Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Montréal, Ville (V)More information: Quebec [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,762,949	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,704,694	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	878,542	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	816,338	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,833.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	364.74	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,762,950	867,975	894,980
0 to 14 years	270,430	138,255	132,170
0 to 4 years	88,670	45,335	43,335
5 to 9 years	93,325	47,700	45,620
10 to 14 years	88,435	45,220	43,215
15 to 64 years	1,197,045	603,075	593,965
15 to 19 years	82,475	41,675	40,805
20 to 24 years	125,235	63,220	62,015
25 to 29 years	153,995	77,680	76,315
30 to 34 years	146,855	73,810	73,040
35 to 39 years	135,880	67,835	68,040
40 to 44 years	127,165	63,885	63,285
45 to 49 years	110,130	55,495	54,630
50 to 54 years	105,545	54,115	51,435
55 to 59 years	108,040	55,305	52,730
60 to 64 years	101,725	50,055	51,670
65 years and over	295,475	126,635	168,845
65 to 69 years	85,025	40,115	44,915
70 to 74 years	72,300	32,855	39,445
75 to 79 years	52,720	22,645	30,075
80 to 84 years	39,395	15,780	23,610
85 years and over	46,035	15,250	30,790
85 to 89 years	27,835	10,185	17,655
90 to 94 years	14,360	4,155	10,205
95 to 99 years	3,375	825	2,560
100 years and over	465	90	375
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.3	15.9	14.8
15 to 64 years	67.9	69.5	66.4
65 years and over	16.8	14.6	18.9
85 years and over	2.6	1.8	3.4
Average age of the population	40.6	39.5	41.7
Median age of the population	38.8	38.0	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	816,340	...	...
Single-detached house	58,065	...	...
Semi-detached house	25,740	...	...
Row house	26,175	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	107,565	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	464,420	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	130,615	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,350	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	415	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	816,335	...	...
1 person	341,345	...	...
2 persons	242,175	...	...
3 persons	103,550	...	...
4 persons	82,715	...	...
5 or more persons	46,560	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,723,210	851,575	871,635
Average household size	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,492,520	729,715	762,810
Married or living common-law	705,905	356,290	349,615
Married	475,835	239,100	236,735
Living common-law	230,070	117,190	112,880
Living common law - Never married	196,170	99,370	96,795
Living common law - Separated	2,885	1,655	1,230
Living common law - Divorced	28,550	15,015	13,530
Living common law - Widowed	2,465	1,140	1,320
Not married and not living common-law	786,615	373,420	413,195
Not married and not living common law - Never married	572,045	304,055	267,990
Not married and not living common law - Separated	31,535	13,590	17,945
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	113,315	41,760	71,560
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	69,720	14,020	55,700
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	428,615	...	...
2 persons	221,015	...	...
3 persons	92,715	...	...
4 persons	77,780	...	...
5 or more persons	37,105	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	428,610	...	...
Total couple families	338,830	...	...
Married couples	223,910	...	...
With children⁶	133,435	...	...
Without children	90,475	...	...
Common-law couples	114,915	...	...
With children⁶	41,490	...	...
Without children	73,430	...	...
Total one-parent families	89,785	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	72,595	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	17,190	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,723,210	851,575	871,630
Total - Persons in census families	1,231,380	602,840	628,545
Married spouses or common-law partners	677,655	341,670	335,985
Parents in one-parent families	89,785	17,190	72,595
Children⁶	463,940	243,975	219,965
In a two-parent family	329,670	172,390	157,285
In a one-parent family	134,270	71,585	62,680
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	491,830	248,740	243,090
Living alone	341,350	165,410	175,935
Living with other relatives⁷	45,070	20,400	24,670
Living with non-relatives only	105,415	62,925	42,485
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	816,335	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	394,155	...	...
Couple-family households	317,105	...	...
With children⁶	163,645	...	...
Without children	153,460	...	...
One-parent-family households	77,045	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	11,240	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,730	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	14,975	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	52,900	...	...
One-person households	341,345	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,453,280	713,595	739,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,396,100	685,155	710,950
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	38,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,396,475	685,330	711,145
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,227,255	612,060	615,200
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,200	34,000	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,021,705	527,390	494,315
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	35,200	29,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,175,325	551,265	624,060
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,500	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	157,000	78,185	78,815
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	472,820	247,320	225,500
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,453,295	713,745	739,550
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,396,365	685,790	710,575
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,120	55,450	45,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,396,760	685,970	710,790
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,680	43,560	37,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,226,320	612,170	614,155
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,560	52,350	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,021,715	527,765	493,950
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,120	51,700	40,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,174,640	550,810	623,830
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,020	10,830	13,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	156,980	78,065	78,920
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,800	6,070	7,510
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	471,875	247,465	224,410
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,130	9,180	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,453,295	713,750	739,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	452,020	244,470	207,545
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	61,600	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,000	81,500	65,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	450,610	222,280	228,330
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,400	15,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,120	28,320	24,020
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	84.4	74.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	71.8	62.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.2	15.7	25.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.3	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	6.5	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.2	6.0	6.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,453,280	713,595	739,680
Without total income	57,180	28,440	28,735
With total income	1,396,100	685,155	710,945
Under $10,000 (including loss)	120,165	57,640	62,520
$10,000 to $19,999	179,185	83,775	95,410
$20,000 to $29,999	259,695	119,565	140,135
$30,000 to $39,999	194,585	93,585	101,000
$40,000 to $49,999	163,390	78,450	84,940
$50,000 to $59,999	123,115	58,355	64,755
$60,000 to $69,999	88,460	43,350	45,110
$70,000 to $79,999	64,815	33,230	31,590
$80,000 to $89,999	50,645	26,325	24,320
$90,000 to $99,999	36,060	19,280	16,785
$100,000 and over	115,980	71,595	44,385
$100,000 to $149,999	74,835	44,155	30,680
$150,000 and over	41,145	27,440	13,705
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,453,280	713,595	739,680
Without after-tax income	56,805	28,265	28,535
With after-tax income	1,396,475	685,335	711,140
Under $10,000 (including loss)	124,825	59,490	65,335
$10,000 to $19,999	188,395	88,605	99,785
$20,000 to $29,999	303,115	142,120	161,000
$30,000 to $39,999	231,960	113,680	118,280
$40,000 to $49,999	183,475	88,390	95,090
$50,000 to $59,999	123,490	59,975	63,515
$60,000 to $69,999	81,775	41,055	40,725
$70,000 to $79,999	52,690	27,360	25,330
$80,000 to $89,999	32,505	18,175	14,325
$90,000 to $99,999	21,155	12,260	8,890
$100,000 and over	53,090	34,210	18,885
$100,000 to $124,999	25,835	15,730	10,105
$125,000 and over	27,260	18,485	8,775
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,453,280	713,595	739,680
Without employment income	431,575	186,210	245,365
With employment income	1,021,705	527,385	494,320
Under $5,000 (including loss)	145,910	71,820	74,090
$5,000 to $9,999	99,605	47,595	52,010
$10,000 to $19,999	136,545	66,030	70,515
$20,000 to $29,999	105,255	51,415	53,840
$30,000 to $39,999	98,425	50,780	47,640
$40,000 to $49,999	94,645	47,585	47,065
$50,000 to $59,999	76,170	39,085	37,085
$60,000 to $69,999	59,460	31,825	27,635
$70,000 to $79,999	46,765	25,580	21,185
$80,000 to $89,999	40,295	21,350	18,945
$90,000 to $99,999	27,160	15,825	11,340
$100,000 and over	91,480	58,500	32,980
$100,000 to $124,999	40,345	24,630	15,710
$125,000 and over	51,135	33,870	17,270
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,453,280	713,595	739,685
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,355,225	663,385	691,840
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,600	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,355,570	663,490	692,080
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	32,000	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,196,380	596,375	600,005
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	35,200	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,000,475	515,695	484,790
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,066,120	490,855	575,265
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,280	2,660	7,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	104,820	51,840	52,980
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,080	4,640	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,453,295	713,745	739,550
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,355,285	663,595	691,695
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,600	52,150	41,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,355,700	663,725	691,975
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,760	40,880	34,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,195,295	596,055	599,245
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,560	52,600	38,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	999,875	515,515	484,355
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,040	51,800	39,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,066,040	490,710	575,335
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,160	6,610	9,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,790	51,525	53,260
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,380	5,970	8,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,453,295	713,750	739,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	446,040	241,000	205,040
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	56,400	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,700	75,300	58,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	411,950	203,780	208,170
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	23,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,400	34,200	28,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	90.6	80.8
Employment income (%)	72.8	77.2	67.6
Government transfers (%)	13.8	9.4	19.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	816,335	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	341,345	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	474,990	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	816,355	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	341,250	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	475,105	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	816,335	...	...
