danish	2,060	955	1,105
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,060	940	1,120
Sikh	1,170	645	530
Austrian	5,890	2,860	3,030
Belgian	1,595	825	770
Haitian	50	35	15
Hindu	1,330	690	640
Mexican	570	300	275
Mennonite	745	365	380
Swiss	780	400	375
Finnish	820	375	450
Sri Lankan	100	60	40
Croatian	620	320	300
Japanese	365	145	215
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	425	210	215
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	55	80
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,180	625	555
Muslim	620	330	285
Egyptian	400	215	185
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	185	80	100
Tamil	120	65	50
Icelandic	1,290	545	745
Colombian	160	80	80
Moroccan	40	25	10
Czech	1,035	500	530
Syrian	475	200	270
Guyanese	125	45	75
Afghan	460	240	225
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	205	95	110
Serbian	460	220	245
Ojibway	425	185	240
Newfoundlander	80	45	40
Hong Konger	125	55	65
Ontarian	90	40	50
Persian	170	100	70
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	145	80	60
Turkish	225	120	105
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	200	70	125
Bangladeshi	1,235	635	600
Algerian	30	10	20
Brazilian	200	105	100
Nigerian	1,430	775	655
Armenian	55	25	35
Slovak	345	210	135
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	405	175	225
Somali	665	290	375
Taiwanese	65	50	15
Iraqi	165	85	75
Salvadorean	160	85	70
African Caribbean	165	95	70
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	365	180	190
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	235	110	120
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	125	70	60
Algonquin	35	20	15
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	65	40	30
Lithuanian	245	120	125
South African	270	160	110
Australian	240	125	115
Palestinian	55	25	30
Chilean	300	185	115
Congolese	135	85	50
Nova Scotian	20	15	0
Ethiopian	350	165	185
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	115	40	70
Peruvian	55	15	45
Yoruba	1,145	595	550
Cambodian (Khmer)	90	50	40
Berber	15	0	10
Albanian	195	115	80
Maltese	70	40	20
Macedonian	20	0	15
Slovenian	155	65	90
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	185	100	80
New Brunswicker	30	0	30
Gujarati	485	240	240
Eritrean	640	340	305
African Canadian	140	80	65
Israeli	90	45	50
Mohawk	40	25	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	450	190	260
Bulgarian	55	25	30
Albertan	25	10	20
Ghanaian	235	105	130
Barbadian	90	50	40
African American	250	130	125
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	175	65	105
Tunisian	30	20	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	45	70
Cuban	30	20	15
Bosnian	220	105	115
Venezuelan	80	35	45
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	95	50	45
Bengali	450	225	225
Cameroonian	75	30	45
Guatemalan	35	20	10
Indonesian	80	20	55
Laotian	340	195	150
Ilocano	405	205	200
Northern Irish	100	55	45
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	65	45	25
British Columbian	35	15	20
Ecuadorian	45	35	15
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0
Argentinian	20	15	10
Estonian	65	20	50
Kurdish	80	35	45
Fijian	60	30	30
Jatt	110	60	40
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	35	25
Coptic	55	35	20
Thai	185	80	105
Dominican	65	30	30
Nepali	285	155	130
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	30	25	0
Igbo	595	320	280
Byelorussian	90	50	40
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	35	25
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	55	30	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	130	65	60
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	0	15
New Zealander	65	45	20
Sudanese	245	120	125
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	135	65	70
Malaysian	55	35	25
Plains Cree	565	250	315
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	15	10
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	1,300	625	675
Buddhist	35	20	20
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	25	10	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	115	40	75
Ivorian	25	10	15
Saulteaux	1,360	610	750
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100	55	55
Burundian	105	55	55
Tigrinya	185	100	85
Nicaraguan	40	20	20
Mauritian	75	50	30
Kenyan	115	50	60
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	55	45	10
Manitoban	45	30	15
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	135	75	60
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	190	105	90
Chaldean	30	10	15
Sinhalese	25	15	10
Mayan	35	20	15
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	85	40	45
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	0
Flemish	60	30	25
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	30	20	10
Azerbaijani	15	10	10
Sicilian	10	10	0
Pashtun	95	45	50
Malay	115	60	55
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	10
Tibetan	15	0	10
Zimbabwean	25	15	10
Burmese	210	100	110
Mongolian	35	25	15
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	100	60	45
Oromo	45	15	30
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	10	0	10
Central African	30	20	10
Libyan	40	20	20
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	30	15
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	10	0
Igorot	170	85	80
Fulani	15	15	0
Woodland Cree	30	10	20
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	10	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	10	0	0
Telugu	60	30	35
Roma	45	25	15
Costa Rican	15	0	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	45	30	15
Singaporean	45	25	15
Karen	485	250	235
Edo	20	10	10
Tajik	20	10	10
Amhara	25	25	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	223,075	109,975	113,100
Buddhist	1,790	850	935
Christian	117,905	54,955	62,955
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	17,455	8,435	9,020
Anabaptist	470	195	275
Anglican	4,645	2,075	2,565
Baptist	2,835	1,320	1,515
Catholic	53,990	25,615	28,375
Christian Orthodox	3,745	1,870	1,880
Jehovah's Witness	915	425	495
Latter Day Saints	520	280	245
Lutheran	10,855	4,935	5,915
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	355	155	200
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,085	1,425	1,660
Presbyterian	920	425	500
Reformed	135	70	65
United Church	12,900	5,400	7,500
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,080	2,330	2,750
Hindu	6,565	3,480	3,085
Jewish	365	210	155
Muslim	10,360	5,225	5,135
Sikh	4,305	2,245	2,065
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,210	470	740
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,555	695	855
No religion and secular perspectives	79,020	41,845	37,180
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	220,495	108,695	111,805
Non-movers	187,225	92,215	95,015
Movers	33,270	16,480	16,790
Non-migrants	25,200	12,385	12,815
Migrants	8,070	4,095	3,975