Under $5,000	17,005	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	9,785	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	16,775	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	24,425	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	54,215	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	38,420	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	37,880	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	38,590	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,530	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	37,970	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	69,550	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	62,125	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	55,220	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	49,040	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	41,220	...	...
$100,000 and over	224,580	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	76,005	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	48,680	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	51,900	...	...
$200,000 and over	47,995	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	816,335	...	...
Under $5,000	18,250	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,005	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	17,050	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	26,035	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	59,285	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	46,355	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	45,485	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	47,370	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,995	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	43,530	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	78,470	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	68,975	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	59,285	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	49,000	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	39,955	...	...
$100,000 and over	160,295	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	68,460	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	38,400	...	...
$150,000 and over	53,430	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	435,310	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	156,425	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	175,465	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	86,340	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	446,765	228,335	218,420
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,400	33,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	31,000	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	435,360	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	156,545	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	175,580	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,035	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	446,290	227,645	218,645
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,280	45,400	43,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,760	37,240	36,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,723,215	851,580	871,635
0 to 17 years	316,605	161,795	154,815
0 to 5 years	107,500	54,865	52,630
18 to 64 years	1,140,405	572,585	567,820
65 years and over	266,200	117,200	149,000
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	299,080	143,995	155,085
0 to 17 years	49,430	25,350	24,085
0 to 5 years	17,500	8,905	8,595
18 to 64 years	184,970	93,610	91,360
65 years and over	64,675	25,040	39,635
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.4	16.9	17.8
0 to 17 years (%)	15.6	15.7	15.6
0 to 5 years (%)	16.3	16.2	16.3
18 to 64 years (%)	16.2	16.3	16.1
65 years and over (%)	24.3	21.4	26.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,723,210	851,575	871,630
0 to 17 years	316,610	161,790	154,815
0 to 5 years	107,500	54,870	52,635
18 to 64 years	1,140,405	572,580	567,825
65 years and over	266,195	117,200	148,995
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	199,665	102,220	97,440
0 to 17 years	26,605	13,610	12,995
0 to 5 years	9,255	4,715	4,540
18 to 64 years	144,765	77,525	67,235
65 years and over	28,295	11,090	17,205
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.6	12.0	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.4	8.4	8.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.6	8.6	8.6
18 to 64 years (%)	12.7	13.5	11.8
65 years and over (%)	10.6	9.5	11.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,723,215	851,575	871,635
In bottom half of the distribution	1,097,735	535,190	562,545
In bottom decile	278,660	138,645	140,020
In second decile	226,095	107,680	118,415
In third decile	221,215	107,370	113,845
In fourth decile	197,520	96,110	101,415
In fifth decile	174,245	85,395	88,855
In top half of the distribution	625,475	316,385	309,090
In sixth decile	150,945	74,795	76,155
In seventh decile	134,455	67,455	67,000
In eighth decile	121,350	61,450	59,900
In ninth decile	108,785	55,650	53,130
In top decile	109,935	57,030	52,905
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,723,210	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.374	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.516	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.318	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,741,260	859,120	882,135
English only	207,690	107,915	99,775
French only	473,490	215,190	258,295
English and French	1,018,100	519,275	498,830
Neither English nor French	41,975	16,745	25,230
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,741,260	859,120	882,135
English	457,725	231,930	225,795
French	1,091,480	533,590	557,890
English and French	151,345	77,485	73,865
Neither English nor French	40,705	16,120	24,585
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,741,260	859,120	882,135
Single responses	1,615,770	796,000	819,775
Official languages	1,044,150	518,340	525,805
English	225,920	115,155	110,765
French	818,225	403,185	415,040
Non-official languages	571,625	277,655	293,970
Indigenous languages³⁹	355	125	230
Algonquian languages	190	70	120
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	165	60	105
Atikamekw	25	5	20
Cree languages	95	35	60
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	5
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	35	15	20
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Innu (Montagnais)	35	10	20
Naskapi	5	0	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	10	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	135	30	105
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	135	30	105
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	15	10	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	571,270	277,530	293,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,100	63,230	55,865
Berber languages	15,445	8,305	7,140
Kabyle	14,315	7,650	6,660
Tamazight	985	570	415
Berber languages, n.i.e.	150	85	65
Chadic languages	335	180	160
Hausa	175	100	70
Mina	165	80	90
Coptic	165	90	75
Cushitic languages	765	360	410
Bilen	20	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	735	345	390
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Semitic languages	102,380	54,295	48,085
Amharic	495	235	255
Arabic	99,450	52,790	46,660
Aramaic languages	120	50	65
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	70	30	40
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	1,580	845	735
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	705	360	340
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	23,210	10,690	12,525
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,580	2,090	2,500
Vietnamese	18,595	8,585	10,005
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15
Austronesian languages	15,495	6,045	9,455
Bikol	85	40	50
Bisaya, n.o.s.	305	120	180
Cebuano	680	250	430
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	390	130	260
Ilocano	1,650	670	980
Indonesian	405	165	240
Kankanaey	15	10	5
Kinaray-a	25	10	15
Malagasy languages	410	185	225
Merina	285	120	160
Malagasy, n.o.s.	130	65	65
Malay	45	20	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	160	75	90
Pangasinan	90	40	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,970	4,220	6,755
Waray-Waray	40	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	215	100	115
Creole languages	36,965	16,655	20,310
Haitian Creole	27,145	12,010	15,135
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	10	10	5
Morisyen	910	440	470
Sango	50	25	20
Creole, n.o.s.	8,605	4,065	4,535
Creole languages, n.i.e.	230	100	125
Dravidian languages	12,090	6,330	5,765
Kannada	225	140	90
Malayalam	1,315	700	610
Tamil	9,175	4,555	4,615
Telugu	1,350	915	430
Tulu	15	10	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Georgian	105	45	55
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	289,040	139,810	149,235
Albanian	1,795	885	910
Armenian	5,565	2,645	2,920
Balto-Slavic languages	29,665	13,025	16,635
Baltic languages	315	125	195
Latvian	115	55	60
Lithuanian	205	70	140
Slavic languages	29,350	12,905	16,445
Belarusian	30	15	15
Bulgarian	3,100	1,440	1,660
Czech	555	255	300
Macedonian	95	40	55
Polish	5,875	2,530	3,345
Russian	14,020	6,080	7,940
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,580	1,265	1,320
Bosnian	340	170	175
Croatian	865	415	450
Serbian	1,300	645	650
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80	35	45
Slovak	345	130	220
Slovene (Slovenian)	240	100	140
Ukrainian	2,490	1,045	1,440
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Celtic languages	40	25	10
Irish	10	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	5	0
Welsh	15	10	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Germanic languages	11,285	5,660	5,630
Frisian	5	5	0
High German languages	9,860	4,925	4,935
German	3,360	1,560	1,795
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	235	125	110
Yiddish	6,270	3,240	3,025
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	895	465	430
Afrikaans	65	40	25
Dutch	740	390	345
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	85	35	50
Scandinavian languages	480	245	230
Danish	150	70	80
Icelandic	30	15	15
Norwegian	65	35	30
Swedish	230	120	110
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30
Greek	14,410	6,805	7,605
Indo-Iranian languages	58,285	30,880	27,410
Indo-Aryan languages	42,700	23,120	19,580
Assamese	20	10	10
Bengali	9,850	5,065	4,785
Gujarati	4,805	2,565	2,235
Hindi	3,655	2,135	1,520
Kacchi	90	40	45
Kashmiri	25	15	5
Konkani	55	35	20
Marathi	345	200	145
Nepali	330	170	160
Oriya languages	45	25	20
Odia	25	15	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,345	9,050	7,290
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	45	30	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	390	205	190
Urdu	6,535	3,480	3,060
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170	95	75
Iranian languages	15,575	7,755	7,820
Baluchi	5	5	0
Kurdish	435	245	190
Parsi	25	20	10
Pashto	975	525	450
Persian languages	14,065	6,930	7,135
Dari	1,085	520	565
Iranian Persian	11,665	5,750	5,915
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,315	665	650
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15
Italic (Romance) languages	167,975	79,875	88,100
Catalan	190	90	95
Italian	57,590	26,825	30,760
Portuguese	18,080	8,625	9,455
Romanian	12,300	5,780	6,525
Spanish	79,720	38,505	41,210
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Japanese	1,590	475	1,115
Korean	3,810	1,650	2,160
Mongolian	100	35	65
Niger-Congo languages	13,245	6,595	6,650
Akan (Twi)	620	305	315
Bamanankan	665	360	310
Edo	60	25	35
Éwé	330	185	150
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,245	640	605
Ga	45	25	20
Ganda	25	10	15
Gikuyu	0	5	0
Igbo	90	55	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,090	490	595
Lingala	1,680	750	930
Luba-Kasai	140	60	75
Mòoré	150	85	70
Mwani	20	10	10
Ndebele	30	15	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,320	595	720
Shona	80	40	40
Soninke	205	135	70
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10
Swahili	795	385	400
Wojenaka	485	225	255
Wolof	1,495	800	690
Yoruba	625	325	295
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,045	1,060	980
Nilo-Saharan languages	340	190	155
Dinka	5	5	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	275	150	120
African, n.o.s.	60	35	25
Sign languages	275	140	135
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	185	90	95
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,550	21,145	25,405
Chinese languages	46,390	21,080	25,315
Hakka	210	85	125
Mandarin	29,410	13,275	16,135
Min Dong	15	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,730	760	970
Wu (Shanghainese)	440	195	240
Yue (Cantonese)	13,690	6,300	7,390
Chinese, n.o.s.	855	435	420
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	120	55	70
Burmese	45	15	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	65	30	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,705	735	965
Lao	1,280	615	665
Thai	405	115	295
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Turkic languages	5,370	2,745	2,625
Azerbaijani	250	155	95
Kazakh	25	15	15
Turkish	4,825	2,455	2,370
Uyghur	140	65	75
Uzbek	40	25	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	30	55
Uralic languages	2,190	965	1,225
Estonian	70	30	40
Finnish	140	55	85
Hungarian	1,985	880	1,105
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	40	35
Multiple responses	125,490	63,125	62,360
English and French	35,195	17,970	17,225
English and non-official language(s)	26,945	13,375	13,565
French and non-official language(s)	44,880	22,480	22,400
English, French and non-official language(s)	13,590	7,010	6,580
Multiple non-official languages	4,880	2,290	2,590
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,741,260	859,120	882,135
English	236,770	119,975	116,790
French	743,335	365,685	377,655
Non-official language	182,560	86,255	96,305
Indigenous³⁹	70	30	40
Non-Indigenous	182,495	86,230	96,265
English and French	146,050	75,850	70,210
English and non-official language(s)	111,510	55,685	55,830
French and non-official language(s)	174,715	83,145	91,570
English, French and non-official language(s)	135,525	67,480	68,045
Multiple non-official languages	10,780	5,055	5,720
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,741,260	859,120	882,135
Single responses	1,586,665	782,610	804,055
Official languages	1,255,565	623,405	632,155
English	347,110	175,135	171,970
French	908,455	448,270	460,180
Non-official languages	331,100	159,200	171,905
Indigenous languages³⁹	125	50	75
Algonquian languages	80	35	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	70	25	45
Atikamekw	10	0	5
Cree languages	40	20	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	5	15
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	10
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	5	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	330,975	159,150	171,830
Afro-Asiatic languages	61,235	31,705	29,525
Berber languages	6,795	3,645	3,145
Kabyle	6,320	3,390	2,930
Tamazight	360	195	165
Berber languages, n.i.e.	110	55	50
Chadic languages	125	60	65
Hausa	80	45	45
Mina	40	15	25
Coptic	120	65	60
Cushitic languages	365	170	195
Bilen	10	5	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	345	160	185
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	53,825	27,770	26,060
Amharic	240	115	125
Arabic	52,330	27,000	25,325
Aramaic languages	75	30	45
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	5	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	715	375	335
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	445	230	215
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	16,465	7,600	8,865
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,860	1,295	1,560
Vietnamese	13,590	6,300	7,290
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10
Austronesian languages	9,325	3,930	5,395
Bikol	35	15	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	170	75	100
Cebuano	425	180	250
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	235	90	145
Ilocano	960	415	545
Indonesian	170	85	90
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	20	10	5
Malagasy languages	115	55	60
Merina	65	30	35
Malagasy, n.o.s.	50	20	25
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	45	45
Pangasinan	25	10	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,960	2,890	4,070
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50
Creole languages	17,395	7,710	9,685
Haitian Creole	12,640	5,455	7,185
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	475	225	250
Sango	10	10	5
Creole, n.o.s.	4,185	1,980	2,210
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	40	40
Dravidian languages	9,345	4,775	4,570
Kannada	115	65	50
Malayalam	970	520	445
Tamil	7,425	3,635	3,790
Telugu	820	550	275
Tulu	10	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	45	20	25
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	168,495	80,690	87,800
Albanian	1,050	505	540
Armenian	3,895	1,770	2,120
Balto-Slavic languages	17,140	7,850	9,295
Baltic languages	85	40	50
Latvian	35	20	15
Lithuanian	50	25	30
Slavic languages	17,055	7,810	9,250
Belarusian	5	5	5
Bulgarian	2,020	960	1,060
Czech	165	75	90
Macedonian	60	25	30
Polish	2,505	1,085	1,420
Russian	9,755	4,475	5,285
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,200	575	630
Bosnian	170	80	90
Croatian	365	165	200
Serbian	645	320	325
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Slovak	70	30	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	85	40	45
Ukrainian	1,185	545	640
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	5	10	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	6,300	3,280	3,020
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	6,055	3,160	2,895
German	510	245	270
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	5,525	2,905	2,615
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	70	75
Afrikaans	30	15	15
Dutch	105	55	50
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5
Scandinavian languages	85	40	50
Danish	15	10	10
Icelandic	15	5	10
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	45	20	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Greek	7,530	3,370	4,165
Indo-Iranian languages	43,235	22,475	20,760
Indo-Aryan languages	32,115	17,085	15,025
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	7,290	3,630	3,660
Gujarati	3,250	1,705	1,545
Hindi	2,460	1,380	1,075
Kacchi	60	30	35
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	5
Marathi	160	90	70
Nepali	225	115	105
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	5	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,485	7,465	6,020
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	245	130	115
Urdu	4,795	2,465	2,335
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50
Iranian languages	11,115	5,390	5,730
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	220	120	105
Parsi	15	5	5
Pashto	750	405	350
Persian languages	10,090	4,835	5,250
Dari	675	320	355
Iranian Persian	8,570	4,115	4,460
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	845	400	440
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	89,325	41,435	47,885
Catalan	75	30	40
Italian	21,255	8,905	12,350
Portuguese	9,715	4,550	5,165
Romanian	7,290	3,495	3,800
Spanish	50,960	24,440	26,520
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Japanese	705	285	425
Korean	2,705	1,205	1,495
Mongolian	55	25	30
Niger-Congo languages	4,240	2,060	2,180
Akan (Twi)	340	160	180
Bamanankan	205	100	105
Edo	20	10	10
Éwé	85	45	40
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	455	235	220
Ga	20	10	10
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	335	145	190
Lingala	570	255	320
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5
Mòoré	25	10	10
Mwani	10	5	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	465	215	250
Shona	35	15	20
Soninke	95	65	30
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	290	155	135
Wojenaka	130	50	80
Wolof	600	325	275
Yoruba	180	85	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	330	150	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	60	45
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	5	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Sign languages	515	300	220
American Sign Language	90	45	40
Quebec Sign Language	305	165	140
Sign languages, n.i.e.	125	85	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	35,185	16,285	18,900
Chinese languages	35,100	16,245	18,855
Hakka	75	35	35
Mandarin	23,585	10,965	12,620
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,050	460	590
Wu (Shanghainese)	285	135	145
Yue (Cantonese)	9,590	4,395	5,195
Chinese, n.o.s.	505	250	255
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	30	35
Burmese	30	10	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	20	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	870	405	465
Lao	715	350	370
Thai	150	60	90
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	3,575	1,790	1,780
Azerbaijani	100	60	40
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	3,325	1,665	1,660
Uyghur	100	45	60
Uzbek	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Uralic languages	695	285	415
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	20	10	15
Hungarian	675	275	400
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Multiple responses	154,590	76,515	78,075
English and French	45,705	23,415	22,290
English and non-official language(s)	32,655	15,945	16,710
French and non-official language(s)	55,175	26,790	28,385
English, French and non-official language(s)	19,445	9,630	9,820
Multiple non-official languages	1,605	740	865
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,741,260	859,120	882,135