Internal migrants	5,610	2,825	2,780
Intraprovincial migrants	3,400	1,655	1,740
Interprovincial migrants	2,210	1,170	1,040
External migrants	2,460	1,265	1,195
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	209,595	103,240	106,360
Non-movers	121,160	59,805	61,355
Movers	88,435	43,435	45,000
Non-migrants	54,195	26,625	27,570
Migrants	34,235	16,810	17,430
Internal migrants	19,720	9,515	10,205
Intraprovincial migrants	13,090	6,225	6,865
Interprovincial migrants	6,630	3,295	3,340
External migrants	14,520	7,295	7,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	180,515	88,270	92,240
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	27,155	14,615	12,540
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	153,355	73,655	79,700
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	120,045	59,425	60,620
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,580	6,300	4,280
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	109,465	53,130	56,340
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	180,515	88,270	92,245
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,650	12,890	11,760
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	56,800	28,460	28,345
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	99,065	46,920	52,145
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	47,895	23,550	24,345
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	14,370	10,330	4,040
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,955	3,290	2,665
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,415	7,045	1,370
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,860	10,200	15,665
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,660	3,015	4,650
Bachelor's degree or higher	51,170	23,370	27,795
Bachelor's degree	35,810	16,030	19,780
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,550	1,180	1,370
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,325	635	690
Master's degree	10,055	4,670	5,385
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,430	855	575
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	120,045	59,425	60,615
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,250	5,345	3,910
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	33,385	17,465	15,920
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	77,405	36,615	40,795
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,120	17,640	17,480
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,760	7,830	2,925
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,360	2,470	1,890
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,405	5,360	1,040
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,340	7,780	11,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,020	2,025	2,995
Bachelor's degree or higher	42,290	18,980	23,310
Bachelor's degree	29,285	12,985	16,300
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,060	940	1,115
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,135	495	640
Master's degree	8,730	3,935	4,795
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,080	620	460
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	180,515	88,270	92,245
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	81,450	41,350	40,100
Education	7,905	2,060	5,845
13. Education	7,905	2,060	5,845
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,565	1,175	1,395
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	375	255	120
50. Visual and performing arts	2,195	920	1,275
Humanities	4,645	1,810	2,835
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	375	95	280
23. English language and literature/letters	1,130	345	785
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,285	425	860
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	25	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	365	175	190
39. Theology and religious vocations	710	410	300
54. History	610	325	285
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	10	75
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,225	3,530	5,695
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	180	40	140
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,095	505	590
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,295	100	1,195
22. Legal professions and studies	1,415	690	720
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	75	105
42. Psychology	1,925	555	1,370
45. Social sciences	3,145	1,565	1,580
Business, management and public administration	24,945	9,745	15,200
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,245	630	1,615
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,670	9,105	13,565
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,065	1,485	1,580
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,215	535	680
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	645	270	370
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	10	30
40. Physical sciences	970	605	365
41. Science technologies/technicians	190	55	135
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,390	3,565	1,825
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,560	3,200	1,360
25. Library science	205	45	165
27. Mathematics and statistics	545	280	265
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	80	45	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,420	17,495	1,930
04. Architecture and related services	510	325	190
14. Engineering	5,200	4,190	1,010
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,945	3,545	400
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	4,730	4,600	130
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,065	3,005	55
48. Precision production	1,970	1,825	145
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,690	1,015	675
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,275	735	540
03. Natural resources and conservation	410	275	135
Health and related fields	15,520	3,105	12,415
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,135	575	565
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,955	2,310	11,645
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	15	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	395	205	190
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,685	1,940	2,745
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,000	670	2,325
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	1,055	685	370
49. Transportation and materials moving	615	570	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	120,045	59,425	60,620
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	42,635	22,815	19,825
Education	5,340	1,335	4,005
13. Education	5,340	1,335	4,005
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,060	945	1,120
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	270	190	80
50. Visual and performing arts	1,790	750	1,040