None	1,279,175	629,625	649,555
English	115,715	59,690	56,025
French	109,450	53,550	55,895
Non-official language	129,625	62,430	67,195
Indigenous³⁹	145	55	90
Non-Indigenous	129,480	62,370	67,105
English and French	29,960	15,165	14,790
English and non-official language(s)	35,695	18,170	17,525
French and non-official language(s)	27,860	13,495	14,370
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,580	1,835	1,740
Multiple non-official languages	10,200	5,165	5,035
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,723,225	851,610	871,615
Official languages	1,681,610	834,860	846,755
English	1,216,575	623,125	593,455
French	1,475,945	727,525	748,420
Non-official languages	862,365	420,005	442,360
Indigenous languages³⁹	800	315	485
Algonquian languages	365	150	210
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	260	100	160
Atikamekw	20	0	15
Cree languages	150	60	90
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	65	30	40
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	25	45
Innu (Montagnais)	80	25	60
Naskapi	20	10	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	90	50	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	20	15
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	55	30	30
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	15	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	35	20	15
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	20	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	25	15	10
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	315	75	235
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	310	75	235
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	65	50	20
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	60	45	20
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	10	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	861,690	419,765	441,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	193,965	101,880	92,090
Berber languages	23,765	12,670	11,095
Kabyle	21,490	11,425	10,070
Tamazight	2,020	1,120	900
Berber languages, n.i.e.	560	290	270
Chadic languages	1,205	655	545
Hausa	575	370	210
Mina	625	290	340
Coptic	745	385	360
Cushitic languages	1,160	540	615
Bilen	15	10	0
Oromo	10	0	0
Somali	1,115	515	600
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	15	40
Semitic languages	182,025	95,605	86,420
Amharic	780	375	405
Arabic	173,385	91,115	82,270
Aramaic languages	215	95	125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	20	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	155	70	95
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	7,665	4,080	3,580
Maltese	20	10	10
Tigrigna	820	400	420
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75	50	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	30,875	14,470	16,405
Khmer (Cambodian)	6,850	3,180	3,675
Vietnamese	24,550	11,565	12,985
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	50	25	30
Austronesian languages	24,510	9,720	14,785
Bikol	175	65	110
Bisaya, n.o.s.	450	200	255
Cebuano	1,155	395	755
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	765	265	500
Ilocano	2,925	1,225	1,700
Indonesian	805	365	440
Kankanaey	45	25	20
Kinaray-a	85	25	60
Malagasy languages	835	405	425
Merina	655	320	335
Malagasy, n.o.s.	185	90	90
Malay	355	190	165
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	355	165	200
Pangasinan	120	55	65
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	21,575	8,340	13,235
Waray-Waray	120	55	65
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	905	390	515
Creole languages	74,245	33,880	40,365
Haitian Creole	66,445	30,045	36,400
Jamaican English Creole	215	115	105
Krio	60	25	40
Morisyen	2,365	1,215	1,140
Sango	185	100	80
Creole, n.o.s.	11,950	5,630	6,320
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,520	685	835
Dravidian languages	16,725	8,745	7,975
Kannada	540	325	215
Malayalam	1,760	935	825
Tamil	12,940	6,480	6,465
Telugu	2,415	1,600	815
Tulu	30	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Georgian	150	75	70
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	450,480	219,660	230,825
Albanian	2,425	1,220	1,205
Armenian	7,185	3,350	3,835
Balto-Slavic languages	40,980	19,110	21,870
Baltic languages	530	215	315
Latvian	190	85	105
Lithuanian	340	135	210
Slavic languages	40,615	18,955	21,660
Belarusian	160	55	105
Bulgarian	3,765	1,820	1,945
Czech	990	455	535
Macedonian	215	80	135
Polish	7,925	3,535	4,390
Russian	23,995	11,285	12,705
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,390	1,700	1,695
Bosnian	675	315	365
Croatian	1,515	775	740
Serbian	1,725	840	885
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95	60	40
Slovak	590	250	340
Slovene (Slovenian)	345	145	200
Ukrainian	4,905	2,155	2,745
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30
Celtic languages	275	150	125
Irish	120	65	55
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15
Welsh	35	20	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	45
Germanic languages	28,325	14,670	13,655
Frisian	40	20	25
High German languages	25,545	13,365	12,180
German	17,050	8,935	8,110
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	300	120	175
Yiddish	8,490	4,455	4,030
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,020	1,005	1,025
Afrikaans	205	95	105
Dutch	1,645	825	820
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	0	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	175	85	90
Scandinavian languages	1,440	725	710
Danish	425	190	230
Icelandic	45	20	20
Norwegian	285	155	130
Swedish	820	445	370
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50
Greek	20,685	9,850	10,830
Indo-Iranian languages	77,115	41,190	35,920
Indo-Aryan languages	58,875	31,985	26,890
Assamese	35	25	15
Bengali	12,945	6,685	6,255
Gujarati	6,930	3,785	3,140
Hindi	24,370	13,400	10,970
Kacchi	195	95	95
Kashmiri	40	25	15
Konkani	155	95	60
Marathi	780	440	340
Nepali	485	270	220
Oriya languages	45	20	35
Odia	30	15	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	22,580	12,435	10,150
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	100	50	50
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	845	470	370
Urdu	11,425	6,220	5,200
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	500	325	180
Iranian languages	18,895	9,560	9,335
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	780	465	315
Parsi	80	35	40
Pashto	1,225	645	580
Persian languages	17,095	8,600	8,495
Dari	1,280	645	640
Iranian Persian	14,160	7,125	7,040
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,790	920	865
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Italic (Romance) languages	293,340	139,795	153,545
Catalan	715	400	315
Italian	95,535	45,630	49,905
Portuguese	28,840	14,425	14,410
Romanian	15,245	7,225	8,020
Spanish	177,230	83,945	93,280
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	405	240	165
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	115	70	45
Japanese	4,585	2,190	2,400
Korean	5,035	2,200	2,835
Mongolian	180	55	120
Niger-Congo languages	31,565	16,015	15,555
Akan (Twi)	1,340	755	585
Bamanankan	1,540	790	745
Edo	245	115	125
Éwé	865	505	360
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,730	1,485	1,245
Ga	220	145	75
Ganda	75	40	30
Gikuyu	45	0	40
Igbo	485	280	205
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,825	855	970
Lingala	7,315	3,405	3,910
Luba-Kasai	520	225	295
Mòoré	620	340	280
Mwani	20	15	10
Ndebele	115	70	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,045	1,010	1,035
Shona	245	150	95
Soninke	465	310	155
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	15	30
Swahili	3,405	1,710	1,695
Wojenaka	1,005	510	495
Wolof	4,030	2,185	1,840
Yoruba	2,040	1,025	1,015
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	7,005	3,630	3,375
Nilo-Saharan languages	705	390	315
Dinka	10	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	690	385	310
African, n.o.s.	425	225	200
Sign languages	1,985	795	1,185
American Sign Language	495	160	330
Quebec Sign Language	1,345	510	830
Sign languages, n.i.e.	340	210	130
Sino-Tibetan languages	56,545	26,095	30,455
Chinese languages	56,370	26,025	30,340
Hakka	335	170	160
Mandarin	41,405	18,880	22,525
Min Dong	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,725	1,170	1,560
Wu (Shanghainese)	695	310	390
Yue (Cantonese)	19,045	8,640	10,405
Chinese, n.o.s.	860	455	410
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55
Tibeto-Burman languages	180	60	115
Burmese	65	10	60
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	95	50	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
Tai-Kadai languages	2,755	1,240	1,520
Lao	1,985	965	1,020
Thai	1,085	390	695
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Turkic languages	9,265	4,570	4,695
Azerbaijani	520	325	200
Kazakh	60	35	25
Turkish	8,445	4,105	4,340
Uyghur	205	95	110
Uzbek	140	85	55
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	90	115
Uralic languages	3,265	1,435	1,835
Estonian	85	35	50
Finnish	245	120	125
Hungarian	2,945	1,280	1,660
Other languages, n.i.e.	425	215	205
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,723,230	851,610	871,615
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	15,315	7,080	8,235
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	14,315	6,630	7,685
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,065	3,655	4,415
Métis	5,705	2,835	2,870
Inuk (Inuit)	545	135	405
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	305	150	155
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	695	305	385
Non-Indigenous identity	1,707,915	844,530	863,385
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,723,230	851,610	871,615
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,465	1,570	1,890
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,719,765	850,040	869,730
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	816,355	...	...
Owner	297,340	...	...
Renter	519,020	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	816,355	...	...
Condominium	178,700	...	...
Not condominium	637,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	816,355	...	...
No bedrooms	19,020	...	...
1 bedroom	254,075	...	...
2 bedrooms	284,300	...	...
3 bedrooms	194,410	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	64,550	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	816,355	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	473,475	...	...
5 rooms	155,105	...	...
6 rooms	69,335	...	...
7 rooms	48,130	...	...
8 or more rooms	70,315	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	816,355	...	...
One person or fewer per room	789,745	...	...
More than one person per room	26,615	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	816,355	...	...
Suitable	745,905	...	...
Not suitable	70,450	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	816,355	...	...
1960 or before	293,880	...	...
1961 to 1980	248,030	...	...
1981 to 1990	89,700	...	...
1991 to 2000	57,865	...	...
2001 to 2005	28,770	...	...
2006 to 2010	30,795	...	...
2011 to 2015	33,075	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	34,235	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	816,355	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	746,280	...	...
Major repairs needed	70,075	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	816,355	...	...
One-maintainer household	494,140	...	...
Two-maintainer household	291,245	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	30,970	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	816,355	...	...
15 to 24 years	39,665	...	...
25 to 34 years	154,835	...	...
35 to 44 years	156,945	...	...
45 to 54 years	137,925	...	...
55 to 64 years	137,110	...	...
65 to 74 years	105,800	...	...
75 to 84 years	59,160	...	...
85 years and over	24,920	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	808,950	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	612,990	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	195,960	...	...
30% to less than 100%	171,990	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	816,355	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	301,530	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	168,425	...	...
Not suitable only	52,965	...	...
Major repairs needed only	46,120	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	10,065	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	16,530	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	6,480	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	940	...	...
Acceptable housing	514,825	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	784,980	...	...
In core need	82,165	...	...
Not in core need	702,815	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	297,340	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,360	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,532	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	584,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	519,015	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	969	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,723,230	851,615	871,620
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,560	3,785	4,780
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,395	3,715	4,680
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,165	3,225	3,935
Métis single ancestry	880	380	500
Inuit single ancestry	350	110	240
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	170	70	100
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	45	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	70	20	55
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	28,175	12,775	15,400
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	27,945	12,705	15,240
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25,185	11,485	13,695
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,455	1,140	1,310
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	310	80	235
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	225	70	160
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	60	130
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,686,490	835,050	851,435
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,723,230	851,610	871,615
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,434,570	703,030	731,545
Canadian citizens aged under 18	279,730	142,810	136,925
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,154,835	560,215	594,620
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	288,660	148,585	140,075
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,723,230	851,610	871,615
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,017,325	502,500	514,820
Immigrants⁸¹	576,120	278,025	298,100
Before 1980	87,415	40,730	46,685
1980 to 1990	59,835	29,275	30,555
1991 to 2000	95,220	45,340	49,880
2001 to 2010	139,575	67,480	72,090
2011 to 2021⁸²	194,080	95,195	98,885
2011 to 2015	90,040	43,785	46,255
2016 to 2021	104,040	51,410	52,630
Non-permanent residents⁸³	129,780	71,085	58,695
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	576,125	278,025	298,100
Under 5 years	45,920	23,340	22,575
5 to 14 years	90,130	45,385	44,740
15 to 24 years	104,655	46,955	57,705
25 to 44 years	290,245	141,865	148,380
45 years and over	45,170	20,475	24,700
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	576,125	278,025	298,100
Americas	127,690	58,995	68,690
Brazil	3,760	1,770	1,990
Colombia	8,195	3,835	4,360
El Salvador	6,400	3,265	3,130
Guyana	1,350	660	690
Haiti	47,555	21,110	26,445
Jamaica	2,670	1,090	1,585
Mexico	8,225	4,005	4,220
Peru	6,715	3,060	3,660
Trinidad and Tobago	2,120	970	1,155
United States of America	10,180	5,260	4,920
Other places of birth in Americas	30,520	13,985	16,535
Europe	137,155	66,390	70,765
Bosnia and Herzegovina	780	390	385
Croatia	760	390	375
France	39,280	20,790	18,485
Germany	2,480	1,285	1,200
Greece	7,730	3,445	4,285
Hungary	1,365	650	720
Italy	30,215	14,095	16,120
Netherlands	500	310	190
Poland	4,685	1,965	2,720
Portugal	7,715	3,520	4,195
Romania	9,655	4,440	5,215
Russian Federation	5,520	2,235	3,290
Serbia⁸⁶	675	320	350
Ukraine	4,385	1,940	2,445
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,005	2,245	1,755
Other places of birth in Europe	17,395	8,365	9,030
Africa	140,555	71,665	68,890
Algeria	43,840	22,680	21,165
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	6,025	2,765	3,265
Egypt	9,400	4,720	4,685
Eritrea	495	250	250
Ethiopia	660	305	355
Morocco	33,005	16,490	16,515
Nigeria	1,200	630	565
Somalia	400	200	200
South Africa, Republic of	415	275	140
Other places of birth in Africa	45,115	23,355	21,760
Asia	169,860	80,480	89,375
Afghanistan	1,100	570	535
Iran⁸⁸	9,815	4,825	4,990
Iraq	1,610	890	725
Lebanon	17,455	9,230	8,220
Syria⁸⁹	12,040	6,095	5,940
Turkey	4,010	2,020	1,995
China⁹⁰	26,330	11,650	14,680
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,375	1,130	1,245
Korea, South⁹²	2,680	1,185	1,495
Taiwan	1,265	540	725
Philippines	20,475	7,940	12,535
Viet Nam	16,395	7,460	8,935
Bangladesh	7,035	3,560	3,475
India	13,570	7,040	6,525
Pakistan	5,730	3,040	2,690
Sri Lanka	6,965	3,425	3,540
Other places of birth in Asia	21,010	9,890	11,120
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	860	485	375
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	104,040	51,410	52,625
Americas	15,850	7,650	8,205
Brazil	1,105	455	645
Colombia	1,260	575	685
Haiti	5,495	2,700	2,795
Jamaica	135	70	60
Mexico	1,320	690	625
United States of America	2,255	1,165	1,090
Venezuela⁹⁵	915	355	555
Other places of birth in Americas	3,375	1,630	1,740
Europe	17,760	9,335	8,425
France	11,735	6,290	5,445
Germany	235	130	105
Ireland⁹⁶	55	45	10
Italy	420	260	160
Russian Federation	625	235	390
Ukraine	750	355	395
United Kingdom⁸⁷	480	290	185
Other places of birth in Europe	3,465	1,725	1,740
Africa	34,835	17,255	17,575
Algeria	10,085	4,925	5,160
Burundi	715	385	335
Cameroon	3,555	1,730	1,825
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,490	645	845
Côte d'Ivoire	1,625	785	835
Egypt	1,470	795	675
Eritrea	275	145	125
Ethiopia	90	40	45
Morocco	5,375	2,535	2,835
Nigeria	550	310	240
Somalia	40	25	20
South Africa, Republic of	105	55	50
Sudan⁹⁷	70	40	35
Tunisia	3,360	1,755	1,610
Other places of birth in Africa	6,015	3,075	2,945
Asia	35,290	16,975	18,315
Afghanistan	180	95	85
Bangladesh	960	465	495
China⁹⁰	4,960	2,085	2,875
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	10	40
India	5,690	3,035	2,655
Iran⁸⁸	2,275	1,025	1,250
Iraq	245	145	100
Israel	145	90	60
Japan	185	55	130
Jordan	355	160	195
Korea, South⁹²	750	320	435
Lebanon	1,710	930	775
Nepal	180	110	75
Pakistan	1,030	520	505
Philippines	5,730	2,455	3,280
Saudi Arabia	860	540	325
Sri Lanka	500	205	295
Syria⁸⁹	5,895	3,065	2,835
Turkey	520	295	225
United Arab Emirates	580	290	290
Viet Nam	910	395	515
Other places of birth in Asia	1,565	680	880
Oceania and other⁹³	305	195	110
Australia	195	125	65
Other places of birth⁹⁸	110	70	45
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,723,225	851,610	871,615
First generation¹⁰⁰	725,270	358,390	366,885
Second generation¹⁰¹	361,130	181,485	179,645
Third generation or more¹⁰²	636,825	311,740	325,090
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	488,705	237,295	251,410
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	267,215	137,555	129,660
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	135,610	78,460	57,150
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	131,610	59,100	72,515
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	133,215	54,390	78,825
Refugees¹⁰⁸	79,320	41,035	38,285
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	8,955	4,310	4,645
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	488,705	237,295	251,410
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	50,275	26,560	23,710
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	50,365	23,725	26,640
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	11,765	6,105	5,655
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	25,200	14,095	11,105
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	4,400	1,875	2,525
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	346,705	164,930	181,775
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,723,230	851,610	871,615
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	668,975	330,800	338,175
South Asian	79,670	42,620	37,050
Chinese	56,935	26,075	30,860
Black	198,610	96,350	102,255
Filipino	27,355	11,555	15,805
Arab	141,935	74,355	67,585
Latin American	78,150	38,450	39,705
Southeast Asian	37,905	17,950	19,955
West Asian	17,500	8,735	8,765
Korean	5,245	2,365	2,880
Japanese	2,645	1,045	1,600
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,470	2,675	2,795
Multiple visible minorities	17,540	8,615	8,920
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,054,255	520,810	533,445
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,723,230	851,610	871,615
Canadian	216,645	104,085	112,565
English	43,185	22,080	21,110
Irish	80,635	38,520	42,120
Scottish	44,880	21,650	23,230
French, n.o.s.¹²²	307,670	155,535	152,135
German	31,730	15,215	16,510
Chinese	61,715	28,350	33,365
Italian	135,430	66,225	69,205
Indian (India)	36,920	19,740	17,180
Ukrainian	14,865	7,080	7,785
Dutch	6,520	3,225	3,295
Polish	23,515	11,460	12,060
Québécois	103,145	51,885	51,265
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,665	6,000	5,670
Filipino	26,105	11,050	15,045
French Canadian	59,380	28,470	30,910
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	19,910	10,385	9,530
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	15,970	7,210	8,760
Métis	3,645	1,645	2,000
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,450	11,380	11,070
Russian	20,180	9,420	10,760