Humanities	3,460	1,325	2,130
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	280	75	200
23. English language and literature/letters	870	270	595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,015	345	670
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	15	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	270	115	155
39. Theology and religious vocations	460	280	185
54. History	450	220	230
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	0	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,510	2,780	4,730
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165	35	130
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	960	465	490
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,055	95	960
22. Legal professions and studies	1,120	505	615
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	55	80
42. Psychology	1,430	365	1,060
45. Social sciences	2,645	1,260	1,375
Business, management and public administration	20,160	7,790	12,370
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,830	475	1,355
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18,305	7,305	11,000
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,445	1,140	1,300
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	960	395	565
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	500	205	300
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	10	20
40. Physical sciences	795	490	310
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	45	105
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,530	2,970	1,565
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,930	2,730	1,200
25. Library science	155	30	120
27. Mathematics and statistics	380	175	215
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	35	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	15,215	13,570	1,650
04. Architecture and related services	395	225	170
14. Engineering	4,375	3,485	890
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,075	2,720	350
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,565	3,465	100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,310	2,270	35
48. Precision production	1,505	1,395	105
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,290	720	565
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	930	485	440
03. Natural resources and conservation	360	235	125
Health and related fields	11,675	2,490	9,185
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	830	435	395
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,490	1,885	8,605
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	340	165	170
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,720	1,550	2,170
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,385	560	1,820
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	835	530	305
49. Transportation and materials moving	505	465	35
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	120,045	59,425	60,620
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,635	22,815	19,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	77,410	36,615	40,790
Location of study inside Canada	59,170	27,790	31,385
Same as province or territory of residence	48,815	22,545	26,265
Different than province or territory of residence	10,355	5,235	5,120
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	18,235	8,830	9,410
Americas	1,745	870	870
United States of America	1,265	670	595
Mexico	80	35	40
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	120	45	75
Brazil	105	55	45
Colombia	35	10	25
Peru	10	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	115	50	70
Europe	1,865	1,030	830
Belgium	20	15	0
France	50	25	20
Germany	70	55	15
Netherlands	35	25	0
Switzerland	10	0	0
Hungary	20	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	35	15	15
Poland	20	10	10
Romania	30	10	15
Russian Federation	105	60	50
Ukraine	425	205	225
Ireland⁹⁶	90	45	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	600	385	215
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	25	20
Italy	30	15	0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	10
Other locations of study in Europe	270	125	150
Africa	1,670	845	825
Nigeria	915	460	455
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	15	10	0
Egypt	135	60	75
South Africa, Republic of	135	70	60
Other locations of study in Africa	475	235	240
Asia	12,760	5,955	6,805
Iran⁸⁸	180	90	95
Iraq	40	20	20
Israel	50	20	30
Lebanon	20	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	50	20	25
Turkey	25	15	15
China⁹⁰	1,140	515	625
Taiwan	25	10	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
Japan	55	15	40
Korea, South⁹²	165	60	110
Philippines	4,280	1,885	2,400
Viet Nam	345	165	175
Bangladesh	575	265	305
Sri Lanka	35	20	15
India	4,490	2,230	2,255
Pakistan	985	470	520
Other locations of study in Asia	300	150	145
Oceania	200	125	75
Australia	170	115	55
New Zealand	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	180,515	88,270	92,245
In the labour force	121,685	63,155	58,530
Employed	109,630	56,600	53,035
Unemployed	12,055	6,555	5,495
Not in the labour force	58,825	25,115	33,710
Participation rate	67.4	71.5	63.5
Employment rate	60.7	64.1	57.5
Unemployment rate	9.9	10.4	9.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	180,515	88,270	92,245
Did not work¹⁸⁶	60,505	26,655	33,845
Worked	120,010	61,610	58,395
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	68,355	37,005	31,350
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	51,650	24,605	27,045
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.1	42.7	41.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	121,685	63,155	58,530
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,515	1,890	1,625
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	118,175	61,265	56,905
Employee	105,420	53,550	51,870
Permanent position	87,510	45,135	42,370
Temporary position	17,910	8,410	9,495
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,670	2,425	3,240
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	12,245	5,990	6,255
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,755	7,715	5,040
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	121,685	63,155	58,530
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,515	1,890	1,625
All occupations¹⁹¹	118,175	61,265	56,905
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,255	805	460
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	22,435	7,285	15,150
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,310	7,170	2,140
3 Health occupations	10,485	2,050	8,435
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	15,865	5,645	10,215
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,845	1,270	1,575
6 Sales and service occupations	31,200	14,620	16,575
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	19,595	18,065	1,525