Norwegian	2,370	1,150	1,220
Welsh	3,345	1,715	1,630
Portuguese	23,120	11,280	11,840
American	11,970	5,910	6,055
Spanish	31,535	15,600	15,940
Swedish	2,500	1,180	1,320
Hungarian	9,065	4,385	4,680
Acadian	11,725	5,325	6,400
Pakistani	9,080	4,870	4,210
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	33,155	16,460	16,695
Jewish	26,680	13,550	13,135
Punjabi	5,655	3,385	2,270
Vietnamese	26,955	12,890	14,070
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	52,935	28,050	24,885
Greek	26,980	13,250	13,725
Jamaican	5,905	2,760	3,140
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	8,475	3,860	4,610
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	780	355	430
Korean	5,445	2,485	2,960
Romanian	16,255	7,785	8,470
Lebanese	30,115	15,635	14,475
Iranian	12,890	6,310	6,575
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	11,615	5,780	5,835
Danish	1,820	845	970
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,710	1,705	2,005
Sikh	3,335	1,775	1,560
Austrian	3,485	1,725	1,755
Belgian	10,940	5,520	5,420
Haitian	80,485	37,710	42,775
Hindu	5,610	3,195	2,420
Mexican	15,365	7,685	7,680
Mennonite	385	195	195
Swiss	5,470	2,695	2,775
Finnish	1,000	425	580
Sri Lankan	7,720	3,820	3,905
Croatian	2,230	1,080	1,155
Japanese	3,565	1,490	2,075
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,770	970	800
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,310	1,015	1,300
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,300	685	615
Muslim	8,530	4,530	3,995
Egyptian	13,040	6,810	6,230
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	12,215	6,250	5,965
Tamil	4,835	2,245	2,585
Icelandic	345	205	145
Colombian	11,580	5,525	6,055
Moroccan	37,360	19,125	18,235
Czech	2,395	1,080	1,315
Syrian	13,935	6,830	7,105
Guyanese	1,650	815	835
Afghan	1,885	1,005	885
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	7,275	3,530	3,740
Serbian	1,755	835	920
Ojibway	250	130	125
Newfoundlander	390	230	160
Hong Konger	1,000	460	540
Ontarian	795	370	430
Persian	4,285	2,325	1,955
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,925	1,500	1,425
Turkish	8,160	4,055	4,105
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	775	220	555
Bangladeshi	8,790	4,475	4,310
Algerian	40,570	21,135	19,435
Brazilian	6,440	3,085	3,355
Nigerian	1,780	820	955
Armenian	10,715	5,120	5,595
Slovak	1,375	640	735
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,990	1,430	1,555
Somali	1,155	550	610
Taiwanese	1,860	860	1,000
Iraqi	1,770	975	800
Salvadorean	9,125	4,430	4,700
African Caribbean	5,045	2,265	2,780
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,775	775	995
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	3,005	1,655	1,355
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	4,900	2,065	2,835
Algonquin	1,725	860	865
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,900	775	1,120
Lithuanian	2,110	930	1,180
South African	465	220	245
Australian	830	405	425
Palestinian	3,525	1,890	1,640
Chilean	6,025	2,985	3,040
Congolese	9,965	4,820	5,140
Nova Scotian	505	225	280
Ethiopian	965	495	475
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,165	1,615	1,550
Peruvian	8,415	3,870	4,545
Yoruba	1,710	940	770
Cambodian (Khmer)	8,775	4,125	4,650
Berber	19,835	10,545	9,290
Albanian	2,560	1,300	1,260
Maltese	360	200	160
Macedonian	325	165	160
Slovenian	825	365	455
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,185	1,225	960
New Brunswicker	850	430	425
Gujarati	880	475	405
Eritrean	615	305	310
African Canadian	1,290	680	610
Israeli	2,760	1,485	1,275
Mohawk	1,345	600	740
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	550	235	315
Bulgarian	4,040	1,955	2,085
Albertan	100	35	65
Ghanaian	1,735	925	810
Barbadian	2,410	1,195	1,215
African American	1,600	790	810
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	825	450	375
Tunisian	11,510	6,360	5,150
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,350	615	725
Cuban	3,770	1,915	1,850
Bosnian	510	245	270
Venezuelan	3,895	1,730	2,160
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,610	705	905
Latvian	625	330	295
Bengali	3,570	1,775	1,800
Cameroonian	6,740	3,360	3,380
Guatemalan	4,875	2,545	2,330
Indonesian	1,000	455	540
Laotian	2,510	1,280	1,235
Ilocano	1,085	525	565
Northern Irish	310	160	150
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	585	295	290
British Columbian	90	40	50
Ecuadorian	1,190	565	630
Franco Ontarian	675	355	315
Argentinian	2,545	1,310	1,230
Estonian	365	215	150
Kurdish	1,470	840	635
Fijian	15	0	10
Jatt	390	185	205
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	715	370	345
Coptic	2,240	1,170	1,070
Thai	1,150	395	755
Dominican	5,245	2,460	2,790
Nepali	430	240	185
Kabyle	10,940	5,660	5,275
Assyrian	345	150	200
Igbo	565	325	240
Byelorussian	1,090	555	535
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	100	45	50
Abenaki	1,685	750	935
Moldovan	3,295	1,630	1,665
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,120	500	615
New Zealander	265	150	115
Sudanese	300	155	145
Breton	3,775	1,765	2,010
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	20	25
Malaysian	375	205	165
Plains Cree	35	15	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	5,440	2,890	2,545
Huron (Wendat)	1,425	655	770
Saskatchewanian	70	25	45
Buddhist	690	295	400
Gaspesian	1,565	705	860
Norman	1,850	905	940
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	260	105	155
Ivorian	3,370	1,610	1,760
Saulteaux	35	10	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	140	60	85
Burundian	2,120	1,025	1,090
Tigrinya	370	210	160
Nicaraguan	1,255	630	625
Mauritian	1,955	1,080	870
Kenyan	210	95	115
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	2,215	885	1,330
Jordanian	770	430	340
Manitoban	110	45	60
Cape Bretoner	50	15	35
Rwandan	2,125	975	1,155
Grenadian	910	350	560
Malayali	335	185	150
Chaldean	110	40	75
Sinhalese	310	150	165
Mayan	1,695	900	795
Honduran	2,260	1,015	1,240
Cherokee	195	90	100
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	0
Indo-Caribbean	280	135	140
Flemish	520	265	255
United Empire Loyalist	90	45	50
Senegalese	3,165	1,585	1,580
Azerbaijani	510	260	245
Sicilian	970	495	470
Pashtun	475	245	220
Malay	300	135	165
Goan	115	55	60
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,635	815	815
Tibetan	135	65	70
Zimbabwean	180	105	75
Burmese	225	105	120
Mongolian	480	210	270
Azorean	730	310	415
Atikamekw	325	145	180
Bamileke	2,160	1,115	1,040
Indo-Guyanese	125	60	65
Ugandan	100	55	50
Oromo	50	25	25
Tanzanian	175	85	90
Yemeni	515	275	240
Central African	1,415	675	740
Libyan	590	320	270
Basque	980	515	465
Uruguayan	785	450	335
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	545	270	270
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	870	500	370
Igorot	290	105	185
Fulani	2,380	1,260	1,120
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	2,670	1,375	1,290
St. Lucian	255	100	155
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	200	70	135
Beninese	2,000	1,140	865
Telugu	180	125	55
Roma	235	110	125
Costa Rican	720	425	295
African Nova Scotian	215	105	115
Malagasy	1,625	755	865
Kashmiri	75	40	30
Singaporean	75	55	15
Karen	10	0	0
Edo	290	130	155
Tajik	100	45	55
Amhara	95	45	45
Paraguayan	90	35	60
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,723,230	851,610	871,620
Buddhist	26,395	11,650	14,745
Christian	853,205	397,365	455,840
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	105,435	50,405	55,035
Anabaptist	195	80	120
Anglican	9,480	4,260	5,220
Baptist	11,620	5,335	6,290
Catholic	602,630	280,655	321,975
Christian Orthodox	55,730	26,490	29,235
Jehovah's Witness	6,790	2,720	4,070
Latter Day Saints	1,140	520	620
Lutheran	1,510	685	825
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	840	400	440
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,860	6,485	8,380
Presbyterian	2,615	1,230	1,380
Reformed	310	150	165
United Church	3,950	1,655	2,295
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	36,100	16,305	19,790
Hindu	30,430	16,600	13,835
Jewish	35,930	17,990	17,940
Muslim	218,395	113,570	104,820
Sikh	15,630	8,360	7,265
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	205	80	130
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,860	4,145	4,710
No religion and secular perspectives	534,180	281,845	252,340
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,706,230	842,970	863,255
Non-movers	1,471,775	723,745	748,030
Movers	234,450	119,225	115,230
Non-migrants	174,665	88,775	85,895
Migrants	59,790	30,455	29,335
Internal migrants	31,510	15,825	15,685
Intraprovincial migrants	22,730	11,190	11,535
Interprovincial migrants	8,780	4,635	4,145
External migrants	28,280	14,630	13,650
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,634,705	806,720	827,980
Non-movers	890,430	431,050	459,385
Movers	744,270	375,675	368,595
Non-migrants	416,555	207,830	208,725
Migrants	327,720	167,840	159,875
Internal migrants	145,860	72,315	73,545
Intraprovincial migrants	118,675	58,715	59,960
Interprovincial migrants	27,185	13,600	13,580
External migrants	181,860	95,525	86,335
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,453,295	713,745	739,550
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	253,885	125,810	128,075
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,199,415	587,940	611,470
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	981,205	492,180	489,025
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	115,240	62,335	52,905
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	865,970	429,855	436,115
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,453,295	713,745	739,550
No certificate, diploma or degree	228,310	111,220	117,090
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	281,440	143,785	137,655
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	943,545	458,740	484,805
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	420,630	208,325	212,310
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	135,320	75,570	59,755
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	98,575	50,165	48,415
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	36,750	25,405	11,335
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	226,630	107,020	119,610
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	58,675	25,735	32,945
Bachelor's degree or higher	522,915	250,415	272,500
Bachelor's degree	294,530	137,550	156,980
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	51,000	23,685	27,315
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	13,135	6,300	6,830
Master's degree	138,940	68,590	70,355
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	25,315	14,295	11,025
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	981,210	492,185	489,025
No certificate, diploma or degree	97,670	52,760	44,910
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	146,020	79,740	66,280
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	737,515	359,680	377,835
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	302,205	152,275	149,925
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	103,365	56,740	46,625
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	76,115	38,060	38,055
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	27,250	18,680	8,565
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	155,015	75,780	79,230
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	43,825	19,755	24,070
Bachelor's degree or higher	435,315	207,405	227,905
Bachelor's degree	239,785	112,440	127,345
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	42,855	19,650	23,205
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,470	4,595	5,875
Master's degree	121,575	59,570	62,010
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	20,630	11,160	9,475
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,453,300	713,750	739,550
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	509,755	255,010	254,740
Education	47,580	11,515	36,060
13. Education	47,580	11,515	36,060
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	63,605	30,650	32,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,690	5,340	2,350
50. Visual and performing arts	55,915	25,310	30,600
Humanities	69,055	27,655	41,405
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	13,280	3,420	9,860
23. English language and literature/letters	7,005	2,310	4,695
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,785	10,755	14,030
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	750	270	485
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,470	2,710	1,765
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,895	1,240	655
54. History	5,890	3,170	2,720
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	10,980	3,785	7,195
Social and behavioural sciences and law	135,105	49,230	85,875
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,930	580	1,345
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,825	7,570	14,260
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	16,140	1,820	14,315
22. Legal professions and studies	24,300	9,690	14,610
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,725	1,115	2,610
42. Psychology	18,040	4,375	13,670
45. Social sciences	49,145	24,080	25,070
Business, management and public administration	212,570	93,910	118,660
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	110	85
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,270	2,590	7,675
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	202,105	91,205	110,895
Physical and life sciences and technologies	48,295	25,025	23,270
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	19,755	8,140	11,615
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,970	4,260	3,710
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	4,885	2,495	2,400
40. Physical sciences	14,030	9,170	4,855
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,650	965	690
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	58,555	41,475	17,080
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	47,925	35,890	12,030
25. Library science	3,205	810	2,400
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,060	3,785	2,280
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,365	995	375
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	153,375	127,040	26,335
04. Architecture and related services	11,945	6,400	5,550
14. Engineering	67,700	52,785	14,915
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,350	20,890	3,460
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	25	45
46. Construction trades	19,805	18,840	970
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	18,350	17,680	675
48. Precision production	11,150	10,425	725
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,155	5,040	5,115
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,670	3,340	3,330
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,490	1,700	1,785
Health and related fields	106,500	26,315	80,185
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,050	3,110	2,945
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	95,775	20,920	74,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	170	75	100
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,505	2,215	2,290
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,585	20,835	17,750
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,500	9,050	15,445
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	160	160	0
43. Security and protective services	6,385	4,920	1,465
49. Transportation and materials moving	7,525	6,685	840
Other¹⁷⁹	165	45	120
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	981,205	492,180	489,025
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	243,690	132,500	111,190
Education	33,780	8,105	25,675
13. Education	33,780	8,105	25,675
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	50,935	25,035	25,900
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	6,360	4,440	1,920
50. Visual and performing arts	44,575	20,595	23,980
Humanities	46,970	18,990	27,980
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	10,150	2,655	7,500
23. English language and literature/letters	5,430	1,810	3,620
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	14,680	6,710	7,965
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	530	180	345
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,255	1,965	1,290
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,090	765	325
54. History	4,355	2,340	2,015
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	7,470	2,560	4,910
Social and behavioural sciences and law	106,455	38,085	68,370
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,550	480	1,065
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,665	6,420	12,245
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	12,815	1,340	11,475
22. Legal professions and studies	19,485	7,385	12,100
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,760	840	1,925
42. Psychology	13,520	3,205	10,310
45. Social sciences	37,670	18,415	19,255
Business, management and public administration	173,115	76,040	97,075
30.16 Accounting and computer science	165	90	65
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,055	2,070	5,980
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	164,900	73,875	91,030
Physical and life sciences and technologies	32,990	16,980	16,010
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	16,185	6,735	9,450
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,955	2,115	1,840
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,310	725	585
40. Physical sciences	10,390	6,710	3,680
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,150	700	450
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	48,495	34,620	13,875
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	40,770	30,640	10,130
25. Library science	2,310	595	1,715
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,525	2,760	1,765
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	890	625	265
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	123,175	100,630	22,545
04. Architecture and related services	10,010	5,255	4,750
14. Engineering	57,935	44,795	13,135
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	18,540	15,920	2,620
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	25	45
46. Construction trades	15,040	14,235	805
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,695	13,120	575
48. Precision production	7,890	7,285	605
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,675	4,150	4,525
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,650	2,705	2,950
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,020	1,445	1,575
Health and related fields	82,510	20,560	61,950
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,900	2,500	2,395
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	73,950	16,430	57,525
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	145	50	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,510	1,570	1,940
Personal, protective and transportation services	30,275	16,455	13,825
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	19,020	6,985	12,035
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	95	0
43. Security and protective services	5,050	3,915	1,135
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,095	5,435	655
Other¹⁷⁹	135	30	105
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	981,205	492,180	489,025
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	243,690	132,500	111,190
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	737,515	359,685	377,835
Location of study inside Canada	529,195	254,400	274,795
Same as province or territory of residence	503,230	241,010	262,225
Different than province or territory of residence	25,965	13,390	12,570
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	208,320	105,280	103,040
Americas	36,730	18,600	18,130
United States of America	10,760	6,075	4,690
Mexico	4,800	2,245	2,555
Cuba	1,340	685	660
Haiti	5,065	2,775	2,295
Jamaica	110	70	45
Brazil	3,765	1,800	1,960
Colombia	3,560	1,695	1,870
Peru	1,375	580	795
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,680	680	995
Other locations of study in Americas	4,265	1,995	2,270
Europe	68,060	36,130	31,930
Belgium	1,775	910	865
France	41,640	22,775	18,860
Germany	1,035	560	475
Netherlands	465	260	205
Switzerland	965	570	400
Hungary	195	105	95
Moldova¹⁸³	1,825	870	955
Poland	815	285	530
Romania	3,250	1,665	1,585
Russian Federation	2,410	1,105	1,305
Ukraine	2,045	895	1,150
Ireland⁹⁶	285	190	95
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,680	2,520	2,160
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	75	55
Italy	1,325	760	565
Serbia⁸⁶	115	40	75
Other locations of study in Europe	5,105	2,535	2,570
Africa	48,445	25,700	22,745
Nigeria	1,230	655	575
Algeria	19,210	9,980	9,230
Morocco	9,515	4,945	4,575
Tunisia	4,555	2,570	1,990
Egypt	3,025	1,615	1,410
South Africa, Republic of	250	110	145
Other locations of study in Africa	10,660	5,840	4,825
Asia	53,780	24,120	29,655
Iran⁸⁸	5,230	2,440	2,790
Iraq	330	180	150
Israel	520	285	235
Lebanon	4,185	2,105	2,075
Syria⁸⁹	3,120	1,480	1,640
Turkey	695	400	295
China⁹⁰	9,950	4,420	5,540
Taiwan	365	150	220
Hong Kong⁹¹	230	110	120
Japan	800	300	500
Korea, South⁹²	1,265	435	825
Philippines	8,890	2,860	6,030
Viet Nam	1,125	415	710
Bangladesh	2,020	1,065	955
Sri Lanka	645	240	410
India	9,500	4,925	4,575
Pakistan	1,165	575	590
Other locations of study in Asia	3,745	1,750	1,995
Oceania	1,305	730	575
Australia	1,095	610	490
New Zealand	165	100	70
Other locations of study in Oceania	50	25	20
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,453,295	713,745	739,550
In the labour force	959,135	498,125	461,010
Employed	859,920	445,255	414,665