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,960	1,525	425
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,240	2,830	405
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	121,685	63,155	58,530
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,515	1,890	1,625
All industries¹⁹¹	118,175	61,265	56,905
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,150	830	325
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,070	895	180
22 Utilities	1,910	1,175	735
23 Construction	8,340	7,270	1,075
31-33 Manufacturing	5,315	4,505	810
41 Wholesale trade	4,300	3,270	1,030
44-45 Retail trade	14,000	7,325	6,670
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,075	4,160	915
51 Information and cultural industries	3,115	1,800	1,315
52 Finance and insurance	6,890	2,805	4,085
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,020	1,125	895
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,170	4,100	3,065
55 Management of companies and enterprises	185	80	105
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,350	2,555	1,795
61 Educational services	8,490	2,875	5,620
62 Health care and social assistance	17,380	3,510	13,875
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,295	1,180	1,110
72 Accommodation and food services	7,620	3,635	3,990
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,695	2,645	3,055
91 Public administration	11,795	5,535	6,260
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	128,280	65,940	62,345
English	123,425	63,645	59,780
French	390	125	265
Non-official language	575	275	300
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	575	275	300
English and French	1,190	420	765
English and non-official language(s)	2,580	1,405	1,175
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35
Multiple non-official languages	40	25	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	128,280	65,940	62,345
Single responses	127,580	65,595	61,990
Official languages	126,620	65,080	61,540
English	125,900	64,880	61,020
French	725	205	515
Non-official languages	965	515	450
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	955	510	450
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	55	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	110	55	55
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	35	10	25
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	10	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	230	115	120
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	10	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	30	10	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	20	0	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	10	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	10	0
German	10	10	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	165	85	85
Indo-Aryan languages	125	65	65
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	20	0	20
Hindi	15	15	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	35	30
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	15	10	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	35	20	20
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	35	20	20
Dari	10	10	0
Iranian Persian	25	10	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	20	0	15
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	15	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	25	10	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	10	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520	300	225
Chinese languages	495	285	210
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	375	215	160
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	105	60	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	10	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	20	10	15
S'gaw Karen	20	10	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	695	340	360
English and French	140	50	90
English and non-official language(s)	550	285	260
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	128,280	65,940	62,345
None	124,985	64,310	60,670
English	640	275	365
French	740	295	445
Non-official language	1,485	825	660
Indigenous³⁹	35	10	25
Non-Indigenous	1,455	815	635
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	45	20	30
French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	330	175	160
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	109,630	56,595	53,035
Worked at home	22,315	10,145	12,170
Worked outside Canada	195	155	40
No fixed workplace address	12,175	9,390	2,790
Usual place of work	74,950	36,915	38,035
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	74,950	36,915	38,035
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	68,510	32,415	36,095
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,880	3,500	1,380
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,145	710	435
Commute to a different province or territory	410	285	125
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	87,130	46,305	40,825
Car, truck or van	78,595	42,710	35,885
Car, truck or van - as a driver	72,605	40,890	31,715
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,985	1,820	4,165
Public transit	3,145	1,210	1,935
Walked	3,160	1,320	1,840
Bicycle	505	340	165
Other method	1,730	720	1,010
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	87,130	46,305	40,825
Less than 15 minutes	36,430	18,265	18,165
15 to 29 minutes	41,820	22,725	19,095
30 to 44 minutes	5,240	3,075	2,160
45 to 59 minutes	1,820	1,075	745
60 minutes and over	1,815	1,165	650
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	87,130	46,305	40,825
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,030	2,925	1,100
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	13,970	8,550	5,420
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	27,895	14,460	13,430
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	17,230	8,110	9,125
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,260	4,605	5,655
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	13,745	7,655	6,090
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	51,095	26,135	24,950
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,960	2,015	1,945
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	47,130	24,120	23,005
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	36,465	18,790	17,670
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,030	1,555	1,475
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,175	1,075	1,105
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	855	485	375
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	33,435	17,240	16,200

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 19, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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