Unemployed	99,210	52,870	46,345
Not in the labour force	494,165	215,620	278,540
Participation rate	66.0	69.8	62.3
Employment rate	59.2	62.4	56.1
Unemployment rate	10.3	10.6	10.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,453,300	713,750	739,550
Did not work¹⁸⁶	508,670	222,700	285,970
Worked	944,630	491,050	453,580
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	464,805	252,405	212,400
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	479,820	238,645	241,180
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7	40.1	39.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	959,130	498,125	461,010
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,560	13,975	14,585
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	930,570	484,150	446,425
Employee	811,850	411,090	400,750
Permanent position	661,995	340,865	321,135
Temporary position	149,850	70,230	79,620
Fixed term (1 year or more)	63,645	28,710	34,935
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	86,205	41,520	44,685
Self-employed¹⁹²	118,725	73,050	45,670
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	959,130	498,125	461,010
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,560	13,975	14,585
All occupations¹⁹¹	930,570	484,150	446,425
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	14,540	10,000	4,545
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	180,355	69,570	110,785
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	101,555	76,005	25,555
3 Health occupations	75,605	18,730	56,870
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	124,755	41,025	83,730
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	56,870	29,555	27,310
6 Sales and service occupations	234,485	120,480	114,005
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	98,535	89,140	9,395
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,025	3,855	1,170
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	38,850	25,795	13,060
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	959,130	498,125	461,010
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	28,560	13,975	14,585
All industries¹⁹¹	930,570	484,150	446,425
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,920	1,730	1,185
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,195	805	390
22 Utilities	5,150	3,245	1,905
23 Construction	33,445	28,300	5,150
31-33 Manufacturing	76,115	51,395	24,725
41 Wholesale trade	33,845	20,380	13,470
44-45 Retail trade	98,705	49,745	48,960
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	49,075	38,320	10,755
51 Information and cultural industries	40,020	24,295	15,730
52 Finance and insurance	47,065	23,830	23,235
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	16,780	9,730	7,045
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	113,755	65,950	47,800
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,720	850	875
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	45,325	27,460	17,860
61 Educational services	84,380	31,030	53,350
62 Health care and social assistance	128,175	32,195	95,980
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	20,970	10,860	10,105
72 Accommodation and food services	53,745	29,185	24,555
81 Other services (except public administration)	39,595	16,105	23,490
91 Public administration	38,595	18,740	19,850
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,016,810	527,690	489,125
English	161,015	89,010	72,005
French	399,340	197,680	201,660
Non-official language	7,340	3,600	3,735
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	7,330	3,600	3,725
English and French	405,305	214,915	190,385
English and non-official language(s)	10,790	6,090	4,695
French and non-official language(s)	7,145	3,405	3,745
English, French and non-official language(s)	25,465	12,730	12,735
Multiple non-official languages	420	260	160
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,016,810	527,690	489,125
Single responses	908,980	471,095	437,880
Official languages	895,835	464,520	431,315
English	286,010	155,790	130,215
French	609,825	308,725	301,095
Non-official languages	13,145	6,580	6,565
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	20
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	15	0	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,120	6,580	6,545
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,295	720	575
Berber languages	20	15	0
Kabyle	20	15	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,275	710	570
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	1,190	670	520
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	30	40
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,220	535	685
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	70	100
Vietnamese	1,045	460	585
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	120	60	55
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	10	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	90	50	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Creole languages	210	95	110
Haitian Creole	210	95	110
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	80	25	55
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	10	0	10
Tamil	75	25	45
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,260	3,210	3,055
Albanian	10	0	0
Armenian	80	60	25
Balto-Slavic languages	550	180	370
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	550	180	370
Bulgarian	15	0	15
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	90	30	65
Russian	385	130	250
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	35	10	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	825	405	425
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	790	385	405
German	95	65	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	695	325	375
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	0	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	0
Swedish	15	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	175	55	120
Indo-Iranian languages	1,695	935	755
Indo-Aryan languages	1,405	760	650
Bengali	85	25	55
Gujarati	20	0	20
Hindi	120	55	60
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,080	615	465
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	100	55	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	285	175	110
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	25	20	0
Persian languages	255	150	105
Dari	20	10	10
Iranian Persian	225	130	95
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,925	1,575	1,355
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	310	160	150
Portuguese	245	90	155
Romanian	80	50	30
Spanish	2,290	1,265	1,025
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	125	25	105
Korean	240	100	145
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	45	25	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	15	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	85	30	55
American Sign Language	15	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	60	20	40
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,325	1,700	1,635
Chinese languages	3,325	1,700	1,635
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,100	1,110	995
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,140	550	590
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	85	45	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	80	50	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	15	0	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	15	0	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	107,830	56,590	51,240
English and French	99,075	52,050	47,030
English and non-official language(s)	3,105	1,760	1,350
French and non-official language(s)	2,345	1,085	1,255
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,255	1,680	1,575
Multiple non-official languages	45	10	35
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,016,810	527,690	489,125
None	667,690	342,985	324,705
English	201,200	106,725	94,480
French	115,950	61,585	54,365
Non-official language	14,925	7,790	7,135
Indigenous³⁹	65	20	45
Non-Indigenous	14,860	7,770	7,095
English and French	1,155	540	610
English and non-official language(s)	8,605	4,110	4,490
French and non-official language(s)	5,480	2,970	2,510
English, French and non-official language(s)	165	85	80
Multiple non-official languages	1,645	895	745
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	859,920	445,255	414,665
Worked at home	260,415	132,065	128,355
Worked outside Canada	2,775	1,725	1,045
No fixed workplace address	81,290	57,160	24,130
Usual place of work	515,440	254,310	261,130
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	515,440	254,310	261,135
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	413,515	195,935	217,580
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	46,495	24,705	21,790
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	53,810	32,610	21,200
Commute to a different province or territory	1,620	1,060	565
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	596,730	311,465	285,265
Car, truck or van	338,295	197,990	140,305
Car, truck or van - as a driver	313,045	188,685	124,360
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,245	9,300	15,940
Public transit	169,380	71,050	98,330
Walked	57,390	24,650	32,735
Bicycle	20,425	11,990	8,430
Other method	11,255	5,785	5,470
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	596,730	311,465	285,265
Less than 15 minutes	106,580	52,520	54,070
15 to 29 minutes	211,950	113,835	98,115
30 to 44 minutes	161,385	87,950	73,435
45 to 59 minutes	62,880	30,620	32,255
60 minutes and over	53,935	26,540	27,400
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	596,730	311,465	285,265
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	35,870	26,330	9,540
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	86,515	50,895	35,625
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	147,765	69,890	77,880
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	130,185	59,500	70,680
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	93,190	44,255	48,935
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	103,205	60,595	42,610
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	321,810	164,440	157,375
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	80,715	41,690	39,030
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	241,095	122,750	118,345
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	226,825	115,930	110,890
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	60,615	31,295	29,320
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	48,760	25,220	23,545
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	11,855	6,080	5,775
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	166,210	84,635	81,575

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed April 20, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table